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心臟磁共振成像在冠心病中的應(yīng)用進(jìn)展

2017-04-02 23:58:59劉勝中綜述郭應(yīng)強(qiáng)審校
實(shí)用醫(yī)院臨床雜志 2017年1期
關(guān)鍵詞:管腔磁共振心肌梗死

劉勝中 綜述,郭應(yīng)強(qiáng) 審校

(1.四川大學(xué)華西醫(yī)院,四川 成都 610041;2.四川省醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)院·四川省人民醫(yī)院心臟外科中心,四川 成都 610072)

心臟磁共振成像在冠心病中的應(yīng)用進(jìn)展

劉勝中1,2綜述,郭應(yīng)強(qiáng)1審校

(1.四川大學(xué)華西醫(yī)院,四川 成都 610041;2.四川省醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)院·四川省人民醫(yī)院心臟外科中心,四川 成都 610072)

心臟磁共振成像可一次性完成心臟結(jié)構(gòu)與功能評(píng)估,且無(wú)電離輻射,被稱為心臟“一站式”無(wú)創(chuàng)檢查,越來(lái)越廣泛地應(yīng)用于臨床。本文就冠狀動(dòng)脈磁共振成像、負(fù)荷心肌灌注首過(guò)磁共振成像、延遲增強(qiáng)磁共振成像在冠心病診斷和預(yù)后判斷中的應(yīng)用進(jìn)展做一綜述。

心臟磁共振;冠狀動(dòng)脈磁共振成像;負(fù)荷心肌灌注首過(guò)磁共振成像;延遲增強(qiáng)磁共振成像;冠心??;進(jìn)展

心臟磁共振成像(cardiac magnetic resonance imaging,CMRI)可一次性完成心臟結(jié)構(gòu)與功能(包括冠狀動(dòng)脈顯影、血流灌注、室壁運(yùn)動(dòng)、存活心肌定量等)評(píng)估,且無(wú)電離輻射,被稱為心臟“一站式”無(wú)創(chuàng)檢查,越來(lái)越廣泛地應(yīng)用于臨床[1]。隨著我國(guó)人口的逐步老齡化,冠心病的發(fā)病率逐年升高,并成為威脅人類健康的主要疾病之一;其早期發(fā)現(xiàn)和及時(shí)治療成為當(dāng)前臨床醫(yī)生的首要任務(wù)和挑戰(zhàn)[2]。本文就CMRI在冠心病中的應(yīng)用進(jìn)展做一綜述。

1 冠狀動(dòng)脈磁共振成像(coronary magnetic resonance imaging,cMRI)

目前診斷冠心病的金標(biāo)準(zhǔn)仍然是冠狀動(dòng)脈造影(coronary angiography,CAG),但CAG是一種有創(chuàng)性檢查,且禁忌證相對(duì)較多,無(wú)法觀察管壁,不能有效檢出易損斑塊和血管正性重構(gòu)[3]。而CMRI具有無(wú)創(chuàng)性、無(wú)電離輻射,且有良好的軟組織對(duì)比度、多參數(shù)及任意層面成像等優(yōu)勢(shì),逐漸被應(yīng)用于臨床冠狀動(dòng)脈成像[4]。

