肖添
【摘 要】傳統(tǒng)的英語閱讀理解題訓(xùn)練課,主要基于教師的主觀推測(cè)來確定講評(píng)課的重點(diǎn)。即使是一些基于計(jì)算機(jī)機(jī)讀卡數(shù)據(jù)分析的講評(píng),也只是重點(diǎn)講評(píng)學(xué)生錯(cuò)得較多的題目,而忽略了錯(cuò)題之間的關(guān)聯(lián)性。文章通過分析高中英語閱讀理解講評(píng)課的現(xiàn)狀,采用數(shù)據(jù)挖掘中的關(guān)聯(lián)分析方法,提出了一些閱讀理解講評(píng)的分析方法及對(duì)策,從而科學(xué)地找到學(xué)生解題過程中的薄弱環(huán)節(jié),提高講評(píng)課的質(zhì)量和效率。
【關(guān)鍵詞】高中英語;閱讀理解;講評(píng)策略
一、高中英語閱讀理解講評(píng)課現(xiàn)狀
在平時(shí)的教學(xué)環(huán)節(jié)中,我們?cè)趯?duì)學(xué)生進(jìn)行閱讀訓(xùn)練或定期的閱讀測(cè)試以后,教師需要及時(shí)地講評(píng)一份閱讀試題,這些訓(xùn)練是大量且頻繁的。有時(shí),教師會(huì)采用當(dāng)天當(dāng)堂講評(píng)的方式,即在做完一套閱讀理解題后直接對(duì)答案然后逐題講解。而更多的時(shí)候,有的老師干脆運(yùn)用主觀的臆想判斷哪個(gè)題目學(xué)生容易錯(cuò)就講解哪個(gè)題目。不管采取上述哪種方法,都可能會(huì)因?yàn)橼s時(shí)間而講解不到位,或出現(xiàn)因?yàn)橹皇峭ㄟ^主觀臆想學(xué)生的錯(cuò)誤導(dǎo)致學(xué)生真正存在的問題還沒有講評(píng)到位的情況。
目前,在英語教學(xué)研究領(lǐng)域,對(duì)于通過對(duì)學(xué)生錯(cuò)題的分析來提高教學(xué)效率的分析研究已有一些成果。這些均為高中英語閱讀理解的講評(píng)提供了有益的借鑒。
二、高中英語閱讀理解講評(píng)的分析方法及對(duì)策
本文基于多次高中英語考試學(xué)生閱讀理解答題情況數(shù)據(jù),并根據(jù)不同的考點(diǎn)類型(如細(xì)節(jié)理解題等),提取解題的錯(cuò)題情況,采用數(shù)據(jù)挖掘中的關(guān)聯(lián)分析方法,對(duì)錯(cuò)題之間的相關(guān)性進(jìn)行研究,然后分析錯(cuò)題之間的內(nèi)在聯(lián)系。這些研究的成果能夠幫助教師在每一次閱讀訓(xùn)練或測(cè)試以后根據(jù)學(xué)生的閱讀理解題的錯(cuò)誤類型及其規(guī)律進(jìn)行分析,從而在講評(píng)課堂上有針對(duì)性地進(jìn)行講解或根據(jù)學(xué)生某一階段錯(cuò)題類型的分析對(duì)學(xué)生進(jìn)行特定閱讀理解題型的訓(xùn)練。在研究過程中,筆者搜集了近三年來廣東高考題、一模題、二模題以及四級(jí)考題,并抽取里面的題目,將每3篇閱讀文章組成一次訓(xùn)練套題。在這15個(gè)題目當(dāng)中,包括廣東英語高考閱讀理解中的所有題型和體裁,如細(xì)節(jié)理解題、主旨大意題等,對(duì)學(xué)生進(jìn)行25-30分鐘限時(shí)閱讀訓(xùn)練。在閱讀訓(xùn)練之后,利用計(jì)算機(jī)讀卡,得出學(xué)生的答題情況數(shù)據(jù)。然后運(yùn)用計(jì)算機(jī)程序,將學(xué)生錯(cuò)題兩兩間進(jìn)行關(guān)聯(lián)度統(tǒng)計(jì),進(jìn)而可以找到關(guān)聯(lián)度最高的題目,即學(xué)生在答錯(cuò)某一個(gè)題目的同時(shí),較大概率地也會(huì)答錯(cuò)另外一個(gè)題目,以便于分析錯(cuò)題之間的關(guān)聯(lián)性。在上述工作基礎(chǔ)上,將各套題目中學(xué)生錯(cuò)題的關(guān)聯(lián)性進(jìn)行總結(jié)和歸納,可發(fā)現(xiàn)學(xué)生在答題時(shí)錯(cuò)題類型的一些規(guī)律。
下面以“閱讀測(cè)試一”中的第二篇文章為例,為基于上述分析方法的結(jié)果進(jìn)行示例說明。該文章為2011年廣東英語高考題中的一篇文章。
In a world with limited land,water and other natural resources(資源),the harm from the traditional business model is on the rise. Actually,the past decades has seen more and more forests disappearing and globe becoming increasingly warm. People now realize that this unhealthy situation must be changed,and that we must be able to develop in sustainable(可持續(xù)的)ways. That means growth with low carbon or development of sustainable products. In other words,we should keep the earth healthy while using its supply of natural resources.
