陳明亮
[摘要] 目的 探討翻轉(zhuǎn)課堂在防化醫(yī)學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)教學(xué)中的應(yīng)用效果。 方法 抽取陸軍軍醫(yī)大學(xué)臨床醫(yī)學(xué)專業(yè)2013級(jí)五年制本科學(xué)員60名,在2017年5~7月的防化醫(yī)學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)教學(xué)課程中,采用簡(jiǎn)單隨機(jī)分組法分為實(shí)驗(yàn)組和對(duì)照組,每組各30名。對(duì)照組采用傳統(tǒng)的實(shí)驗(yàn)教學(xué)方法,僅在實(shí)驗(yàn)課上進(jìn)行相關(guān)實(shí)驗(yàn)原理的復(fù)習(xí)和實(shí)驗(yàn)步驟的講解;實(shí)驗(yàn)組采用翻轉(zhuǎn)課堂的教學(xué)模式進(jìn)行實(shí)驗(yàn)教學(xué)。實(shí)驗(yàn)課結(jié)束后,統(tǒng)計(jì)兩組學(xué)員實(shí)驗(yàn)操作時(shí)間和實(shí)驗(yàn)成績,并調(diào)查學(xué)生對(duì)實(shí)驗(yàn)教學(xué)的滿意度。 結(jié)果 實(shí)驗(yàn)組學(xué)員的實(shí)驗(yàn)操作時(shí)間顯著短于對(duì)照組,而實(shí)驗(yàn)成績明顯高于對(duì)照組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P < 0.05)。問卷調(diào)查結(jié)果顯示,與對(duì)照組比較,實(shí)驗(yàn)組所有學(xué)員均認(rèn)為此次實(shí)驗(yàn)課激發(fā)了學(xué)習(xí)興趣和主動(dòng)性并希望繼續(xù)接受該種教學(xué)方法,差異有高度統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P < 0.01);實(shí)驗(yàn)組認(rèn)為該教學(xué)方法可以提高自學(xué)能力、促進(jìn)理解記憶知識(shí)、增強(qiáng)運(yùn)用理論知識(shí)和實(shí)驗(yàn)操作能力的學(xué)員人數(shù)均顯著高于對(duì)照組,差異有高度統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P < 0.01)。 結(jié)論 實(shí)施翻轉(zhuǎn)課堂能有效提高防化醫(yī)學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)教學(xué)的質(zhì)量,提升學(xué)員掌握知識(shí)及技術(shù)操作等能力,值得在其他相關(guān)實(shí)驗(yàn)教學(xué)中推廣應(yīng)用。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 翻轉(zhuǎn)課堂;防化醫(yī)學(xué);實(shí)驗(yàn)教學(xué);神經(jīng)性毒劑
[中圖分類號(hào)] R323;R8? ? ? ? ? [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼] A? ? ? ? ? [文章編號(hào)] 1673-7210(2019)06(a)-0057-04
Application effect of flipped classroom in the experimental teaching of medical protection against chemical weapons
CHEN Mingliang
Institute of Toxicology, Army? Medical University, Chongqing? ?400038, China
[Abstract] Objective To investigate the effect application of flipped classroom in the experimental? teaching of medical protection against chemical weapons. Methods Two classes of the five-year undergraduate students major in clinical medicine from the Army Medical University were enrolled. The students were divided into the experimental group (n = 30) and the control group (n = 30) by a simple randomized grouping method during the experimental teaching course of medical protection against chemical weapons from May to July November in 2017. The control group was conducted according to the traditional experimental teaching method, just reviewing the related nerve agent knowledge and the experimental protocol before doing experiments. Moreover, flipped classroom was applied to the experimental group. At the end of the experimental class, the experimental operation time and the experimental report results of the two groups were counted, and the students′ satisfaction of the experimental teaching were investigated. Results The experimental operation time of the experimental group was significantly shorter than that of the control group, and the experimental scores of the experimental group was significantly higher than that of the control group, the differences were statistically significant (P < 0.05). Questionnaire survey results showed that, compared with the control group, all participants in the experimental group believed that the experiment class inspired learning interest and initiative and hoped to continue to adopt this teaching method, the differences were highly statistically significant (P < 0.01). The number of students who thought that the teaching method could improve the self-learning ability and promote the understanding and memory of knowledge, as well as enhance the ability of using theoretical knowledge and experimental operation was larger than that of the control group, the differences were highly statistically significant (P < 0.01). Conclusion? Flipped classroom could effectively improve the teaching quality of experimental teaching of medical protection against chemical weapons, and enhance students′ abilities to master knowledge and technical operations. These results indicate that flipped classroom should be popularized and applied in other related experimental teaching.
