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術(shù)中神經(jīng)功能監(jiān)測在甲狀腺手術(shù)治療中的應(yīng)用及研究進(jìn)展

2017-04-04 03:33任煒張清泉陳萍王林岳冀
實(shí)用醫(yī)藥雜志 2017年6期
關(guān)鍵詞:手術(shù)過程神經(jīng)監(jiān)測

任煒,張清泉,陳萍,王林,岳冀

術(shù)中神經(jīng)功能監(jiān)測在甲狀腺手術(shù)治療中的應(yīng)用及研究進(jìn)展

任煒,張清泉,陳萍,王林,岳冀*

術(shù)中神經(jīng)監(jiān)測(IONM)作為手術(shù)的輔助手段,是指應(yīng)用神經(jīng)電生理技術(shù),觀察神經(jīng)的連續(xù)性、監(jiān)測神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)的電生理傳導(dǎo)功能,了解手術(shù)過程中有無神經(jīng)損傷。甲狀腺手術(shù)的難點(diǎn)在于術(shù)中對喉神經(jīng)的保護(hù),但I(xiàn)ONM可以很好地判斷喉返神經(jīng)損傷的程度,作為一種很有發(fā)展前景的工具,IONM在甲狀腺手術(shù)中的運(yùn)用已在國內(nèi)外得到廣泛的論證、研究和應(yīng)用。擬對當(dāng)前IONM在甲狀腺手術(shù)中的應(yīng)用研究進(jìn)行綜述。

術(shù)中神經(jīng)功能監(jiān)測;甲狀腺手術(shù);喉返神經(jīng)

在甲狀腺手術(shù)之前,為了減少神經(jīng)損傷和聲帶疾病的發(fā)病概率,鑒定喉返神經(jīng)是一種安全有效的預(yù)防措施。但在中心淋巴結(jié)清除、甲狀腺功能亢進(jìn)、甲狀腺腫大以及甲狀腺炎患者中,安全鑒定神經(jīng)并保持神經(jīng)的功能很難實(shí)現(xiàn)。手術(shù)過程中的神經(jīng)功能監(jiān)測(intra operative neuro monitoring,IONM)已在神經(jīng)醫(yī)學(xué)中廣泛應(yīng)用[1-3]。在甲狀腺手術(shù)中運(yùn)用神經(jīng)監(jiān)測儀是Shedd及Flisberg分別于1966年和1970年提出,這一方法可直接通過電生理刺激,觀察神經(jīng)的連續(xù)性和電生理傳導(dǎo)功能,幫醫(yī)師輔助了解手術(shù)過程中喉神經(jīng)的損傷。隨著監(jiān)測設(shè)備和監(jiān)測步驟的不斷改進(jìn),在甲狀腺手術(shù)之前,利用IONM標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化鑒定喉返神經(jīng)(recurrent laryngeal nerve,RLN),成為預(yù)防喉神經(jīng)損傷的輔助手段。在以上背景下,在過去10年里,IONM已被外科醫(yī)師廣泛接受:在歐美國家甲狀腺術(shù)中神經(jīng)監(jiān)測普及率達(dá)到40%~ 90%;在我國此技術(shù)也逐漸被認(rèn)可和推廣。在IONM取得可喜的發(fā)展的同時,仍然有許多的技術(shù)難題等待醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)家的研究。因此該文綜述了多個研究組在這一方向的最新研究[2-15],并簡述IONM的新應(yīng)用方向。

1 IONM可有效降低RLN損傷

有研究顯示,在甲狀腺手術(shù)過程中,當(dāng)運(yùn)用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的IONM之后,和之前的神經(jīng)可視化的金標(biāo)準(zhǔn)相比,RLN偏癱的概率減少了[3,16]。Barczynski在2013年的研究中發(fā)現(xiàn),在重復(fù)甲狀腺手術(shù)中,和神經(jīng)可視化相比,IONM可以減少RLN麻痹的發(fā)生率[17]。具體來看,當(dāng)使用IONM時,短暫的和永久的RLN創(chuàng)傷都被發(fā)現(xiàn),頻率分別是2.6%和1.4%;而不用IONM的話,是6.3%和2.4%[17]。當(dāng)然也有研究認(rèn)為這種減少并不顯著[18]。

不論如何,IONM有著不可比擬的優(yōu)點(diǎn):明確神經(jīng)的位置,避免手術(shù)過程破壞RLN和可能的神經(jīng)分支;在手術(shù)前、手術(shù)中及手術(shù)后,監(jiān)測喉神經(jīng)的功能,證實(shí)神經(jīng)在生理學(xué)上的完整性。由于甲狀腺再手術(shù)以及具有非典型過程的首次手術(shù)都將導(dǎo)致神經(jīng)麻痹率的增高[3,19],在這些情況下IONM所具有的優(yōu)點(diǎn)將更有利于保護(hù)手術(shù)對神經(jīng)的損傷。另外,在甲狀腺疾病的手術(shù)過程中,外科醫(yī)師必須熟記操作(甲狀腺疾病操作、頸部以及RLN解剖),這是非常困難的。在這一情況下,IONM的應(yīng)用更是顯得不可缺少了。