Today,sustainable development is a proper trend in many countries. According to a recent study,the global market for low-carbon energy will become three times bigger over the next decades. China,for example,has set its mind on leading that market,hoping to seize chances in the new round of the global energy revolution. It is now trying hard to make full use of wind and solar energy,and is spending a huge amount of money making electric cars and high-speed trains. In addition,we are also seeing great growth in the global markets for sustainable products such as palm oil(棕櫚油), which is produced without cutting down valuable rainforest. In recent years the markets for sustainable products have grown by more than 50%.
Governments can fully develop the potential of these new markets. First,they can set high targets for reducing carbon emissions(排放)and targets for saving and reusing energy. Besides,stronger arrangement of public resources like forests can also help to speed up the development. Finally,governments can avoid the huge expenses that are taking us in the wrong direction,and redirecting some of those expenses can accelerate the change from traditional model to a sustainable one.
The major challenge of this century is to find ways to meet the needs of growing population within the limits if this single planet. That is no small task,but it offers abundant new chances for sustainable product industries.
6. The traditional business model is harmful because of all the following EXCEPT that ______.
A. it brings severe damage to forests
B. it makes growth hard to continue
C. It makes the world warmer
D. it consumes natural resources
7. What can we infer from Paragraph 2?
A. China is the leader of the low-carbon market.
B. High-speed trains are a low-carbon development.
C. China lacks wind and solar energy.
D. Palm oil is made at the cost of valuable forests.
8. To full develop the low-carbon markets,government can ______.
A. cut public expenses
B. encourage energy conservation
C. forbid carbon emission
D. develop public resources
9. We can learn from the last paragraph that businesses have many chances to ______.
A. develop sustainable products
B. make full use of natural resources
C. deal with the major challenge
D. explore new natural resources
10. What is the main purpose of the passage?
A. To predict a change of the global market.
B. To advocate sustainable development.
C. To introduce a new business model.
D. To compare two business models.