1.1 cMRI顯示冠狀動(dòng)脈管腔 1987年P(guān)aulin等首次報(bào)道將磁共振用于主動(dòng)脈根部和冠狀動(dòng)脈近段成像[5]。隨后Manning等總結(jié)非對(duì)比增強(qiáng)cMRI對(duì)左主干和3主支近中段管腔總顯示率達(dá)84%,因回旋支距體表線圈遠(yuǎn)、管徑細(xì),敏感度和特異度最低[6]。由于對(duì)比增強(qiáng)cMRI有更高的信噪比和對(duì)比噪聲比,研究表明冠狀動(dòng)脈近中段顯示率接近100%,遠(yuǎn)段顯示率77.8%~94.4%[7]。另有研究證實(shí)全心成像或分段采集技術(shù)對(duì)主支管腔顯示率無(wú)差異,但前者對(duì)分支顯影更好、操作簡(jiǎn)單,易于顯示變異血管。多中心研究顯示,與管腔狹窄程度>50%的CAG做對(duì)照,cMRI診斷冠心病的平均準(zhǔn)確性達(dá)72%(63%~81%),對(duì)除外左主干和3主支近段病變的陰性預(yù)測(cè)值接近100%[8]。劉新等報(bào)道與CAG對(duì)照,cMRI診斷管腔狹窄敏感性47.6%~83.3%,特異性71.4%~73.7%,評(píng)價(jià)嚴(yán)重鈣化斑塊引起的管腔狹窄cMRI較CT有明顯優(yōu)勢(shì)[9]。Sakuma等采用1.5 T非對(duì)比增強(qiáng)的SSFP 脈沖序列診斷冠心病的敏感性、特異性及準(zhǔn)確性分別為82%、90%及87%[10]。Yang等采用3T對(duì)比增強(qiáng)的FLASH脈沖序列診斷冠心病的敏感性、特異性及準(zhǔn)確性分別為91%、83%及84%[11]。Ma等采用32通道線圈高并行采集加速3T冠狀動(dòng)脈MRA的研究結(jié)果表明,該方法可顯著縮短掃描時(shí)間,圖像質(zhì)量好,提高對(duì)冠狀動(dòng)脈有意義狹窄的診斷準(zhǔn)確性,并可清晰顯示冠狀靜脈解剖[12]。冠狀動(dòng)脈旁路移植術(shù)(coronary artery bypass graft,CABG)術(shù)后靜脈橋血管因管徑大、運(yùn)動(dòng)幅度小而易被顯示,已有經(jīng)cMRI診斷橋血管狹窄或閉塞的個(gè)案報(bào)道,但對(duì)橋血管吻合口及固有血管評(píng)價(jià)仍受限;此外搭橋后遺留的胸骨鋼絲和止血夾形成局部偽影和信號(hào)丟失,進(jìn)一步限制cMRI的臨床應(yīng)用。支架術(shù)后的隨訪是cMRI的弱項(xiàng),因支架金屬偽影的干擾導(dǎo)致局部信號(hào)缺失,不能確切評(píng)價(jià)支架內(nèi)再狹窄,僅通過(guò)顯示支架前后的血管間接判斷通暢程度。由于冠狀動(dòng)脈解剖關(guān)系重疊,傳統(tǒng)造影技術(shù)即使采用多角度投射,仍難以顯示異常起源血管的近段或是與心腔的毗鄰關(guān)系,據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì)CAG僅能診斷50%的起源異常。cMRI 能顯示三維解剖結(jié)構(gòu)、對(duì)近段血管顯示率高,無(wú)創(chuàng)無(wú)輻射,可作為診斷冠狀動(dòng)脈先天變異的方法之一[13]。

