曹志華
摘 要: 本文通過分析一節(jié)故事類文本課例的問題及介紹改進過程,用實例介紹了通過師生互動提取與有效利用文本結構的途徑。
關鍵詞: 故事 文本分析 文本結構 互動 生成
一、背景介紹
筆者結合多年的教學及課堂觀察發(fā)現(xiàn),傳統(tǒng)的閱讀教學常常課前跟讀、齊讀書后詞匯表,讀前一幅幅互不聯(lián)系的圖片教單詞,讀中教師講解難點,有時翻譯難句甚至整篇文章,兩遍讀用四選一、補全表格或回答問題形式從文章直接找到答案的細節(jié)問題,再核對答案。兩次讀的問題只涉及淺層理解,沒有層次性;忽視讀中邊讀邊提取信息、處理信息的過程;忽視文本的結構框架及內在的邏輯關系;更談不上文本的深層理解與教師指導下不斷深入探究主題意義的過程。針對上述教學設計與實施的模式化、表面化、碎片化問題,筆者申請了北京教育學院院級課題“基于文本分析的中學英語閱讀教與學的策略的研究”,在北京郊區(qū)城鎮(zhèn)及市區(qū)普通校進行課例嘗試。本文以北師大版八年級上Unit 5 Lesson 14為例,著重介紹閱讀故事類文章時如何利用信息組織圖有效生成與利用文本結構,進行主題意義探究的教學嘗試。
二、文本結構內涵及優(yōu)勢
美國閱讀專家莫提默.J.艾德勒和查爾斯·范多倫(2016)在《如何閱讀一本書》中指出:“將書中重要篇章列舉出來,說明它們如何按照順序組成一個整體的架構?!彼麄冞€指出任何一本值得讀的書都有其組織架構,不同題材和體裁書籍的篇章結構各自有特點。這有助于讀者了解一本書各個部分之間的有機聯(lián)系、作者的架構規(guī)劃,進而整體、深入地理解文本意義。每篇文章都是如此。讀者可以提取文章的重要信息,并找到能體現(xiàn)其內在聯(lián)系的語篇架構。提取文本結構時可以利用graphic organizer(信息組織圖),該信息組織圖能把頭腦里一大堆散亂知識轉換和壓縮成結構化的圖表,用簡單方式呈現(xiàn)復雜知識,實現(xiàn)了文本內容的結構化、邏輯化和閱讀過程中思維的可視化,同時培養(yǎng)了分析、歸納能力和思維的邏輯性。graphic organizer表現(xiàn)形式多樣,具體使用時不拘一格。storyboard就是文本結構的一種形式,即故事的六要素:when,where(setting),who(character),why,what,how,適用于故事類文本。下面以北師大版八年級上Unit 5 Lesson 14為例談談如何利用文本結構實施故事教學。
三、課例的初步呈現(xiàn)、分析與建議
授課內容選自北師大版八年級上Unit 5 Lesson 14。授課對象為北京大興區(qū)興華中學仰山校區(qū)初二的學生。讀中Step 1學生速讀課文根據(jù)故事情節(jié)排序(EX 2 on P56)。
分析與建議:第一次讀應該提出涉及大意的問題,故事事件的排序只是通過scanning按文章順序找到就可以,屬于字面理解,且即使能夠找到答案也不能表明理解了句子內容。What is the main idea of the first paragraph? What about the second one and the third one? 或者Read to check your prediction。
Step 2學生精讀課文,標劃語言點和難點,小組分享后全班分享。
建議:該步驟應該放在閱讀理解步驟5后,語言點的學習應該結合語篇情境,且應該與主題意義探究緊密結合。
Step 3引出過去進行時并聯(lián)系生活實踐進行小組練習。
建議:該語法操練脫離本課語篇內容,第一課時著重語篇主題意義探究,語法操練還是建議放在第二課時,且應結合語篇內容。采訪沒有用過去進行時,教學目標里要求學生用過去進行時。過去進行時不是課標要求會運用的項目,第一課時就要求會用要求過高。
Step 4幫助學生完成“房”形文本結構,屋頂是題目,房屋when/where/who/what, beginning/middle和end及對應的情感,地基from then on。
建議:該部分應該放在第一遍大意理解之后即步驟2之后?!胺俊毙挝谋窘Y構沒有實際意義,適宜論說性文本,凸顯論據(jù)支撐論點的邏輯關系,不適合故事類文章,建議用按時間軸呈現(xiàn)的一系列動作所構成的情節(jié)即storyboard。而且前面兩段是類似結構,可以讓學生自行仿照第一段的方法,獨立完成第二段后互動交流完善,培養(yǎng)學生自主學習能力和使用英語交流合作能力。
另外,學生閱讀時教師把房型圖寫在黑板上,沒有體現(xiàn)在教師指導下通過師生互動提取信息的生成過程,后面講課時也沒有用到該圖,沒有引起學生的關注。初次運用時,可以讓學生在書上表示連續(xù)進行動作的短語下面畫線,然后師生互動時逐步板書生成文本結構,讓學生感受如何提取文本結構。待學生較熟悉文本結構后,可以讓學生邊讀或邊畫線/邊填,然后師生交流互動反饋,且文本結構的一系列動作及其體現(xiàn)的情感、態(tài)度或觀點應該對應。
師生互動交流回答預測問題時教師即時生成板書。T: What is the first paragraph about? S: Amy helped Carrie when Carrie fell off her bike on the cold snowy morning. T: What about the second one and the third one? S: Carrie let Amy share her book in the classroom. They became good friends. T: What is the story about? S: Its about how Amy and Carrie helped each other and became friends.