[Key words] Flipped classroom; Medical protection against chemical weapons; Experimental teaching; Nerve agents
化學(xué)武器醫(yī)學(xué)防護(hù)學(xué)(medical protection against chemical weapons)簡(jiǎn)稱”防化醫(yī)學(xué)”,是軍事預(yù)防醫(yī)學(xué)的重要分支,是軍隊(duì)院校學(xué)員的必修課程[1]。學(xué)生實(shí)驗(yàn)是防化醫(yī)學(xué)教學(xué)的重要組成部分,是對(duì)理論教學(xué)的驗(yàn)證與實(shí)踐,能提高學(xué)員的實(shí)驗(yàn)操作技能,加深學(xué)員對(duì)理論知識(shí)的理解和掌握。目前隨著信息技術(shù)的發(fā)展,教學(xué)模式和方法正在發(fā)生巨大改變,多種先進(jìn)的教學(xué)思想、方法和模式逐步被引入。翻轉(zhuǎn)課堂(flipped classroom)指在教學(xué)實(shí)踐中,教師通過在課前提供相關(guān)教學(xué)微視頻等共享學(xué)習(xí)資料,學(xué)生在課前自主完成學(xué)習(xí);而在課堂上,老師當(dāng)面回答學(xué)生提出的問題并進(jìn)行相關(guān)知識(shí)的交流等活動(dòng)的一種全新教學(xué)模式[2]。既往教學(xué)實(shí)踐表明,在防化醫(yī)學(xué)教學(xué)中引入案例教學(xué)法、任務(wù)驅(qū)動(dòng)教學(xué)法等新的教學(xué)方法,能極大地提高學(xué)員的學(xué)習(xí)興趣,取得了很好的教學(xué)效果[3-4]。但翻轉(zhuǎn)課堂在防化醫(yī)學(xué)教學(xué)尤其是實(shí)驗(yàn)教學(xué)中的作用,還沒有相關(guān)研究。本文以神經(jīng)性毒劑中毒綜合處置的實(shí)驗(yàn)教學(xué)為例,對(duì)翻轉(zhuǎn)課堂教學(xué)模式在防化醫(yī)學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)教學(xué)中的應(yīng)用進(jìn)行初步探索,現(xiàn)報(bào)道如下:
1 資料與方法
1.1 一般資料
抽取2013級(jí)陸軍軍醫(yī)大學(xué)(以下簡(jiǎn)稱“我?!保┡R床醫(yī)學(xué)專業(yè)五年制本科學(xué)員60名,采用簡(jiǎn)單隨機(jī)分組法將其隨機(jī)分為實(shí)驗(yàn)組和對(duì)照組,每組各30名。實(shí)驗(yàn)組中,男25名,女5名,年齡20~24歲,平均(22.18±1.09)歲;對(duì)照組中,男28名,女2名,年齡20~24歲,平均(21.05±1.04)歲。學(xué)員納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):身體健康無疾病,能進(jìn)行常規(guī)學(xué)習(xí),能獨(dú)立完成學(xué)生實(shí)驗(yàn)。搜集并整理學(xué)員在防化醫(yī)學(xué)理論課學(xué)習(xí)過程中的平時(shí)成績,實(shí)驗(yàn)班學(xué)員平時(shí)成績?yōu)椋?4.15±1.82)分,對(duì)照班學(xué)員平時(shí)成績?yōu)椋?3.86±2.05)分。兩組性別、年齡和平時(shí)成績比較,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P > 0.05),具有可比性。本研究通過我校醫(yī)學(xué)倫理委員會(huì)批準(zhǔn),并在開始實(shí)驗(yàn)前取得所有學(xué)員的知情同意。
1.2 方法
教材采用李蓉等[5]主編的《核化學(xué)武器損傷防治學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)教程》。
1.2.1 對(duì)照組教學(xué)方法
遵照本課程教學(xué)實(shí)施計(jì)劃,對(duì)照組學(xué)員在實(shí)驗(yàn)課上,教員只對(duì)神經(jīng)性毒劑中毒的原理、典型臨床表現(xiàn)以及實(shí)驗(yàn)材料、步驟、注意事項(xiàng)進(jìn)行講解,而后學(xué)員自主進(jìn)行實(shí)驗(yàn)。
1.2.2 實(shí)驗(yàn)組教學(xué)方法
1.2.2.1 課前教學(xué)資料的準(zhǔn)備? 教員根據(jù)教學(xué)大綱要求,制作時(shí)長為15~20 min的教學(xué)課件。課件內(nèi)容:①理論知識(shí):講解神經(jīng)性毒劑的定義、中毒機(jī)制、典型臨床表現(xiàn)和主要防治措施;②教學(xué)視頻:演示神經(jīng)性毒劑中毒患者的救治流程和注意事項(xiàng);③重點(diǎn)回顧:動(dòng)畫講解實(shí)驗(yàn)中應(yīng)主要觀察的臨床表現(xiàn)、關(guān)鍵步驟和常用藥物。