1.2 cMRI顯示冠狀動(dòng)脈管壁 2000年Fayad等首次提出黑血冠狀動(dòng)脈管壁MRI的概念,早期多限于動(dòng)物模型及離體或在體人的頸動(dòng)脈、主動(dòng)脈等較大血管[14]。MRI因抑制血流和血管周圍組織信號(hào)而直接顯示管壁,管壁增厚通常是冠狀動(dòng)脈硬化的結(jié)果,對(duì)照研究顯示冠心病患者的平均管壁厚度約(1.95±0.17)mm,而正常組MRI測(cè)量厚度約(1.7±0.19)mm。Malayeri等報(bào)道應(yīng)用cMRI測(cè)量冠狀動(dòng)脈管壁厚度和截面積,可成為評(píng)價(jià)動(dòng)脈硬化的無(wú)創(chuàng)性檢查手段之一[15]。MRI對(duì)主動(dòng)脈、頸動(dòng)脈等大中血管的斑塊研究已較為成熟;其利用斑塊組織學(xué)成分如脂質(zhì)、鈣化、纖維組織的T1、T2值的不同,在T1 WI、T2WI及PD序列上呈現(xiàn)的信號(hào)差異分析斑塊的組織學(xué)成分及比率,從而推測(cè)斑塊的穩(wěn)定性。因頸動(dòng)脈管徑較大,位置表淺易被探測(cè),掃描結(jié)果與病理對(duì)照一致性好,現(xiàn)已初步用于臨床。而冠狀動(dòng)脈解剖結(jié)構(gòu)細(xì)小、走行迂曲及位置深埋,正常成人管腔內(nèi)徑<10 mm、管壁厚度0.5~2.0 mm,周圍有心包脂肪包裹,內(nèi)有流動(dòng)的血液。所以cMRI面臨的問(wèn)題除心臟、呼吸運(yùn)動(dòng)偽影外,還需要有足夠的空間分辨率和與周圍組織的對(duì)比。相信隨著硬件、線圈和序列的研發(fā),經(jīng)食道、血管內(nèi)MRI研究的拓展,分子影像學(xué)研究的深入,cMRI將成為診斷冠狀動(dòng)脈疾病的重要無(wú)創(chuàng)性檢查手段。

2 負(fù)荷心肌灌注首過(guò)磁共振成像(first-pass cardiac magnetic resonance perfusion,CMRP)

負(fù)荷CMRP是在圖像采集同時(shí)靜脈注入血管擴(kuò)張劑(如腺苷、潘生丁、瑞加德松)造成心肌充血,當(dāng)冠狀動(dòng)脈存在嚴(yán)重狹窄時(shí),相應(yīng)供血區(qū)域灌注量明顯下降,表現(xiàn)為灌注圖像信號(hào)降低[16]。CMRP比SPECT具有更高的時(shí)間及空間分辨率,其與金標(biāo)準(zhǔn)PET的診斷價(jià)值相仿,但無(wú)電離輻射[17,18]。CMRP診斷冠心病具有很高的準(zhǔn)確性,Schwitter等應(yīng)用EPI序列進(jìn)行負(fù)荷心肌灌注成像,當(dāng)以PET作為標(biāo)準(zhǔn)時(shí)其敏感性為91%,特異性為94%;當(dāng)以CAG作為標(biāo)準(zhǔn)時(shí)其敏感性為87%,特異性為85%[19]。多中心隨機(jī)對(duì)照試驗(yàn)結(jié)果提示,在CAG下冠狀動(dòng)脈狹窄≥50%的患者中,負(fù)荷CMRP的敏感度優(yōu)于SPECT(0.67和0.59),特異度低于后者(0.61和0.72)[20]。薈萃分析提示負(fù)荷CMRP診斷冠心病(CAG下冠狀動(dòng)脈狹窄≥70%)的敏感度和特異度分別為0.91和0.80[21]。壓力導(dǎo)絲(FFR)作為功能學(xué)診斷金標(biāo)準(zhǔn),能從病理生理學(xué)角度與血管功能相對(duì)應(yīng),從而更準(zhǔn)確地評(píng)估負(fù)荷CMRP的價(jià)值[22]。Lockie等對(duì)42例可疑冠心病患者的研究提示,3T負(fù)荷CMRP診斷冠心病(FFR<0.75)的敏感度和特異度分別為0.82和0.94[23]。Cheng等通過(guò)對(duì)3.0 T及1.5 T Turbo FLASH MR首過(guò)心肌灌注成像的比較證實(shí)3.0 T MR在診斷單支血管及多支血管病變方面優(yōu)勢(shì)顯著,但3.0 T及1.5 T MR首過(guò)心肌灌注成像總的診斷準(zhǔn)確性沒有明顯差別[24]。另一項(xiàng)薈萃分析表明,在平均32個(gè)月的隨訪中,負(fù)荷CMRP未見明顯灌注受損的冠心病患者急性心肌梗死及心源性死亡的發(fā)生率較陽(yáng)性患者明顯降低(0.8%對(duì)4.9%),這對(duì)指導(dǎo)冠心病患者的治療和判斷預(yù)后具有重要作用[25]。負(fù)荷CMRP 亦可應(yīng)用于CABG術(shù)后血流灌注評(píng)估并定位受損區(qū)域[26]。

