劉云
[摘要] 目的 通過分組比較的方法分析綜合性護(hù)理干預(yù)在促進(jìn)腸道手術(shù)患者胃腸功能恢復(fù)、預(yù)防手術(shù)并發(fā)癥方面的應(yīng)用優(yōu)勢(shì)。方法 方便選擇該院2013年1月—2018年1月?lián)衿谶M(jìn)行腸道手術(shù)的50例患者作為研究及觀察的對(duì)象,采取隨機(jī)數(shù)表法將上述患者分為兩組,各25例;在圍手術(shù)期內(nèi),護(hù)理干預(yù)組采取綜合性護(hù)理措施,對(duì)照組給予常規(guī)護(hù)理措施,對(duì)比兩組腸道功能恢復(fù)指標(biāo)、圍術(shù)期并發(fā)癥率等情況。結(jié)果 ①護(hù)理干預(yù)組的術(shù)后肛門排氣時(shí)間為(1.26±0.79)d,對(duì)照組為(1.78±0.82)d,兩組對(duì)比,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(t=-2.283,P=0.027);護(hù)理干預(yù)組的術(shù)后首次排便時(shí)間為(2.15±0.98)d,也顯著少于對(duì)照組(2.88±1.07)d,兩組對(duì)比,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(t=-2.515,P=0.015);②護(hù)理干預(yù)組圍手術(shù)期的并發(fā)癥率為12.00%,也明顯低于對(duì)照組44.00%,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(χ2=4.861,P=0.027)。結(jié)論 在圍手術(shù)期對(duì)腸道外科手術(shù)患者給予綜合性護(hù)理干預(yù),可顯著縮短患者腸胃功能恢復(fù)時(shí)間、有效預(yù)防并發(fā)癥事件,值得臨床推廣應(yīng)用。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 護(hù)理干預(yù);腸道手術(shù)患者;胃腸功能恢復(fù);影響;觀察
[中圖分類號(hào)] R473.6? ? ? ? ? [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼] A? ? ? ? ? [文章編號(hào)] 1674-0742(2018)09(a)-0124-03
Analysis of the Effect of Comprehensive Nursing on the Recovery of Gastrointestinal Function in Patients Undergoing Intestinal Surgery
LIU Yun
Sheyang County Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Yancheng, Jiangsu Province, 224300 China
[Abstract] Objective To analyze the application advantages of comprehensive nursing intervention in promoting gastrointestinal function recovery and preventing surgical complications in patients with intestinal surgery by group comparison. Methods A total of 50 patients who underwent elective surgery in the hospital from January 2013 to January 2018 were convenient selected as subjects for study and observation. The patients were divided into two groups by random number table, 25 in each group. During the operation period, the nursing intervention group took comprehensive nursing measures, and the control group gave routine nursing measures. The indexes of intestinal function recovery and perioperative complication rate were compared between the two groups. Results 1.The postoperative anal exhaust time of the nursing intervention group was (1.26±0.79) d, and the control group was (1.78±0.82) d. The difference between the two groups was statistically significant (t=-2.283, P=0.027). The first postoperative defecation time in the nursing intervention group was (2.15±0.98) d, which was also significantly lower than that in the control group (2.88±1.07) d. The difference between the two groups was statistically significant (t=-2.515, P=0.015). 2.The perioperative complication rate of the nursing intervention group was 12.00%, which was also significantly lower than that of the control group (44.00%),the different was statistically significant(χ2=4.861, P=0.027). Conclusion Comprehensive nursing intervention for patients with intestinal surgery during perioperative period can significantly shorten the recovery time of gastrointestinal function and prevent complications. It is worthy of clinical application.