T: When did the story happen? S: On a cold snowy morning first day.... T: Guess,how did she feel? S: She was worrying about a lot of things. 教師繼續(xù)追問學生從文中找到的證據(jù)、線索。T: How do you know that? S: I was walking slowly and worrying about a lot of things. Why did the writer say:“there werent many people,”之后繼續(xù)讀驗證學生的預測,并讓學生畫線標出所發(fā)生的事。然后師生互動交流,T: What happened on her way to school? S:passed me riding on ice, fell off, tried to get up, fell, went over helped her, said “thank you”, rode away, warmed, made me feel less nervous,一系列動詞構成一連串動作,體現(xiàn)了Amy幫助Carrie 的過程。
推斷性的問題(inference question)幫助學生預測下文,激發(fā)閱讀興趣,使學生積極思考,并設身處地站在Amy的視角,感同身受地體會Amy的處境心情,更深入地理解文章內容。Guess,What was she worrying about on the first day at a new school on such a snowy day? What may happen on such a day? Why was she walking slowly? 開放性問題有助于培養(yǎng)發(fā)散思維能力,發(fā)散思維能力是創(chuàng)新思維能力的基礎。
學生程度好的話,可以問聯(lián)系學生生活實際(text-to-self)的問題,讓學生反思自己的類似經(jīng)歷、體驗。這種讀者的個性化生活體驗(personalization)有助于深入了解文章,也為后面讓學生仿照本文介紹自己的相關經(jīng)歷做好了鋪墊(scaffolding),同時做到了學以致用。When did you go first go to school? Where did you go? How did you feel on your first day at a new school? Why? What did you worry about at that time?教師還可以讓學生體驗Amy及Carrie一系列動作的伴隨情感、感受。How did Amy/Carrie feel?通過提問Why did happen?讓學生體驗動作之間的關系,一個動作是如何引發(fā)另一個動作的?讓學生感受動作之間的邏輯關系,引導學生找出散亂各處的句子之間的意義聯(lián)系,理解句間的邏輯關系。這常常需要用到前面提到的推斷策略(inference)。 如T: Why did Carrie fall? S: She was riding quickly,and she was riding on ice on a snowy morning. T: Why did she so? S: Probably she was in a hurry. Why did Amy know that Carrie needed help? S: Because Carrie was trying hard to get up, but she failed again.
教師還可以引導學生從人物的行為、言語、表情等方面并結合環(huán)境推斷人物的品質,讓學生學會有理有據(jù)地表達自己的觀點,這是學生需要發(fā)展的非常重要的能力。What do you think of Amy/Carrie? Why? Amy was kind and helpful. How do you know? Because she helped without thinking, she was eager to help. Carrie was polite and thankful because she thanked Amy with a smile. 再如Why did the writer tell us “there were not many people on the road”?On such a cold snowy early morning, it is just natural that if people did not have anything urgent to do, they would not come out. So the writer gave us the hint that Amys help was important and necessary as there were few people on the road and Carrie failed to get up by herself first. 需要注意的是很多問題其實都是開放性的,學生可以進行個性化的解讀,而不是只有一個標準答案。師生互動交流過程中,教師即時生成板書如圖所示。
學生程度好的話,還可以問一些聯(lián)系自己(text-self)的問題,聯(lián)系自己的生活實際,反思類似的經(jīng)歷、體驗。這種結合讀者個性化的生活體驗(personalization)的解讀一方面有助于深入了解文章,另一方面為后面讓學生仿照本文介紹自己的相關經(jīng)歷做好了鋪墊(scaffolding),同時真正做到了學以致用。When did you go first go to school? Where did you go? How did you feel on your first day at a new school? Why? What did you worry about at that time?
