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小學英語教材與繪本整合的案例討論

2018-05-14 12:23侯云潔
英語學習·教師版 2018年5期

侯云潔

摘 要:小學英語教材的體裁單一性特點不利于小學生閱讀素養(yǎng)的發(fā)展,由于繪本故事圖文并茂、主題豐富、體裁多樣、語言真實,小學階段將英語教材與繪本整合,能有效促進小學生的閱讀興趣與閱讀動機,還能提升審美能力和多元價值觀。由于小學英語課時不夠,與教材融合的方法主要是主題銜接、內(nèi)容結合,課堂的實踐模式表現(xiàn)為融合式或者銜接式兩種方式。低年級段采用圖片環(huán)游法,高年級段采用片段閱讀法。只要把握好時間分配與語言聚焦問題,教材與繪本整合的教學就能發(fā)揮其重要作用,促進小學生的英語閱讀能力提升。

關鍵詞:教材與繪本整合;圖片環(huán)游;片段閱讀

教材與繪本整合的必要性

英語教材是語言學習的文本,是基于《義務教育英語課程標準(2011年版)》( 以下簡稱《課標》),具有不同主題和語言知識結構的規(guī)范文本。英語教材的內(nèi)容和主題雖然豐富多樣,但從體裁豐富性、語言容量度、故事趣味性來說還不夠充分,小學生的閱讀能力需要通過課內(nèi)閱讀和課外拓展來提高閱讀理解能力。根據(jù)《課標》“英語教學的特點之一就是要使學生盡可能通過不同渠道、以不同形式來學習真實、鮮活、實用的英語,直接體驗語言和運用語言。在英語教學中,除了合理有效地使用教科書以外,還應該積極開發(fā)和利用學習的各種資源,為學生提供豐富、真實的學習語言和使用語言的機會。”目前繪本閱讀是契合小學生年齡階段,包含真實、鮮活的語言,能拓展小學英語語言學習的最佳資源。

繪本起源于17世紀的日本和歐洲,中國近代也有小人書等類似于繪本的書籍。目前全世界針對兒童的繪本圖書種類繁多,故事意義豐富,人文價值突出。英文繪本語言簡練,能有效地配合小學英語學習。除此之外,小學英語繪本還有其他幾項功能:第一,從繪本的設計來看,具有審美和情感體驗的功能,圖文并茂,生動活潑,充滿想象力和創(chuàng)造力。第二,能夠發(fā)展小學生的多元思維與批判思維能力。繪本作者無論從主題、故事情節(jié)都具有不同思維和創(chuàng)作手法,因此對于小學生的思維品質培養(yǎng)具有促進作用。第三,繪本的學習還能促進學生良好的閱讀體驗,由于繪本短小精煉,內(nèi)容思想有趣,能吸引學生主動去閱讀,容易形成閱讀成就感。第四,繪本的應用還能提升小學生的閱讀興趣和動機,從而輔助甚至強化對課本內(nèi)容的學習。從課外閱讀的研究來看,主題興趣決定了學生的閱讀動機。因此,在教學中融入不同主題的繪本,并與課本主題適當銜接,能夠激發(fā)小學生的閱讀興趣,有效培養(yǎng)小學生的閱讀能力。第五,經(jīng)典的繪本故事內(nèi)容還能培養(yǎng)學生良好的道德情感和人文價值觀。故事是人類最常見的敘事方式,通過有趣的故事傳遞重要的人文價值觀,讓讀者體驗不同文化,形成多元思維,理解世界上不同的價值觀,逐步發(fā)展跨文化的交際能力和奠定良好的人文素養(yǎng)。

那么,繪本與教材如何做到整合與對接呢?小學英語課時不足一直是很多學校面臨的問題,在很多公立學校,一周只有1~3節(jié)英語課,教師很難有效安排好教材與繪本的整合教學。因此,筆者認為,實施的途徑主要是融合式和銜接式。融合式就是在一節(jié)課內(nèi)將繪本內(nèi)容與課本內(nèi)容進行融合,通常課堂時間總量為課本內(nèi)容一半,繪本內(nèi)容一半,但也可以根據(jù)課本與繪本內(nèi)容進行適當?shù)臅r間調整。主要原則是“基于主題課內(nèi)整合學習、基于興趣課外廣泛閱讀?!毕旅婀P者分別以小學三年級與六年級為例,談一談小學英語教材與繪本整合的兩種方式:融合式與銜接式及兩種教學方法、圖片環(huán)游法與片段閱讀法。

教材與繪本整合的“融合式”案例

· 低年級段教材與繪本融合案例 (“融合式”對接整合、圖片環(huán)游法)

以人教版《PEP小學英語》三年級上冊Unit 4 “We love animals”為例,本課書學習的句型較為簡單,學生學習到很多關于動物的單詞:

Whats that?—A bear?

