劉亞東, 李志強(qiáng), 段朋朋, 劉東輝, 鄂亞軍
隨著近年各種輔助栓塞支架及球囊技術(shù)出現(xiàn),顱內(nèi)不規(guī)則動(dòng)脈瘤治療中穩(wěn)定成籃不再是太大問題[1-3],而新型栓塞材料(如自適應(yīng)彈簧圈)更使無(wú)張力栓塞成為可能[4]。受一系列臨床主客觀條件限制,動(dòng)脈瘤性蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔出血急性期輔助支架應(yīng)用還有爭(zhēng)議,另外各種輔助及新型栓塞材料還存在費(fèi)用過高等問題[5],如何采用較為簡(jiǎn)單、經(jīng)濟(jì)的方法穩(wěn)定、致密地填塞顱內(nèi)不規(guī)則動(dòng)脈瘤,仍具有一定的現(xiàn)實(shí)意義?!翱鐓^(qū)”栓塞技術(shù)是對(duì)顱內(nèi)特定不規(guī)則動(dòng)脈瘤作適當(dāng)分區(qū),采用雙微導(dǎo)管技術(shù)跨區(qū)域成籃,依次對(duì)不同瘤區(qū)進(jìn)行栓塞。該技術(shù)操作簡(jiǎn)單,卻??山鉀Q較為復(fù)雜的臨床問題。本研究結(jié)合具體患者,闡述該栓塞技術(shù)策略制定、栓塞材料選擇、手術(shù)過程及栓塞效果。
收集2016年5月至2017年5月河北大學(xué)附屬醫(yī)院連續(xù)收治的19例顱內(nèi)動(dòng)脈瘤性蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔出血患者臨床資料,均經(jīng)DSA證實(shí)為顱內(nèi)不規(guī)則動(dòng)脈瘤。其中男6例,女13例;年齡39~76歲,平均51歲;Hunt-HessⅠ級(jí)3例,Ⅱ級(jí)9例,Ⅲ級(jí)6例,Ⅳ級(jí)1例;動(dòng)脈瘤位于前交通動(dòng)脈9例,后交通動(dòng)脈5例,大腦中動(dòng)脈分叉部3例,基底動(dòng)脈2例。顱內(nèi)動(dòng)脈瘤診斷參照Pentimalli等標(biāo)準(zhǔn),分為規(guī)則(圓形或橢圓形)動(dòng)脈瘤和不規(guī)則(分葉狀或凹凸不平)動(dòng)脈瘤[6]。所有患者動(dòng)脈瘤均處于蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔出血急性期,且瘤頸相對(duì)較寬(或較長(zhǎng)),瘤體較長(zhǎng)(花生或臘腸形)或帶子瘤(相對(duì)較大)。
栓塞術(shù)前全面造影了解患者整個(gè)腦血管情況,了解動(dòng)脈瘤部位、大小、形狀及瘤頸情況,準(zhǔn)確測(cè)量瘤頸及瘤體大小,確定工作角度,并制定周密的栓塞策略。采用雙微導(dǎo)管技術(shù),使成籃圈在1個(gè)以上瘤區(qū)實(shí)現(xiàn)跨區(qū)成籃,即成籃圈在相鄰瘤區(qū)間有交集,以最大程度實(shí)現(xiàn)成籃穩(wěn)定,隨后雙導(dǎo)管交替進(jìn)行填塞。手術(shù)在全身麻醉下進(jìn)行,以Seldinger法穿刺右側(cè)股動(dòng)脈,置入導(dǎo)管鞘,持續(xù)加壓滴注0.9%NaCl溶液;根據(jù)瘤體及載瘤動(dòng)脈情況以蒸汽塑形微導(dǎo)管頭端,路徑圖下由微導(dǎo)絲導(dǎo)引將雙導(dǎo)管送至動(dòng)脈瘤遠(yuǎn)端瘤區(qū)(或子瘤)內(nèi);根據(jù)造影測(cè)量結(jié)果選擇合適彈簧圈,先后以雙導(dǎo)管對(duì)不同瘤區(qū)進(jìn)行跨區(qū)成籃,整體栓塞采取由遠(yuǎn)及近順序。
19例顱內(nèi)不規(guī)則動(dòng)脈瘤性蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔出血患者經(jīng)“跨區(qū)”栓塞治療,除1例在收尾階段填塞瘤頸時(shí)彈簧圈突入載瘤動(dòng)脈過多,最后植入支架補(bǔ)救外,其余均獲得成功。術(shù)后即時(shí)復(fù)查造影并根據(jù)Lozier等[7]、Raymond 等[8]栓塞標(biāo)準(zhǔn)作評(píng)估,18 例中15例動(dòng)脈瘤達(dá)完全栓塞,3例次全栓塞,無(wú)不完全栓塞。典型患者栓塞治療前后影像見圖1、2。
