王朝集 唐育民
可移動(dòng)氣管套管導(dǎo)管的研制*
王朝集①*唐育民①
目的:研制一種用于單肺通氣的可移動(dòng)氣管套管導(dǎo)管,以彌補(bǔ)目前使用雙腔支氣管導(dǎo)管、支氣管封堵器進(jìn)行單肺通氣存在的不足。方法:在短氣管導(dǎo)管中內(nèi)置一根長(zhǎng)氣管導(dǎo)管,組成一根完整的氣管套管導(dǎo)管,內(nèi)置導(dǎo)管在外套管內(nèi)能夠旋轉(zhuǎn)和移動(dòng),完成氣管插管后,根據(jù)手術(shù)需要通過(guò)旋轉(zhuǎn)選擇內(nèi)置導(dǎo)管前端方向,將內(nèi)置導(dǎo)管向前推移插入左或右支氣管進(jìn)行單肺通氣,結(jié)束手術(shù)后,將內(nèi)置導(dǎo)管從支氣管退出到氣管進(jìn)行雙肺通氣或從外套管中拔出由外套管進(jìn)行雙肺通氣。結(jié)果:①可移動(dòng)氣管套管導(dǎo)管通過(guò)將內(nèi)置導(dǎo)管插入左或右支氣管,單肺通氣效果確切;②插管技術(shù)比雙腔支氣管導(dǎo)管和支氣管封堵器簡(jiǎn)單;③內(nèi)置導(dǎo)管在外套管內(nèi)旋轉(zhuǎn)移保護(hù)患者氣道不受損傷,避免使用雙腔管術(shù)后更換氣管導(dǎo)管過(guò)程以及換管困難造成患者缺氧和將氣管導(dǎo)管誤插入食道造成食道手術(shù)吻合口損傷的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。結(jié)論:可移動(dòng)氣管套管導(dǎo)管設(shè)計(jì)合理,插管操作簡(jiǎn)單,臨床實(shí)用性強(qiáng),產(chǎn)品轉(zhuǎn)化可行性大。
可移動(dòng)氣管套管導(dǎo)管;單肺通氣;氣管插管;支氣管插管;麻醉
良好的單肺通氣使手術(shù)側(cè)肺萎陷,是胸內(nèi)手術(shù)順利完成的重要保證[1-2]。目前,臨床主要通過(guò)使用雙腔支氣管導(dǎo)管進(jìn)行支氣管插管和支氣管封堵器堵塞一側(cè)支氣管來(lái)完成,但使用單腔氣管導(dǎo)管進(jìn)行支氣管插管單肺通氣的方法已很少使用。雙腔管和封堵器在使用中存在一些不足,雙腔管單肺通氣常并發(fā)低氧血癥和不同程度的肺損傷[3-5]?;诖耍狙芯拷Y(jié)合臨床實(shí)際,研制出一種用于單肺通氣的可移動(dòng)氣管套管導(dǎo)管,并已先后獲得國(guó)家實(shí)用新型專利和國(guó)家發(fā)明專利授權(quán)[1—2]。
雙腔支氣管導(dǎo)管是目前單肺通氣的主要工具,其管徑較粗有效管腔小,插管對(duì)位困難,通氣時(shí)氣道壓力高,可供選擇的型號(hào)較少,插管技術(shù)要求高,要有相當(dāng)臨床經(jīng)驗(yàn)的麻醉醫(yī)師才能順利完成插管,需要纖維支氣管鏡輔助才能完成準(zhǔn)確定位[6]。操作中在反復(fù)調(diào)整對(duì)位過(guò)程中,雙腔管的旋轉(zhuǎn)和移動(dòng)可造成患者嚴(yán)重氣道損傷[7-8]。使用雙腔管患者術(shù)后帶管進(jìn)行呼吸機(jī)治療需更換成氣管導(dǎo)管,對(duì)于困難氣道的患者,術(shù)后換管困難可造成其缺氧的危險(xiǎn)和將氣管導(dǎo)管誤插入食道造成食道手術(shù)吻合口損傷的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[9]。使用支氣管阻塞的封堵器,準(zhǔn)確定位比較難,術(shù)中導(dǎo)管易移位,使手術(shù)側(cè)肺萎陷不滿意[10-13]。雙腔管國(guó)產(chǎn)化時(shí)間不長(zhǎng),曾長(zhǎng)期由國(guó)外進(jìn)口,目前使用的各種封堵管均為國(guó)外知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)保護(hù)的進(jìn)口產(chǎn)品,使用費(fèi)用較高,而雙腔管和封堵器較高的使用技術(shù)要求和封堵管較高的費(fèi)用,在國(guó)內(nèi)中小醫(yī)院難以普及使用。國(guó)內(nèi)曾有對(duì)雙腔管和封堵器做改進(jìn)后用于單肺通氣的研究報(bào)道,但臨床使用效果并不滿意[14-15]。
在短氣管導(dǎo)管中內(nèi)置一根長(zhǎng)氣管導(dǎo)管,組成一根完整的氣管套管導(dǎo)管,內(nèi)置導(dǎo)管在外套管內(nèi)能夠旋轉(zhuǎn)和移動(dòng),內(nèi)置導(dǎo)管前端經(jīng)制作塑形成一定弧度用作向支氣管插管。本研究設(shè)計(jì)的導(dǎo)管有普通型和導(dǎo)管前端帶探頭、能直觀插管的可視型,單獨(dú)的內(nèi)置導(dǎo)管也可作為氣管插管患者術(shù)中臨時(shí)需要單肺通氣時(shí)使用;外套管前端做成勺狀加厚有利于引導(dǎo)內(nèi)置導(dǎo)管向左支氣管插管的左型管和外套管前端成直型供內(nèi)置導(dǎo)管向左、向右插管的通用管。導(dǎo)管制作技術(shù)要求外管要小,內(nèi)置導(dǎo)管內(nèi)徑大以保證有效通氣,保持內(nèi)置導(dǎo)管前端弧度塑形穩(wěn)定以保證方便插管和內(nèi)置導(dǎo)管準(zhǔn)確定位,如圖1所示。
圖1 氣管套管導(dǎo)管結(jié)構(gòu)圖