No! Its a panda (tiger, monkey, bird, duck, rabbit, pig).

作為初學者或者已經(jīng)有初步英語基礎的學生可以閱讀繪本《動物派對》(The Animal Party)(見下頁圖1),學生學習了動物的名稱后,拓展繪本中的主句型“Can you …like…?”以及“come to my party”。以下是繪本內(nèi)容:

“Can you bark like a dog? Yes, I can. Woof! Woof! Good! Come to my party. ”

“Can you quack like a duck? Yes, Quack! Quack! Good! Come to the party.”

“Can you hoot like an owl? Too Whit! Too Whoo! You can come to the party too.”

“Can you moo like a cow? Moo Mooo! Moooooo! Come to my party today.”

“Can you baa like sheep? Baa! You can come too.”

“Can you roar like dinosaurs? Roar! Roar! Roar! You can all come to my party.”

“Too Whit! Too Whoo! Woof! Baa! Quack! Roar! Moo!”

“We can all talk to the animals!”

在這個繪本故事中,學生只學習過課文中的dog,duck兩個生詞,其他動物的詞分別是owl,cow,sheep,dinosaurs。因此增加這本繪本的閱讀實際上是增加了四個動物的單詞,并且要學會兩句話“Can you … like…?”以及“come to my party”。“融合式”的實踐方式是教師在教授課本上句型“Whats this / that?”以及動物的單詞20分鐘后,進入故事學習,直接用課文句型“Whats this / that?”穿插銜接故事。繪本教學方式使用圖片環(huán)游法。

T: (教師在PPT上展示農(nóng)場和奶牛的叫聲,并故意走很遠做出聽動物聲音的樣子)Whats that? This time, guess: what animal would Jennifer like to invite? Moo! Mooo! Moooooo!

Ss: Cow!

T: Now class, can you moo like a cow?

Ss: Moo! Mooo!

T: Ask and invite friends again in groups. “Can you moo like a cow?”Group 1 asks Group 2…

【設計意圖】

在圖片環(huán)游過程中,有的圖片花費時間多一些,有的則很快能完成練習。這幅圖片的操練方式用組與組之間對話,因為“cow”這個詞比較簡單易學。

Step 6:圖片環(huán)游(5)

T: (老師請一位同學戴上綿羊頭飾)Whats this? Sheep! Can you baa like a sheep?Baa, follow me, class!

Ss: Can you baa like a sheep? Baa.

T: Zhu Yilin, Can you baa like a sheep?

S (Zhu Yilin): Yes. Baaa.

T: You can come to my party. Lin Jun, can you baa like a sheep?

S (Lin Jun): Yes. Baaa.

T: Good; then come to my party.

【設計意圖】

這一部分采用師生對話方式,以盡快結束對話練習,留出充分的時間練習下面的新生詞,拓展學習內(nèi)容。圖片環(huán)游可以讓教師選擇合適的時間對每幅圖進行詳略得當?shù)闹v解。

Step 7:圖片環(huán)游(6)

T: (老師放了一段恐龍的叫聲,然后假裝露出害怕的樣子) Whats that? Guess, Jennifer wants to invite…

Ss: 恐龍。

T: You are right. (接著老師把圖片在PPT上呈現(xiàn)出來) Dinosaurs. Read after me.

Ss: Dinosaurs.

T: Dinosaurs roar.(老師繼續(xù)播放剛才的聲音,一遍遍重復roar)

Ss: Dinosaurs roar.