[Key words] Nursing intervention; Patients with intestinal surgery; Recovery of gastrointestinal function; Influence; Observation
開放式腸外科手術(shù)由于術(shù)中腸管牽拉、消化道重建,腸管血運(yùn)情況及麻醉因素等均對(duì)患者術(shù)后康復(fù)產(chǎn)生一定影響[1],而術(shù)中患者身體熱量的流失、術(shù)后飲食不當(dāng)也可能引發(fā)腸胃功能紊亂[2],因此,做好腸道手術(shù)的圍術(shù)期護(hù)理對(duì)于預(yù)防手術(shù)并發(fā)癥、促進(jìn)患者術(shù)后腸胃功能恢復(fù)具有積極意義。該研究方便選取該院2013年1月—2018年1月?lián)衿谶M(jìn)行腸道手術(shù)的患者50例給予分組干預(yù),對(duì)兩組患者的腸胃功能恢復(fù)情況及并發(fā)癥情況進(jìn)行比較,以期為此類患者的臨床護(hù)理提供參考,現(xiàn)報(bào)道如下。
1? 資料與方法
1.1? 一般資料
方便收集于該院擇期進(jìn)行腸道外科手術(shù)的患者50例。納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):所選患者的病情、疾病類型、身體狀況、檢查結(jié)果均符合腸道外科手術(shù)要求;患者及家屬對(duì)該次研究的目的、方法、實(shí)施過程均知情,并簽訂同意協(xié)議書;該研究經(jīng)醫(yī)學(xué)倫理委員會(huì)批準(zhǔn)。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):研究排除合并精神疾病、不符合麻醉及手術(shù)條件的病例。對(duì)50例進(jìn)行隨機(jī)分組,每組25例,分組方法為隨機(jī)數(shù)字表法,在圍手術(shù)期,護(hù)理干預(yù)組采取綜合性護(hù)理,該組患者年齡26~74歲,平均年齡(53.28±5.43)歲,男性11例、女性14例,患病類型:腸梗阻16例、腸穿孔6例、腸道惡性腫瘤3例;對(duì)照組采取常規(guī)護(hù)理,該組患者年齡24~72歲,平均年齡(53.09±6.02)歲,男性12例、女性13例,患病類型:腸梗阻17例、腸穿孔6例、腸道惡性腫瘤2例。兩組患者性別、年齡及疾病類型等資料比較,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),具有可比性。
1.2? 方法
兩組患者均接受開腹式腸外科手術(shù)治療,在圍手術(shù)期內(nèi),對(duì)照組采取常規(guī)護(hù)理措施,具體內(nèi)容包括術(shù)前禁食12 h、禁飲水4 h,術(shù)前常規(guī)檢查、備皮,術(shù)后禁食6h、輸注腸外營(yíng)養(yǎng)、給予抗生素、引流觀察及護(hù)理等;護(hù)理干預(yù)組采取綜合性護(hù)理措施,除常規(guī)基礎(chǔ)護(hù)理外,引入如下護(hù)理內(nèi)容。①術(shù)前訪視和心理干預(yù),護(hù)士應(yīng)在術(shù)前1~2 d對(duì)患者進(jìn)行訪視,評(píng)估其情緒狀況、病情、身體條件等,并通過溝通了解患者治療需求、為患者答疑解惑;告知患者術(shù)后飲食注意事項(xiàng)、手術(shù)并發(fā)癥及預(yù)防方法;對(duì)具有抑郁、焦慮等不良情緒患者采用家屬陪護(hù)支持、交談法、音樂法減輕其壓力、增強(qiáng)治療依從度;②術(shù)后腸胃功能鍛煉和輔助按摩,在術(shù)后12 h后,對(duì)于病情穩(wěn)定的患者,指導(dǎo)患者在術(shù)后進(jìn)行簡(jiǎn)單的鍛煉以促進(jìn)腸胃功能恢復(fù),包括翻身練習(xí)(左右切換臥位,2 h/次),術(shù)后第2天指導(dǎo)患者進(jìn)行簡(jiǎn)單的四肢活動(dòng),術(shù)后3 d指導(dǎo)患者坐起,術(shù)后4 d協(xié)助患者下床活動(dòng);此外,在術(shù)后12 h進(jìn)行腹部按摩,以促進(jìn)術(shù)后排氣和排便,按摩時(shí)患者取仰臥位,并保持屈膝姿勢(shì),按摩部位取切口兩側(cè)10~15 cm(完全避開切口),按摩手法為4指并攏,沿兩側(cè)平行順時(shí)針自上而下反復(fù)按摩,每次按摩15~20 min,每6 h一次,按摩力度由上而下增加,前輕后重,但不要傷及切口[3-4];③術(shù)后飲食護(hù)理,術(shù)后6 h內(nèi)患者應(yīng)禁飲食,術(shù)后6 h后可進(jìn)流質(zhì)食物(富含維生素B的蔬菜湯類食物),以促進(jìn)腸胃蠕動(dòng),術(shù)后首次排氣后可恢復(fù)正常進(jìn)食,但應(yīng)杜絕食用豆類、奶類、淀粉類等產(chǎn)氣的食物引發(fā)相關(guān)并發(fā)癥。
1.3? 臨床觀察指標(biāo)
①比較兩組患者術(shù)后腸胃功能恢復(fù)時(shí)間:包括患者術(shù)后首次肛門排氣時(shí)間、術(shù)后首次排便時(shí)間,根據(jù)患者告知的時(shí)間加以記錄;②比較兩組手術(shù)并發(fā)癥事件:包括腹瀉腹痛、切口感染、消化道出血、腸瘺等,綜合患者主訴癥狀、糞便檢驗(yàn)結(jié)果、影像學(xué)檢查結(jié)果確定并記錄。