3 延遲增強(qiáng)磁共振成像(delayed-enhancement magnetic resonance imaging,DE-MRI)

左室功能嚴(yán)重下降的冠心病患者在進(jìn)行血運(yùn)重建術(shù)時(shí)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)極大,所以準(zhǔn)確評(píng)價(jià)心肌活性決定是否進(jìn)行血運(yùn)重建治療對(duì)冠心病患者具有重要的臨床指導(dǎo)意義[27]。DE-MRI憑借無(wú)輻射、良好的空間分辨率和任意層面成像,并可同時(shí)綜合利用MRI心臟電影、心肌灌注等多種技術(shù)全面檢測(cè)心肌活性等優(yōu)點(diǎn),在心臟結(jié)構(gòu)和功能、心肌活性的評(píng)價(jià)方面具有明顯優(yōu)勢(shì)。

DE-MRI可發(fā)現(xiàn)心肌的不可逆損傷,實(shí)現(xiàn)梗死及瘢痕組織的定性及定量分析,從而預(yù)測(cè)患者預(yù)后[28]。在靜脈注射對(duì)比劑10~15 min后使用反轉(zhuǎn)恢復(fù)序列,正常存活心肌呈無(wú)信號(hào)或黑色,不可逆梗死區(qū)域因?qū)Ρ葎╀罅舯憩F(xiàn)為信號(hào)增強(qiáng)或亮色;該序列可使不同性質(zhì)心肌的信號(hào)強(qiáng)度增強(qiáng)50%~500%,使肉眼可分辨出梗死區(qū)域,目前常用的相位敏感反轉(zhuǎn)恢復(fù)序列對(duì)反轉(zhuǎn)時(shí)間矯正的依賴較少,減少對(duì)操作者的依賴,提高了可重復(fù)性[28]。DE-MRI還可以準(zhǔn)確地反映出心肌梗死的范圍及形狀,甚至可檢測(cè)到<1 g的心肌梗死[29],尤其對(duì)于心內(nèi)膜下梗死的敏感度高于SPECT及PET[28,30]。DE-MRI還可用于診斷常規(guī)檢查,如心電圖、心臟超聲等難以發(fā)現(xiàn)的右心室心肌梗死[31]。Kwong等對(duì)沒有心肌梗死病史但懷疑冠心病的患者進(jìn)行研究發(fā)現(xiàn),DE-MRI檢測(cè)出的心肌梗死疤痕是心臟病死亡事件強(qiáng)有力的預(yù)測(cè)指標(biāo)[32]。DE-MRI對(duì)乳頭肌梗死亦有較高的檢測(cè)率,可指導(dǎo)是否進(jìn)行瓣膜手術(shù)[33]。由于 DE-MRI可作為心肌不可逆性損失的證據(jù),因而在臨床上可以決定有沒有必要采取干預(yù)措施來(lái)重建血供[34]。應(yīng)用DE-MRI結(jié)合室壁運(yùn)動(dòng)情況,通過(guò)分析局部室壁心臟功能的改變來(lái)判斷心肌缺血區(qū),可以鑒別心肌活力;異常的室壁運(yùn)動(dòng)和特異性更高的室壁厚度變化異常是局部心肌功能降低的表現(xiàn),這樣可以在術(shù)前對(duì)患者進(jìn)行篩選并能判定預(yù)后效果。DE-MRI和MRI的T2加權(quán)像(T2WI)相結(jié)合,還可以鑒別急慢性心肌梗死;這是因?yàn)閺腡2WI上可以觀察到急性心肌梗死區(qū)的水腫,該區(qū)域不會(huì)出現(xiàn)延遲強(qiáng)化,但是它可以提示“危險(xiǎn)區(qū)域”的存在[35]。Stork等指出,DE-MRI和T2WI可以可靠鑒別急慢性心肌梗死,因?yàn)樗[在急慢性心肌梗死鑒別上的敏感性、特異性分別為96%、98%[36]。結(jié)合磁共振心肌灌注成像可以了解心肌血供灌注情況,灌注缺失區(qū)提示微血管堵塞,而在DE-MRI上表現(xiàn)為無(wú)強(qiáng)化區(qū),最典型的表現(xiàn)為心內(nèi)膜下層面,該無(wú)強(qiáng)化區(qū)被周圍強(qiáng)化心肌包繞;這一個(gè)微血管堵塞現(xiàn)象的存在常常與局限性心功能失調(diào)后心功能恢復(fù)不全、左室功能持續(xù)失調(diào)息息相關(guān)[37]。Regenfus等通過(guò)6年的隨訪研究發(fā)現(xiàn),在ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者中,若出現(xiàn)微血管堵塞現(xiàn)象,MACE事件發(fā)生率更高[38]。