【設計意圖】

這次呈現(xiàn)的單詞是生詞,需要學生反復讀練,因此,教師要把dinosaur這個詞練習很多遍,然后把roar 放在語境中單獨練習,以讓學生獲得習得的效果。

Step 8:圖片環(huán)游 (7)

T: (教師在剛才的教學環(huán)節(jié)中已經(jīng)把頭飾分發(fā)給六個組不同的同學,因此在動物宴會上,人與動物分別用動物語言交流)Now, please stand up and talk to each other like the animals.

Ss: Woof! Woof! Baa! Baa! Quack! Quack! Moo! Moo! Roar! Roar! Too Whit! Too whoo!

【設計意圖】

讓同學們模擬真實動物派對場景,互相用動物語言對話,此時完成了一本繪本的閱讀,學生也在玩樂和動物叫聲中感受了人與動物友好相處的情景(見圖4)。

Step 9:朗讀繪本

T: (教師播放錄音)This time you can read the picture book aloud by following the tape.

T: (教師讓學生自己讀)Please read to each other loudly in pairs.

【設計意圖】

通過大聲朗讀,再次熟悉所學繪本內(nèi)容,感受了動物派對友好和諧、有趣生動的場面。此時圖片環(huán)游式閱讀就完成了。

以上是低年級段教材與繪本融合的一種教學模式,此時學生語言基礎較為薄弱,所以采用表演式朗讀為主,因為學生英語剛剛起步或者詞匯量有限,教師可以根據(jù)學生基礎對圖片環(huán)游中的某些圖片詳細處理,或者簡略處理,以確保在有限時間內(nèi)閱讀和欣賞完一本繪本。教師在最后重點強調主句型的同時,也就結束了繪本的學習。在此案例中,課內(nèi)課本句型“Whats this/ that?”與課外繪本句型“Can you bark (talk) like a dog(ducks, cows)?”… 進行了無痕的對接整合,這就是融合型教學。

教材與繪本整合的“銜接式”案例

·高年級段教材與繪本融合案例 (“銜接式”對接整合、片段閱讀法)

下面是高年級段教材與繪本融合的繪本教學模式,使用“片段閱讀”的繪本閱讀方法。由于繪本長度較長,故事性強, 教師可以在繪本的重要情節(jié)片段加入語言訓練和思維發(fā)散的訓練。如人教版《PEP小學英語》英語六年級上冊Unit 4 “I have a pen pal.”中的Read and write部分是關于club(俱樂部)的,尤其提到體育俱樂部。課文如下:

Shall we dance?

There is a dance class on Sunday at 1 p.m. I like dancing and I need a partner. Call Amy: 334 5567 Goal! Goal! Goal!

What do you do on Sundays? Join our football club! See you on the playground! john@pep.com.cn

Lets read together!

What is your hobby? Do you like reading? I have great books. We can share!

Call Mike: 443 5678 Science Club, Your club!

Do you want to learn about robots? Come to science room? Meet Robin. He teaches students to make robots. Robin@ pep.com.cn

適合對接的繪本是《球迷阿爾夫》(Alf Saves the Day)。繪本的內(nèi)容如下(見圖5):

Alf Saves the Day

Alf loved football. He loved everything about football. Alf loved drawing football pictures. He drew good football pictures. Alf loved writing football stories. He was good at football stories. Great! Alf loved watching football on television. He cheered and cheered. Alf loved going to football matches. There were lots of people and everyone cheered. Alf was a big football fan. At school, lots of children played football. Lots of boys and lots of girls played. Alf really, really wanted to be a football star. But he wasnt good at football. Some children were good at dribbling. Alf wasnt good at dribbling. Some children were good at passing. Alf wasnt good at passing. Alf wasnt good at shooting. He wasnt good at heading. Alf was just no good at football. He felt very sad. The football coach picked five children for one team. He picked five children for the other team. Alf went to watch the football match. Suddenly, Alf shouted, “l(fā)ook out!”Alf jumped up in the air…and make a very good save! All the children cheered. The football player cheered. The football coach cheered. The dinner lady cheered.

Good save! Good save! Good save!

“What a good save, Alf!” everyone said.

The football coach said, “Alf, come with me.”

Alf stood in the goal and the coach took a shot. It was a good shot, but Alf saved it. Alf saved the next shot, too. And the next one. He saved every shot! All the children cheered. Alf was a very good goalkeeper. He was good at playing football after all!