1.4? 統(tǒng)計(jì)方法
采用SPSS 19.0統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)軟件處理數(shù)據(jù),計(jì)數(shù)資料表示為[n(%)]形式,組間比較采用χ2檢驗(yàn),計(jì)量資料表示為(x±s)形式,組間比較采用t檢驗(yàn),P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2? 結(jié)果
2.1? 綜合護(hù)理干預(yù)對(duì)腸道手術(shù)患者胃腸功能恢復(fù)的影響
兩組腸道手術(shù)患者術(shù)后相關(guān)腸胃功能的恢復(fù)時(shí)間,對(duì)比結(jié)果顯示,護(hù)理干預(yù)組患者的肛門排氣時(shí)間、術(shù)后首次排便時(shí)間均少于對(duì)照組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。見表1。
2.2? 綜合護(hù)理干預(yù)對(duì)腸道手術(shù)患者并發(fā)癥預(yù)防的效果
在圍手術(shù)期內(nèi),兩組腸道手術(shù)患者均未出現(xiàn)腹腔感染、術(shù)中副損傷、心腦血管意外、大出血等嚴(yán)重并發(fā)癥事件;兩組常見并發(fā)癥如切口感染、腹痛腹瀉等經(jīng)對(duì)癥治療后均康復(fù),對(duì)照組出現(xiàn)消化道出血和腸瘺的患者經(jīng)再次手術(shù)治愈。護(hù)理干預(yù)組住院時(shí)間為(8.02±1.21)d,受并發(fā)癥及再次手術(shù)影響,對(duì)照組患者住院時(shí)間為(10.30±1.48)d,護(hù)理干預(yù)組住院時(shí)間明顯少于對(duì)照組(t=-5.257,P=0.000);此外,護(hù)理干預(yù)組并發(fā)癥率為12.00%,也顯著低于對(duì)照組44.0%,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。見表2。
3? 討論
開腹腸道外科手術(shù)是一種開放式的手術(shù),會(huì)使胃腸等消化器官處于暴露狀態(tài),造成熱量喪失效應(yīng)[5],而麻醉、有創(chuàng)操作一方面會(huì)刺激腸壁,減低其神經(jīng)興奮程度,從而造成術(shù)后腸胃蠕動(dòng)減弱,另一方面則容易引發(fā)切口感染等并發(fā)癥[6],延長(zhǎng)患者術(shù)后康復(fù)時(shí)間,而細(xì)致、完善的綜合護(hù)理則有助于預(yù)防并發(fā)癥、改善患者腸胃功能,最終達(dá)到促進(jìn)患者胃腸功能恢復(fù)的護(hù)理目的[7]。
該該院采取的綜合性護(hù)理干預(yù)模式是在準(zhǔn)確評(píng)估患者身體狀況、心理狀態(tài)的前提下,對(duì)其進(jìn)行針對(duì)性的心理干預(yù)、指導(dǎo)其在術(shù)后早期進(jìn)行相關(guān)的胃腸功能的康復(fù)訓(xùn)練、并給予按摩輔助及飲食護(hù)理等一系列的護(hù)理服務(wù)。其中術(shù)前訪視和心理干預(yù)措施能夠幫助患者建立治療信心、達(dá)到術(shù)前減壓的目的;家屬陪護(hù)支持、醫(yī)患術(shù)前溝通也有助于增強(qiáng)患者配合度;術(shù)后早期胃腸功能訓(xùn)練如翻身練習(xí)、四肢運(yùn)動(dòng)、坐起練習(xí)等,有助于增強(qiáng)腸壁反射活動(dòng)及神經(jīng)興奮程度,此外,腹部按摩也能改善患者腹部的血液循環(huán)水平,進(jìn)而促進(jìn)腸道蠕動(dòng)、促進(jìn)術(shù)后排氣及排便[8];而術(shù)后飲食護(hù)理也有助于增加腸胃蠕動(dòng),并有助于預(yù)防因產(chǎn)氣而引發(fā)的消化出血等并發(fā)癥[9]。
該研究的結(jié)果也顯示,護(hù)理干預(yù)組的術(shù)后肛門排氣時(shí)間、術(shù)后首次排便時(shí)間及并發(fā)癥率均明顯優(yōu)于對(duì)照組(P<0.05),表明綜合性護(hù)理干預(yù)可顯著縮短腸道手術(shù)患者腸胃功能恢復(fù)時(shí)間、有效預(yù)防并發(fā)癥事件,該結(jié)果也與黃鶯等[10]關(guān)于采用綜合護(hù)理干預(yù)的觀察組患者術(shù)后腸蠕動(dòng)恢復(fù)時(shí)間、肛門排氣時(shí)間及排便時(shí)間分別為(28.2±7.7)、(33.9±10.1)、(46.5±15.1)h,明顯短于對(duì)照組(35.2±8.8)、(44.1±12.6)、(57.6±16.9)h(P<0.05),可更有效促進(jìn)腸道手術(shù)患者術(shù)后腸胃功能恢復(fù)的研究結(jié)果一致。
綜上所述,在圍手術(shù)期對(duì)腸道外科手術(shù)患者給予綜合性護(hù)理干預(yù),可顯著縮短患者腸胃功能恢復(fù)時(shí)間、有效預(yù)防并發(fā)癥事件,值得臨床推廣應(yīng)用。
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