氣管套管導(dǎo)管生產(chǎn)制作材料要求為符合人體使用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的PVC材質(zhì),與目前廠家生產(chǎn)供臨床使用的氣管導(dǎo)管、雙腔支氣管導(dǎo)管一致。在產(chǎn)品生產(chǎn)制作工藝上,為適應(yīng)不同體型患者需要開(kāi)設(shè)模具,以不同導(dǎo)管內(nèi)徑及長(zhǎng)度生產(chǎn)出大、中、小3個(gè)型號(hào)導(dǎo)管。生產(chǎn)廠依據(jù)導(dǎo)管設(shè)計(jì)要求已完成樣管制作,樣管外管直徑8.0 mm,長(zhǎng)度28 cm,內(nèi)置導(dǎo)管直徑5.5 mm,長(zhǎng)度40 cm。
患者麻醉誘導(dǎo)后以普通氣管插管方法先完成氣管插管,再根據(jù)手術(shù)需要,通過(guò)旋轉(zhuǎn)選擇內(nèi)置導(dǎo)管前端方向,將內(nèi)置導(dǎo)管向前推移插入左或右支氣管進(jìn)行單肺通氣,通過(guò)聽(tīng)診呼吸音判斷、調(diào)整及固定導(dǎo)管位置,結(jié)束手術(shù)后將內(nèi)置導(dǎo)管從支氣管退出到氣管進(jìn)行雙肺通氣或從外套管中拔出由外套管進(jìn)行雙肺通氣,也可先行在氣管單獨(dú)插入外套管后再插入內(nèi)置導(dǎo)管進(jìn)行單肺通氣,如圖2所示。
圖2 導(dǎo)管所處氣管和支氣管位置示意圖
可移動(dòng)氣管套管導(dǎo)管與目前單肺通過(guò)使用的雙腔支氣管導(dǎo)管和支氣管封堵器比較,其導(dǎo)管插管操作簡(jiǎn)單,節(jié)約插管時(shí)間,便于普及推廣使用。可移動(dòng)氣管套管導(dǎo)管的優(yōu)勢(shì)為:①進(jìn)行單肺通氣的內(nèi)置導(dǎo)管在外套管中旋轉(zhuǎn)和移動(dòng)不直接與氣管接觸,減少了內(nèi)置導(dǎo)管在插管和對(duì)位過(guò)程中的阻力,避免了氣道損傷而保護(hù)氣管;②術(shù)后需帶管行呼吸機(jī)治療的患者拔出內(nèi)置導(dǎo)管即可,避免使用雙腔管術(shù)后更換氣管導(dǎo)管過(guò)程,以及換管困難造成患者缺氧和將氣管導(dǎo)管誤插入食道造成食道手術(shù)吻合口損傷的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。
本研究所設(shè)計(jì)的用于單肺通氣的可移動(dòng)氣管套管導(dǎo)管,先后獲得國(guó)家實(shí)用新型專利和國(guó)家發(fā)明專利授權(quán),與現(xiàn)有臨床使用的單肺通氣技術(shù)和工具比較,設(shè)計(jì)新穎具有創(chuàng)新性和實(shí)用性,增加了單肺通氣可選擇的技術(shù)和工具。
雙腔管和封堵器使用技術(shù)要求高,需要有相當(dāng)臨床經(jīng)驗(yàn)的麻醉醫(yī)師才能順利完成插管,且常需要纖維支氣管鏡輔助才能完成準(zhǔn)確定位[16]。而可移動(dòng)氣管套管導(dǎo)管插管操作簡(jiǎn)單,掌握氣管插管技術(shù)的麻醉醫(yī)生都能便捷的使用導(dǎo)管完成支氣管插管和定位。單、雙腔管在完成支氣管插管定位和對(duì)位過(guò)程中常需要多次旋轉(zhuǎn)、移動(dòng)導(dǎo)管,由于導(dǎo)管和氣道直接緊密接觸,以及整個(gè)氣道解剖上的曲度使導(dǎo)管旋轉(zhuǎn)和移動(dòng)阻力增加影響導(dǎo)管定位和對(duì)位,強(qiáng)行旋轉(zhuǎn)和移動(dòng)導(dǎo)管將造成氣管、支氣管破裂損傷的嚴(yán)重后果,而可移動(dòng)氣管套管導(dǎo)管的內(nèi)管在向支氣管插管和定位過(guò)程中是在外管中進(jìn)行,不與氣道接觸,減少了導(dǎo)管旋轉(zhuǎn)和移動(dòng)阻力使內(nèi)管容易完成支氣管插管和定位,保護(hù)氣道不受內(nèi)管旋轉(zhuǎn)和移動(dòng)造成損傷。使用可移動(dòng)氣管套管導(dǎo)管手術(shù)結(jié)束后,只需將內(nèi)置導(dǎo)管從支氣管退出到氣管或拔出即可進(jìn)行雙肺通氣,省去使用雙腔管術(shù)后需更換成氣管導(dǎo)管過(guò)程,避免換管困難導(dǎo)致患者缺氧的危險(xiǎn)和將氣管導(dǎo)管誤插入食道造成食道手術(shù)吻合口損傷的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。
雙腔管曾長(zhǎng)期由國(guó)外進(jìn)口,在國(guó)內(nèi)中小醫(yī)院難以普及使用,成為影響胸科手術(shù)開(kāi)展的重要因素。本研究設(shè)計(jì)的可移動(dòng)氣管套管導(dǎo)管結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單,生產(chǎn)工藝成熟,以國(guó)內(nèi)氣管導(dǎo)管生產(chǎn)廠商的技術(shù)和生產(chǎn)條件均可完成產(chǎn)品制作,專利轉(zhuǎn)化可行性大。
我國(guó)每年新增大量的肺癌及食道癌患者,僅以這兩種常見(jiàn)胸部腫瘤中接受手術(shù)治療的患者(除去大量的普通胸科手術(shù)),使用可移動(dòng)氣管套管導(dǎo)管代替或部分代替目前的雙腔管和各種封堵管使用,具有極大的市場(chǎng)前景和社會(huì)效益。
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Development of catheter of movable tracheal cannula
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WANG Chao-ji, TANG Yu-min//