Step 1:導入

T: What do you know about clubs? Let me tell you a story about football clubs. There is a boy called Alf. He is at the same age as you. He loves football so much. But he cant join school football team. Can you guess why?

S1: Maybe he just likes watching football, but cant play well.

S2: There are enough players in the team.

S3: He doesnt have time to join the training.

S4: He has to go back home to do homework.

T: Very good guesses! Do you know what happened to them? Lets read about his stories.

【設計意圖】

教師導入繪本閱讀時提出問題讓學生的思維活躍起來,促成閱讀好奇心和閱讀動機。這對于繪本閱讀來說是重要的開端(見圖6)。

Step 2:片段閱讀(1)

T: Now please read from Page 2 to Page 7. Alf loved football very much. Please tell me how he likes football.

S1: He loved drawing football pictures.

S2: He loved writing football stories.

S3: he loved watching football on television.

S4: He loved going to football matches.

T: Then what do you love? Football, basketball…

S5: I love playing basketball.

T: Then do you love drawing basketball pictures and writing basketball stories?

S5: No, I dont.

T: Then do you love watching basketball on television and going to basketball matches?

S5: Yes, I do.

T: So you see, Alf is crazy about football. But can he join the club? Before we know what is happening to Alf, lets learn some techniques about football.

【設計意圖】

片段閱讀有利于學生在把握故事脈絡與結構過程中學習語言知識。學生通過回答問題,理解了主人公Alf對足球的熱愛,同時學生也練習了“l(fā)ove doing something”的句型。老師還可以及時地把問題拉近學生自身,然后再巧妙地聯(lián)結到第二個片段。

Step 3:片段閱讀 (2)

1.詞匯準備

T: In the football match, what techniques do you know?

學生用中文說:運球、傳球、射球、頂球,教師順勢用英文說“dribbling, passing, shooting, heading”并把這些紙質圖片貼在黑板上,接下來讓學生用“be good at”說自己或者其他同學擅長做什么(見圖7)。

S1: Im good at passing the ball.

S2: Shen Bin is good at dribbling.

S3: Li Meng is good at shooting.

S4: Im good at heading.

S5: Im not good at shooting.

【設計意圖】

學生在討論自己熟悉的運動中學習英文的表達,教師順勢讓學生自己說是否擅長于這些技術。生詞的引入顯得自然、流暢,學生一邊表達自我,一邊學習短語。這樣避免了閱讀前生詞介紹的不自然,也避免了打斷閱讀理解的思維邏輯,并能夠在語境中學習和使用生詞。

2. 提問引領

T: Now, please read from Page 8 to Page 13. What wasnt Alf good at?

S1: Alf wasnt good at dribbling.

S2: Alf wasnt good at passing.

S3: Alf wasnt good at shooting.

S4: Alf wasnt good at heading.

T: Yes! Alf was just no good at football. How did he feel?

Ss: He felt very sad.

T: I am no good at shooting, but good at heading, what about you? Now tell me what you are good at and what you are not good at?

S5: I am no good at dribbling, but I am good at passing.

S6: ...

【設計意圖】

教師通過提問讓學生用英語表述了一遍,既練習了生詞,又理解了文本,教師還可以適當?shù)劂暯拥綄W生自身的實際情況,讓學生重復表達這些話語(見圖8)。

3.推斷交流

T: What will Alf do if he wants to join the club? Do you think he will give up?

S: He wont, because he likes football so much.

S: He will give up, because after all he wont be accepted by the club.

S: He can join the club, because he can do other things for the club.

T: For example…

S: For example, he can bring things to the club for the members.

【設計意圖】

片段閱讀的要領是用問題把每一個片段接續(xù)起來。教師通過與同學交流,讓學生對故事情節(jié)充滿了想象力和好奇心,然后再帶著強烈的動機往下閱讀。

Step 4:片段閱讀 (3)

T: Ok, let me tell you. Something happened and it changed Alfs situation. Do you want to know?

Ss: Yes!

T: Read and tell me what happened to Alf.

T: Now read together!