DE-MRI對(duì)心肌梗死患者預(yù)后評(píng)估起到重要作用。Eitel等對(duì)738例ST段抬高急性心肌梗死患者的1年隨訪結(jié)果表明,DE-MRI發(fā)現(xiàn)的乳頭肌梗死提示患者有更大面積的梗死、較少的殘余心肌、更嚴(yán)重的再灌注損傷以及更高的不良心臟事件發(fā)生率[39]。此外,DE-MRI發(fā)現(xiàn)的梗死范圍與患者最終左室射血分?jǐn)?shù)恢復(fù)呈負(fù)相關(guān),即其梗死透壁程度可預(yù)測(cè)相應(yīng)心肌收縮力恢復(fù)程度[29]。心肌梗死透壁程度超過(guò)50%的節(jié)段,心肌功能完全恢復(fù)的可能性很低[40]。楊滔等研究發(fā)現(xiàn),瘢痕心肌節(jié)段≤4的冠心病患者,無(wú)論其左室的整體功能亦或幾何形,CABG術(shù)后心功能均有顯著改善,敏感性和特異性分別為95.5%和88.9%[41]。Boyé等研究表明,心肌梗死透壁程度與患者致死性心律失常和心源性死亡發(fā)生率呈正相關(guān)[42]。此外心肌梗死面積的大小亦是一項(xiàng)強(qiáng)有力的預(yù)測(cè)指標(biāo),Kelle等指出心肌梗死面積在預(yù)測(cè)心肌恢復(fù)能力上,比左室射血分?jǐn)?shù)、小劑量多巴酚丁胺負(fù)荷試驗(yàn)等檢查方法更有效[43]。

4 小結(jié)

綜上,隨著磁共振軟、硬件技術(shù)的飛速發(fā)展,磁共振成像速度的不斷提高,時(shí)間分辨力及空間分辨力的明顯改善,CMRI已能準(zhǔn)確提供心臟解剖、功能、心肌灌注、心肌活性、室壁運(yùn)動(dòng)、心臟代謝和冠狀動(dòng)脈顯影等信息,并顯現(xiàn)出超聲心動(dòng)圖、SPECT及PET難以超越的優(yōu)勢(shì),必將為冠心病的診斷、治療及預(yù)后判斷提供寶貴、豐富而全面的信息[44]。

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Application progress of cardiac magnetic resonance imaging in coronary heart disease

LIU Sheng-zhong,GUO Ying-qiang

R814.42;R541.4

B

1672-6170(2017)01-0141-04

2016-01-09;

2016-06-24)

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