對于第二段可以讓學生仿照第一段方法自主學習,再師生一起交流互動。先寫出故事的幾個要素:場景(setting),含時間、地點,人物(character),一系列動作或事件(got to,led me to,asked me to sit down,looking at,didnt dare to,look at,use a different text, not have a copy, wonder what to do, appear, share, the girl I helped, good friends.),結果(result),以及兩個女孩的感受或評論。同樣在師生的對話交流中完成下列文本結構。如果學生層次較低,就可以參考第一段分步驟在老師的指導下完成,先寫出基本要素再寫出感受與評價。
T: How did Amy feel when they shared the book at the end of the paragraph? S: She felt surprised. T: What clue can you find for that? S:What a surprise!教師在完成字面理解后可以問推斷性問題(Inference question)。如教師可以接著追問:Why did Amy feel surprised? S: Because probably she had never expected that she would ever meet the girl. 教師還要引導學生從不同人的視角(different point of views)觀察、思考同樣的人或事件,以期對人和事物形成全面的判斷。T: How would Carrie feel at that time? S:She must be surprised too, and happy. T: Why? S: Probably she never expected to meet the girl again, either. And she must be pleased to meet the girl, too, as the girl had helped her. 從這里可以點出主題:兩個人意外相遇彼此互助,同時收獲了友誼。因此,Helping each other also helps oneself. If everyone helps those in need, we will have a better world.
聯(lián)系自己What did you do on your first day at school? How did you feel? How should we help new students? What should we do for them? What do you think of Amy and Carrie? And why? Amy was kind and helpful because she helped Carrie when Carrie fell down and couldnt get up at once. Carrie was polite and friendly because she smiled and thanked Amy. Why did Carrie fall? Maybe she rode quickly and there was ice. Why did she ride quickly on such a day? Maybe because she would be late if she didnt hurry. Did Amy know Carrie when she helped Carrie? Did she know that she would be in the same class as Carrie? She helped someone she didnt know, a stranger. How did she feel after she helped Carrie? If Amy didnt help Carrie, would Carrie share her book with Amy? What did Amy think of her help? What does “this small event” mean?
We need to communicate with each other and help one and another. Helping others also helps oneself.
四、結語故事類文本教學應注意的問題:
1. 故事類文本教學時,文本分析時要找出故事體裁的語篇結構框架:setting (when and where),character (who),problem,一系列的動作或情節(jié),solution,以及感悟或感受。故事類語篇常常有地點線索,時間線索,動作線索/情節(jié)線索,常常伴隨情感線索和評論。在文本分析的基礎上,我們可以用語塊(language chunks)展示文本結構,這樣有利于把握文本結構和主要內容及其表達方式,形成結構化的知識,發(fā)展歸納、分析等邏輯思維能力。
2.可以結合不同的體裁和題材的文本給出學生框架。例如故事類文本的即setting (when and where),character (who),problem,一系列的動作或情節(jié),solution,感悟或感受。這樣在活動過程中有助于引導學生學會發(fā)現(xiàn)問題、提出問題、運用語言解決問題等。
3.讀前應該在深入的文本分析的基礎上明確教學目標。文本分析不是越繁雜越好,分析是為教學設計服務的?;顒釉O計的問題多數(shù)是由于文本解讀不當或缺失造成的。
4.詞匯的教學最好在語篇中進行,可借助上下文。也可以通過兩人間不斷增加的實物圖片和詞組預教單詞,并引導學生猜測故事情節(jié)并說出做出某種猜測的原因。
5.要引導學生利用文本結構梳理出故事的主要情節(jié)和動作線索,并思考之間的因果關系,大意與細節(jié)的關系,情感與伴隨動作等之間的關系。在此基礎上通過人物的動作、語言、表情等分析主要人物的性格特點,感悟、品味作者的寫作意圖、目的。
6.提取文本結構時對語塊的利用有利于學生掌握搭配、用法,有助于引導學生始終注意發(fā)展對語言的敏感性,整體把握語言,提高語言的運用能力。
7.教師要在學生理解文本內容、寫作方式等的基礎上,引導學生結合生活體驗就書中的人物,事件、作者的意圖等做出價值判斷、評價。培養(yǎng)正確的人生觀和價值觀,在掌握語言的同時達到學科育人的目的。教師還要引導學生對表現(xiàn)人物和事件的遣詞造句、布局謀篇等寫作方式進行評價,從而培養(yǎng)學生的評判式思維能力。
8.要始終引導學生以主題意義的探究為主線,依托語篇語境,通過教師引導下基于系列化問題的師生互動活動,實現(xiàn)與本文互動、與作者互動,在互動中生成對文本的理解、升華,在聽說讀寫綜合語言實踐活動中運用閱讀策略,在活動中發(fā)展學生的聽說讀寫等綜合語言運用能力,發(fā)展學生的深層思維能力。
參考文獻:
[1]莫提默·J.艾德勒, 查爾斯·范多倫, 著.郝明義, 朱衣,譯.如何閱讀一本書[M].北京:商務印書館,2004.
課題信息:本文為北京教育學院院級課題“中學英語閱讀教與學的策略的實踐研究”的研究成果之一。