Ss: (學生群讀)Alf went to watch the football match. Suddenly, Alf shouted, “l(fā)ook out!” Alf jumped up in the air…and make a very good save! All the children cheered. The football player cheered. The football coach cheered. The dinner lady cheered.

“Good save! Good save! Good save!”

“What a good save, Alf!”everyone said.

T: So Alf might be good at some techniques? What is it?

S: It is shooting.

S: It is dribbling.

S: It is passing.

S: It is heading.

T: It is heading! You are right!

【設計意圖】

片段閱讀的另一要領就是教師對學生情感的引領,讓學生邊讀、邊思、邊說,有助于深刻的理解故事,并從中習得語言(見圖9、圖10)。

Step 5. 片段閱讀 (4)

T: Now, continue and finish reading Page 20 to Page 24, what does the coach do then? You can read aloud by yourself.

S: The coach teaches Alf how to head.

T: Now he is a good goalkeeper. Finally he was good at playing football. I feel happy for Alf. What about you? Do you feel happy?

Ss: Yes.

【設計意圖】

片段閱讀的實施方法就是多種閱讀方法,例如默讀、聽讀、演讀、群讀、對讀和自讀等,這些變換方式的閱讀有助于學生在閱讀中交流,在交流中理解,得到真正閱讀的樂趣,同時還練習了語言(見圖11)。

Step 6: 繪本閱讀主旨討論

T:So what do you get from the reading?

S1: Never give up.

S2: Keep loving football.

T: Yes.

S3: Keep working hard.

S4: Keep dreaming.

T: Yes! The one who can get the chance is the one who can keep trying. Do you and your friends have similar stories?

S5: I like football too, and I am good at shooting.

T: Oh, really? Can you say a few words about how you love it?

S5: I like football. I love watching football matches on television. I also love going to football matches. I can play football very well. I am not good at dribbling, passing, heading, but I am good at shooting. I feel happy when I play football.

T: Great class! I would like you to make a story like Shen Bin (S5). Or make another story about a ball lover.

S6: I have a friend and his name is Jim. He loves basketball very much. But he is no good for basketball. He wasnt good at dribbling, wasnt good at passing, wasnt good at shooting. He just loves watching basketball matches.

T: Thats also a good story. Now group work. Please write a story of someone in the sports clubs, using the sentence “l(fā)ove doing something” “be good at” “be not good at”.

【設計意圖】

任何一個好的繪本故事都有文眼和人文思想,因此提問是為了讓學生進行深度思考,發(fā)表自己觀點。但教師還需要把文本拉近學生的生活,為故事語篇的再構提供思想和情感基礎。學生在教師的引領下,說出和寫出自己的故事。

Step 7:詞句聚焦總結

T: So today we have learned a story about Alf who joins the football club through his hard work, and the spirit of never giving up. We also learned several words to talk about football and basketball techniques.

Football clubs, be good at, football / basketball Shooting,football/basketball dribbling,football / basketball passing,football / basketball heading.

Step 8:布置作業(yè)

T: Write a story about you or your friends in the sports club. Use what we have learned, or follow the model of Group 1 or 2. Any questions? Lets stop here. I will see you tomorrow.

結語

教材與繪本整合應注意幾個問題:一是語言量的問題,對繪本的學習過程中,故事意義在前,詞句聚焦在后,并且語言練習不宜過多,否則容易導致意義學習中斷,故事趣味降低;二是課堂時間安排的問題,根據(jù)教學內(nèi)容和學生的實際,教師可以嘗試兩種整合模式,一種是融合式,即教材學習與繪本學習各占一半時間,是一種無痕對接的方式,如本文中的第一個例子,另一種是銜接式,即根據(jù)學校實際狀況,每周用一個課時,也可以每兩周用一個課時來讀一本繪本,主題的選擇基于教材話題,是教材話題的延伸,如本文中的第二個例子; 三是繪本閱讀應實施課內(nèi)與課外的互動,做到課內(nèi)指導,課外拓展,遵循“基于主題課內(nèi)整合學習、基于興趣課外廣泛閱讀”,真正發(fā)揮繪本閱讀作為泛讀課程的功能,通過擴大學生接觸語言的量,以及體驗繪本中真實、有趣的語言,發(fā)展小學生的閱讀素養(yǎng)和語言能力。

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