有研究顯示中心室頸淋巴結(jié)清掃術(shù)(central compartment neck dissection,CCND)并不會增加甲狀腺切除術(shù)導(dǎo)致RLN偏癱的風(fēng)險[20]。那么在CCND中,針對IONM的作用便產(chǎn)生了爭議。不過,IONM可以更有效地鑒定神經(jīng)并對神經(jīng)的狀態(tài)進(jìn)行客觀的監(jiān)測,尤其是當(dāng)解剖學(xué)變體存在時。這將會將雙邊神經(jīng)麻痹的危險降低到最低狀態(tài)。

另外,在CCND手術(shù)過程中,視野內(nèi)缺少針對神經(jīng)的解剖學(xué)標(biāo)記,還含有大量的傷痕組織。在這種情況下,IONM還可以幫助醫(yī)師鑒定視野內(nèi)的RLN,以避免破壞解剖盲區(qū)的神經(jīng)[21]。

2 IONM的研究進(jìn)展

當(dāng)前針對IONM的研究可被分為兩個方面:動物實(shí)驗(yàn)?zāi)P鸵约芭R床觀察研究。

2.1 動物實(shí)驗(yàn)?zāi)P陀捎谌祟惣膊〉膹?fù)雜性以及以人本身作為實(shí)驗(yàn)對象的局限性,要將有科學(xué)意義的發(fā)現(xiàn)轉(zhuǎn)化為對人類有現(xiàn)實(shí)意義的技術(shù),特別是最新的外科手術(shù)技術(shù)(比如IONM),都需要開發(fā)出合適的動物模型。IONM動物實(shí)驗(yàn)?zāi)P涂梢杂脕頊y試不同的麻醉藥物,手術(shù)裝備,外科手術(shù)程序,新的手術(shù)方法手段,以及測試因?yàn)镮ONM而產(chǎn)生的神經(jīng)創(chuàng)傷。

現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)有多種針對IONM的動物實(shí)驗(yàn)?zāi)P鸵言谧钚碌难芯恐羞\(yùn)用,比如:豬或醫(yī)用迷你豬實(shí)驗(yàn)?zāi)P停?,22-28],狗實(shí)驗(yàn)?zāi)P停?9,30]和老鼠實(shí)驗(yàn)?zāi)P停?1]。豬實(shí)驗(yàn)?zāi)P褪亲畛S玫膭游飳?shí)驗(yàn)?zāi)P停驗(yàn)樨i和人在結(jié)構(gòu)以及生理上是相似的,尤其是頸部和喉部。另外,與靈長類、貓和狗實(shí)驗(yàn)?zāi)P拖啾?,醫(yī)用迷你豬實(shí)驗(yàn)?zāi)P头浅=?jīng)濟(jì)劃算,花費(fèi)相對較低。

當(dāng)前動物IONM模型主要用于以下四個方面的研究:(1)測試安全標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的氣管肌電圖(electromyographic endotracheal,EMG)數(shù)據(jù)。Wu等[12]構(gòu)建了一個很有潛力的豬實(shí)驗(yàn)?zāi)P?,用它來測試安全性,并且調(diào)查在IONM過程中迷走神經(jīng)(vagus nerve,VN)和RLN刺激的最佳電子強(qiáng)度。他們在連續(xù)性刺激VN和RLN 10 min后,并沒有發(fā)現(xiàn)不常見的電生理或心肺影響。(2)麻醉觀察。神經(jīng)肌肉的阻斷藥(neuromuscular blocking agents,NMBAs)可以減少IONM過程中聲帶肌肉的EMG信號。Lu[7,24]以豬作為研究對象,調(diào)查了IONM過程中NMBAs的效果,比較了不同藥物對喉肌的恢復(fù)譜,并且將這一信息引入到臨床應(yīng)用中。(3)新方法的可行性研究。Witzel等[25]運(yùn)用豬實(shí)驗(yàn)?zāi)P蜏y試了在經(jīng)口咽入路甲狀腺切除術(shù)中,IONM運(yùn)用的可行性。Schneider等[22]運(yùn)用豬實(shí)驗(yàn)?zāi)P蜏y試并證實(shí)了運(yùn)用新的迷走神經(jīng)卯電極來延續(xù)IONM的可行性。(4)神經(jīng)創(chuàng)傷研究。在IONM過程中產(chǎn)生的RLN創(chuàng)傷有著不同的類型,包括橫斷損傷[26,27],夾緊損傷和擠壓損傷[26,28,29,32],牽拉損傷或壓傷[22,26]以及熱創(chuàng)傷[22,26,31]都已被研究。并且,他們的EMG信號都被記錄并且找到了這些信號和相應(yīng)神經(jīng)損傷的聯(lián)系。