圖1 患者1“跨區(qū)”栓塞治療前后影像
圖2 患者2“跨區(qū)”栓塞治療前后影像
1998 年,Baxter等[9]首先采用雙微導(dǎo)管技術(shù)治療顱內(nèi)寬頸動(dòng)脈瘤并取得良好效果。之后多項(xiàng)研究顯示雙微導(dǎo)管跨區(qū)栓塞治療顱內(nèi)動(dòng)脈瘤的完全栓塞率,可與支架輔助相媲美,是一種安全有效的治療方法[10-11]。雙微導(dǎo)管跨區(qū)栓塞技術(shù)的最大優(yōu)勢(shì)在于,術(shù)前、術(shù)中及術(shù)后不需要應(yīng)用特殊抗血小板及抗凝藥物,尤其對(duì)蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔出血急性期患者,大大降低了手術(shù)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[12-14]。傳統(tǒng)雙微導(dǎo)管技術(shù)分為兩種:對(duì)單一瘤區(qū)動(dòng)脈瘤,采用一導(dǎo)管成籃,另一導(dǎo)管填塞動(dòng)脈瘤;對(duì)有2個(gè)分區(qū)的長(zhǎng)形動(dòng)脈瘤,采用兩導(dǎo)管頭端分別置于遠(yuǎn)近兩瘤區(qū)并分別成籃,最終栓塞,此方式似為階梯成籃[15]。本研究所施“跨區(qū)”栓塞術(shù)式有別于上述兩種情況:將雙導(dǎo)管置于遠(yuǎn)端瘤區(qū),交替后退成籃,并使成籃彈簧圈在不同瘤區(qū)有所交集。對(duì)于不規(guī)則動(dòng)脈瘤,尤其是寬頸動(dòng)脈瘤,其子瘤及不同瘤區(qū)除應(yīng)予以致密栓塞外,如何在無(wú)特殊輔助裝置情況下較為滿意地栓塞瘤頸,顯得至關(guān)重要。雙導(dǎo)管跨區(qū)栓塞技術(shù)實(shí)現(xiàn)了成籃及栓塞圈在不同瘤區(qū)交集,在處理瘤頸時(shí)顯得更加從容、安全,有助于提高完全栓塞率,有效減少填塞圈逃逸。
然而不可否認(rèn),這種“跨區(qū)”栓塞方式具有一定的局限性。首先,可能僅限用于某些特定形態(tài)的不規(guī)則動(dòng)脈瘤,如呈花生或臘腸形狀動(dòng)脈瘤,主體附子瘤時(shí)要求子瘤體積相對(duì)較大等;其次,對(duì)適宜動(dòng)脈瘤需制定出周密的栓塞策略,動(dòng)脈瘤不同瘤區(qū)準(zhǔn)確測(cè)量、彈簧圈直徑及長(zhǎng)短選擇均會(huì)直接影響栓塞效果,故要求術(shù)者有臨床操作經(jīng)驗(yàn);最后,對(duì)某些寬頸動(dòng)脈瘤仍難以達(dá)到很高的完全栓塞率,術(shù)后需密切隨訪觀察。關(guān)于如何栓塞顱內(nèi)復(fù)雜動(dòng)脈瘤,有學(xué)者提出對(duì)顱內(nèi)不規(guī)則動(dòng)脈瘤進(jìn)行分區(qū),采用VFC彈簧圈階梯成籃并作分區(qū)栓塞[16],更有學(xué)者相應(yīng)地大量嘗試采用彈簧圈結(jié)合醫(yī)用膠栓塞顱內(nèi)不規(guī)則動(dòng)脈瘤。但無(wú)論哪種術(shù)式,其栓塞效果評(píng)估有待于術(shù)后遠(yuǎn)期影像學(xué)資料證實(shí),這也是本研究不足之處。本研究還存在入組患者較少,未能與其它栓塞術(shù)式進(jìn)行比較研究之局限性。
總之,顱內(nèi)不規(guī)則動(dòng)脈瘤栓塞治療應(yīng)以“簡(jiǎn)單、高效”為原則,在條件具備情況下,采用輔助栓塞材料(支架/球囊)及新型栓塞材料作為首選[17]??鐓^(qū)栓塞、階梯成籃及其它嘗試可作為對(duì)傳統(tǒng)栓塞技術(shù)的有效補(bǔ)充。但對(duì)顱內(nèi)不規(guī)則小動(dòng)脈瘤,不必刻意追求跨區(qū)、分區(qū)栓塞,避免操作過于復(fù)雜化。
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