1.2.2.2 課前練習(xí)輔導(dǎo)? 教員提前一周把錄制好的教學(xué)視頻和課前練習(xí)上傳到班級(jí)QQ群中,學(xué)員根據(jù)教學(xué)進(jìn)度觀看教學(xué)視頻,并把學(xué)習(xí)過程中遇到的疑難問題進(jìn)行整理,并在課堂上與同學(xué)和教員討論。
1.2.2.3 課中答疑交流? 教員依據(jù)教學(xué)內(nèi)容和學(xué)員在課前學(xué)習(xí)中遇到的疑問,提出典型的和具有探索性的問題,如“神經(jīng)性毒劑的中毒原理”“神經(jīng)性毒劑的常見臨床表現(xiàn)”“神經(jīng)性毒劑治療的常用藥物”等并引導(dǎo)學(xué)員積極思考和解答。教員在聽取學(xué)員的答案后,點(diǎn)評(píng)并小結(jié);重點(diǎn)解答學(xué)員普遍存在疑惑的共性問題;同時(shí),及時(shí)與學(xué)員互動(dòng)交流,具體講解本次實(shí)驗(yàn)的原理及操作過程,以促進(jìn)學(xué)員對(duì)該實(shí)驗(yàn)的原理和操作步驟的掌握,時(shí)間25 min左右。學(xué)員在自己動(dòng)手實(shí)驗(yàn)前,先由教員進(jìn)行示范實(shí)驗(yàn),并依次講解實(shí)驗(yàn)的步驟和需要注意的問題,時(shí)間約為15 min。最后,學(xué)員開始實(shí)驗(yàn)操作,教員根據(jù)學(xué)員表現(xiàn)進(jìn)行點(diǎn)評(píng)并記入成績,時(shí)間約80 min。
1.2.2.4 課后反思交流? 學(xué)習(xí)進(jìn)行過程中和課后的反思和總結(jié)是深化學(xué)習(xí)內(nèi)容的有效方法。學(xué)員可以把本次實(shí)驗(yàn)過程中的問題、體會(huì)和意見在班級(jí)QQ群中討論,同時(shí)教員也接受學(xué)員反饋的問題并解答,師生和諧互動(dòng),有利于知識(shí)的掌握和鞏固。
1.3 效果評(píng)價(jià)
記錄兩組學(xué)員的操作時(shí)間,并采用百分制對(duì)各學(xué)員的實(shí)驗(yàn)報(bào)告進(jìn)行評(píng)分;實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)束后,采用自制教學(xué)評(píng)價(jià)問卷調(diào)查表,經(jīng)預(yù)調(diào)查后修改以確保問卷的信度和效度而最終確定。調(diào)查以下方面:激發(fā)學(xué)習(xí)興趣和主動(dòng)性、提高自學(xué)能力、促進(jìn)知識(shí)理解記憶、促進(jìn)運(yùn)用理論知識(shí)、提高實(shí)驗(yàn)操作能力和希望繼續(xù)接受該種實(shí)驗(yàn)教學(xué)方法。問卷設(shè)置“是”和“一般”兩個(gè)選項(xiàng)。采用現(xiàn)場(chǎng)集中發(fā)放問卷,學(xué)員在30 min內(nèi)獨(dú)立回答完畢后,現(xiàn)場(chǎng)回收。
1.4 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法
數(shù)據(jù)的統(tǒng)計(jì)分析使用SPSS 13.0進(jìn)行。計(jì)量資料用均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(x±s)表示,利用兩樣本t檢驗(yàn)進(jìn)行兩組間比較;計(jì)數(shù)資料采用率表示,組間比較采用χ2檢驗(yàn),以P < 0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 兩組操作時(shí)間和成績比較
實(shí)驗(yàn)組操作時(shí)間短于對(duì)照組,實(shí)驗(yàn)成績顯著高于對(duì)照組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P < 0.05)。見表1。
2.2 兩組學(xué)員實(shí)驗(yàn)教學(xué)效果調(diào)查結(jié)果比較
共發(fā)放調(diào)查問卷60份,有效問卷60份,有效回收率為100%。實(shí)驗(yàn)組所有學(xué)員均認(rèn)為該教學(xué)方法能激發(fā)學(xué)習(xí)興趣和學(xué)習(xí)自主性及希望繼續(xù)接受該方法,占比均顯著高于對(duì)照組,差異有高度統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P < 0.01)。同時(shí),實(shí)驗(yàn)組認(rèn)為該教學(xué)方法可提高自學(xué)能力、促進(jìn)理解記憶知識(shí)的學(xué)員占比均顯著高于對(duì)照組,差異有高度統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P < 0.01)。此外,實(shí)驗(yàn)組認(rèn)為通過該教學(xué)方法能促進(jìn)運(yùn)用理論知識(shí)和提高實(shí)驗(yàn)操作能力的學(xué)員人數(shù)也均明顯多于對(duì)照組,差異有高度統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P < 0.01)。見表2。