從關(guān)聯(lián)度數(shù)據(jù)分析中可以看出,學(xué)生答錯(cuò)第6題后會(huì)答錯(cuò)第8題的概率為96%,而學(xué)生答錯(cuò)第7題后會(huì)答錯(cuò)第8題的概率為100%。在關(guān)聯(lián)度數(shù)據(jù)分析的基礎(chǔ)上,通過對(duì)文章和題目進(jìn)行分析,可以在講評(píng)這篇文章的題目前得出如下結(jié)論。第一,由于第6、7、8題都是細(xì)節(jié)題,不管是答錯(cuò)第6題后會(huì)答錯(cuò)第8題的同學(xué),還是那些答錯(cuò)第7題后會(huì)答錯(cuò)第8題的同學(xué),都是因?yàn)槲茨茉谧鲱}時(shí)認(rèn)真閱讀文章,捕捉文章細(xì)節(jié)內(nèi)容,或者因?yàn)樵谧鲱}過程中不夠細(xì)致而導(dǎo)致犯錯(cuò)的。這提示教師在指導(dǎo)這一類學(xué)生解答閱讀理解題的過程當(dāng)中,可以多給他們做一些細(xì)節(jié)理解題,訓(xùn)練他們?cè)谟邢迺r(shí)間內(nèi)快速、準(zhǔn)確抓住文章細(xì)節(jié)的能力,并在輔導(dǎo)的過程中培養(yǎng)他們穩(wěn)健、良好的解題心態(tài)。第二,該文是一篇議論文。文章闡述了傳統(tǒng)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展模式給地球帶來的危害?,F(xiàn)在低碳、可持續(xù)的經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展模式成為許多國(guó)家的發(fā)展主流方向。中國(guó)政府正在充分發(fā)揮潛能大力開發(fā)新的低耗能、低排放的新能源市場(chǎng)。那些答錯(cuò)第6題后會(huì)答錯(cuò)第8題的同學(xué),或者那些學(xué)生答錯(cuò)第7題后會(huì)答錯(cuò)第8題的同學(xué)都沒能抓住文章的核心內(nèi)容,在做題前未進(jìn)行有效的預(yù)測(cè),或者說他們?cè)谧鲱}過程中沒有將文章的中心思想與題目的正確答案聯(lián)系起來思考,導(dǎo)致答題時(shí)產(chǎn)生了錯(cuò)誤。在這個(gè)方面,教師應(yīng)該在講評(píng)過程中應(yīng)注意提醒學(xué)生在做題前可先快速瀏覽一下文章,在快速瀏覽過程中特別關(guān)注文章的首尾段和每一段的首尾句,從而快速地找到文章的中心思想,助于提高細(xì)節(jié)理解題答題的正確率并提高解題的速度。第三,本篇文章中的第7題的答案來源于文章第二段“China,for example,has set its mind on leading that market,hoping to seize chances in the new round of the global energy resolution. It is now trying hard to make full use of wind and solar energy,and is spending a huge amount of money making electric cars and high-speed trains.”該題的正確答案正是主題句“China,for example,has set its mind on leading that market,hoping to seize chances in the new round of the global energy resolution.”后作者舉出的一個(gè)例子。因此,在講評(píng)過程中,我們應(yīng)該指導(dǎo)學(xué)生在讀文章時(shí),特別是閱讀議論文章時(shí),要抓住文章的主旨句,而這些主旨句往往是每一段的第一句話或最后一句話。因?yàn)?,外?guó)人寫議論文時(shí),通常采用的是“論點(diǎn)——論據(jù)(支撐性材料)——結(jié)論”的文章結(jié)構(gòu)。因此,可以告訴學(xué)生,如果閱讀題目出在細(xì)節(jié)上,可以先找到主旨句進(jìn)行閱讀,幫助理解接下來的細(xì)節(jié)。反過來,如果某篇文章的主旨句是長(zhǎng)難句,讀不懂時(shí),可以通過理解例子中的事實(shí)來判斷主旨句的意思,從而理解整篇文章。
三、結(jié)論
本文提出了一種基于關(guān)聯(lián)分析的高中英語閱讀理解題的講評(píng)重點(diǎn)發(fā)現(xiàn)方法,并針對(duì)學(xué)生錯(cuò)題的關(guān)聯(lián)度進(jìn)行了較為詳細(xì)地實(shí)證分析研究。研究結(jié)果表明,首先,通過分析數(shù)據(jù),找到學(xué)生錯(cuò)題的規(guī)律以及學(xué)生最容易錯(cuò)的題目類型,從而確定重點(diǎn)要講解的題目。其次,可以通過分析學(xué)生錯(cuò)題之間的關(guān)聯(lián)性,找到學(xué)生解題過程中的薄弱環(huán)節(jié),從而幫助指導(dǎo)學(xué)生解題的過程。最后,站在不同的視角對(duì)數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行分析會(huì)得出不同的推論。從而有利于教師了解和掌握學(xué)生回答不同類型的閱讀理解題時(shí)所存在的問題,為提高講評(píng)課的質(zhì)量和效率提供有力支撐。