China Medical Equipment,2017,14(10):10-12.
Objective: To develop a catheter of movable tracheal cannula for single lung ventilation so as to compensate the existed disadvantages of using double-lumen bronchial catheter and bronchial occlusive device in single lung ventilation in present. Methods: A long tracheal catheter was installed into a short endotracheal catheter so as to form a complete catheter of tracheal cannula. The internally installed catheter could be rotated and moved in the cannula. After then, the front-end direction of internally installed catheter was chose through rotated the catheter according to the requirement of operation, and the single lung ventilation could be achieved when the internally installed catheter was pushed forward and was inserted in left or right bronchus. After the operation, the internally installed catheter exited out from bronchus to trachea and was used to implement double lung ventilation, or it was pulled out from outer cannula and the double lung ventilation was implemented by using outer cannual. Results: The ventilation effect of single-lung was doubtless when the catheter of movable tracheal cannula was inserted in left or right bronchus by using internally installed catheter. The technique of intubation tube was simpler than that of double-lumen bronchial catheter and bronchial occlusive device. The internally installed catheter could rotate in the outer cannula so as to protect tracheal wall and avoid oxygen deficit of patient during the processes of replacing tracheal catheter and the difficulty of replacing tracheal catheter post-operation of double-lumen bronchial catheter. Besides, it also could avoid the injury risk of anastomotic stoma of esophageal surgery caused by mis-insertion of tracheal catheter in esophagus. Conclusion: This kind of removable tracheal cannula has reasonable design, simple operation of intubation and better clinical practicability, and its feasibility is better that the product is transformed.
Removable catheter of tracheal cannula; Single lung ventilation; Tracheal cannula; Bronchial cannula;Anesthesia
Department of ology, Sichuan Cancer Hospital, Chengdu 610041, China.
10.3969/J.ISSN.1672-8270.2017.10.004
王朝集,男,(1963- ),大專,副主任醫(yī)師。四川省腫瘤醫(yī)院麻醉科,從事臨床麻醉工作。
2017-04-11
1672-8270(2017)10-0010-03
R197.39
A
四川省衛(wèi)生和計(jì)劃生育委員會(huì)科研課題(16PJ509)“可移動(dòng)氣管套管導(dǎo)管研制及臨床應(yīng)用研究”
*專利:國(guó)家實(shí)用新型專利(ZL2013 2 0764181.6);國(guó)家發(fā)明專利(ZL2013 1 0616331.3)
①四川省腫瘤醫(yī)院麻醉科 四川 成都 610041
*通訊作者:wangwangchaoji@163.com