2.2 臨床研究當(dāng)前針對IONM的臨床觀察研究主要在以下四個方面:(1)麻醉觀察時肌肉松弛藥的運(yùn)用(神經(jīng)肌肉阻滯藥,NMBAs)。在全身麻醉時,對患者注射NMBAs是必須的。這樣可以獲得臨床上可接受的氣管插管條件,并且還可以阻止喉部的創(chuàng)傷。但是NMBAs還是IONM過程中產(chǎn)生假陰性反應(yīng)的潛在原因。在以前的研究中,中國研究組已經(jīng)檢測了對患者注射非去極化NMBAs(單劑量的阿曲庫銨或羅庫溴銨)后,IONM的可行性[33,34]。他們同樣證實(shí)了95%有效藥物劑量的羅庫溴銨(0.3 mg/ kg)是IONM的最佳劑量[35]。(2)麻醉觀察時EMG氣管內(nèi)導(dǎo)管的安置。氣管內(nèi)導(dǎo)管表面電極的錯位將會導(dǎo)致裝置故障或監(jiān)測的失敗,并給出錯誤的信息,這些錯誤信息將增加RLN創(chuàng)傷發(fā)生率。Chiang研究組[36]調(diào)查了EMG導(dǎo)管的最佳深度,總結(jié)了對如何檢測電極異位有參考價值的信息,并且探討了在手術(shù)過程中如何校準(zhǔn)導(dǎo)管的深度。另外的研究也發(fā)現(xiàn)[8],當(dāng)患者的頭部位置從氣管插管的中立位置變成甲狀腺手術(shù)的全部牽引時,電極即可被移去。因此他們認(rèn)為當(dāng)患者被定位之后,應(yīng)該運(yùn)用喉鏡檢測電極的常規(guī)位置。(3)創(chuàng)新應(yīng)用?,F(xiàn)階段一些創(chuàng)新性的IONM應(yīng)用已被探討研究,包括:外科手術(shù)易錯點(diǎn)的闡明以及RLN創(chuàng)傷的機(jī)理[37,38];VN刺激技術(shù)中,技術(shù)問題的解決,RLN損傷的識別,RLN手術(shù)后功能的精準(zhǔn)監(jiān)測[6,18,38,39],以及非喉返神經(jīng)的檢測[40-42];早期RLN位置的鑒定[43],鑒定并處置神經(jīng)結(jié)構(gòu)上的變化[44,45],廣闊范圍的RLN解剖[46];喉上神經(jīng)外支(external branch of the superior laryngeal nerve,EBSLN)的監(jiān)測技術(shù)[2];CIONM的可行性分析及具體策略[22]。

3 小結(jié)

針對甲狀腺手術(shù)來說,現(xiàn)在正處于轉(zhuǎn)型期,即從RLN的形象化識別到RLN的神經(jīng)生理學(xué)識別。在甲狀腺手術(shù)時,針對患者RLN醫(yī)師所具備的知識應(yīng)該包括:RLN解剖學(xué)知識、神經(jīng)的常規(guī)圖像鑒定、RLN的頸部暴露、手術(shù)經(jīng)驗(yàn)的積累、訓(xùn)練以及手術(shù)喉鏡觀察。可以看到隨著時間的流逝,這些知識都在發(fā)生變化,并且新的技術(shù)也逐步加入到甲狀腺手術(shù)中。

現(xiàn)在來看IONM仍然有值得研究探討的問題:(1)需要標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化的手術(shù)操作以及更標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的訓(xùn)練來避開手術(shù)過程中的常犯錯誤;(2)對于常見的手術(shù)陷阱,醫(yī)師應(yīng)具備更深的知識儲備,并且具備避免錯誤排除錯誤的能力;(3)對RLN神經(jīng)生理學(xué)需做進(jìn)一步的研究。

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[2016-12-18收稿,2017-01-13修回][本文編輯:韓仲琪]

Applicationandresearchprogressofintraoperativeneuromonitoringtechnologyinthethyroid surgery

REN Wei①,ZHANG Qing-quan,CHEN Ping,et al.①The General Surgery Department of No.15 Hospital of Chinese PLA,Wusu,Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region 833000,China

The intraoperative neuromonitoring technology(IONM)as an auxiliary means of surgery refers to using neural electrophysiological technique to observe nerve continuity,to monitor nervous system electrophysiological conduction function and to detect neurological injury in the thyroid surgery.If it is difficult to protect laryngeal nerve in thyroid surgery,but IONM is just easy to judge the injury aegree of laryngeal nerve.Now IONM has been widely used in the thyroid surgery at home and abroad.In this paper,authors merely reviewed the recurrent application and research of IONM in the thyroid surgery.

Intraoperative neuromonitoring technology(IONM);Thyroid surgery;Laryngeal nerve

R659

A

10.14172/j.issn1671-4008.2017.06.038

833000新疆烏蘇,解放軍15醫(yī)院普外科(任煒,張清泉,陳萍,王林);250031山東濟(jì)南,原濟(jì)南軍區(qū)總醫(yī)院脊髓修復(fù)科(岳冀)

岳冀,Email:xiantuyouni@163.com

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