（1）

Deviation of Actor-translation：Why does Policy Implementation Fall into a“Dilemma”?——Taking the Implementation of the Nursery Policy in S City as an Example

Luo Feng Cui Yanzhu
（Department of Public Administration，Shanghai Party Institute of CPC&Shanghai Administration Institute，Shanghai 200233）

Abstract：Why is the implementation of the policy in a “dilemma”?In view of the policy dilemma，this study puts forward the concept of policy “dilemma”，emphasizes the policy implementation dilemma caused by the failure of horizontal coordination，and introduces the Actor-Network-Theory to analyze it.By constructing the analytical framework of “Deviation of Actor-translation”and following the thinking mode of “policy text—actor-network construction—actor-translation—policy results”，this paper analyzes the formation mechanism of policy “dilemma”.The study found that policy actors construct the actor-network according to the needs of the policy text，and translate the policy-related content.In the idealized translation，the actors in the network can achieve the idealized goal of policy implementation through the “obligatory passage point”，form an idealized situation of implementation，and lead to idealized policy results.However，due to the influence of“hindrance mechanisms”such as high pressure of text and objective-substitute within actors，field influence and cognitive bias outside actors and interest-games and bargaining among actors，policy actors are unable to reach the “obligatory passage point”of idealized translation and move towards a discrete implementation network structure，thus finally trapped in the policy dilemma of “translation deviation”.By using the methods of field observation and on-the-spot interview，this paper makes an investigation and analysis on the implementation of the “1+2”childcare policy in S city，which further proves the difficulties in the implementation of deviation of actor-translation.

Key words：Actor-translation；Policy implementation；Implementation deviation

（2）

A Study on Civil Servants Psychological Status and Its Impact in the Process of Administrative Reform in China——the Case of the Forestry and Grassland Bureau of the A Autonomous Region

Hu Wei1Lan Zhiyong2
（1.School of Public Administration and Policy，Renmin University of China，Beijing 100872；2.School of Public Policy and Management，Tsinghua University，Beijing 100084）

Abstract：The 2018 Integrated Party-Administration Reform has had intensive impact on China’s civil service reform system and affected millions of civil servants.This paper uses data from a large Government Forest and Grassland Bureau and follows the theoretical model“cognitive evaluation-psychological reaction-work attitude-organizational behavior”to evaluate how this reform has impacted the psychology of the affected civil servants and hence their behavior in welcoming，resisting，or accepting the reform.The study aims to see the reform from the perspective of affected civil servants and identify empirical evidence to help understand and advance reform efforts.

Key words：Administrative reform；Psychological insecurity；Resistance to change；Affective Commitment；Job crafting

（3）

Alipay+Public Services：A New Type of Public Private Partnership——Resource Dependence，Integration，and Its Challenges

Ye Lin Hou Xueying
（1.Center for Chinese Public Administration Research，School of Government，Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory（Zhuhai），Sun Yat-sen University；2.School of Government，Sun Yat-sen University，Guangzhou 540275）

Abstract：Public service is a core function of government and has received wide theoretical and practical attention.Public Private Partnership has become a key approach of delivering public services.The traditional Public Private Partnership in China has a government-led and corporation-participating structure.The emergence of new technologies such as e-commerce and mobile applications stimulate the new Public Private Partnership relations and reshape the interactions between the government and market.Based on the case of Alipay+public services，it is found that the Internet-based corporations have strong technological，social，and financial resources.Such resources are coupled with the administrative and organizational resources of the government and formulate new Public Private Partnership models to deliver services.Under such a trend，how to safeguard the public benefit，enhance performance management，and secure the welfare goal of public services have become vital challenges and need to be carefully addressed.

Key words：Public services；Public Private Partnership；Resource dependence；Alipay；Alliance

（4）

Evaluation of The Performance of Urban Community Garbage Classification and Its Influencing Factors——A Non-interference Study from the Perspective of Total Performance Management.

Shang Huping1Liu Hongmei2
（1.Zhou Enlai School of Government，Nankai University，Tianjin 300110；2.School of Public Administration，South China Agricultural University，Guangzhou 510642）

Abstract：Using total performance management thinking in the garbage classification is conductive to avoid the low-performance issues in garbage classification.This paper，based on a non-interference study conducted in the garbage classification pilot communities in Guangzhou city，concludes the performance status quo in the whole garbage classification processes.The further statistical tests demonstrate that，before garbage is thrown to garbage bin，mutual influences of residents，prepared classification and the supervisions of communities are critical to improve garbage classification performance；after garbage is thrown to garbage bin，garbage clearance effectiveness，the clearance amount and other related factors have prominent impacts on improving the total performance of garbage classification.Therefore，in the future，more efforts should be made to strengthen the engagement and cooperation of all sections in the garbage classification performance chain in the whole garbage classification processed.Meanwhile，work should be done to cultivate the habits of residents to classify garbage before they throw it，construct sound and efficient clearance system after garbage is thrown to rubbish bin，and reform enterprises technology and improve marketization operation efficiency when garbage is transported to landfill so as to ultimately achieve the high performance of the whole processes of garbage classification.

Key words：Urban community；Garbage classification；Total performance management；Influential factors

（5）

From Hearing to Consultation：The Practical Reflection and Procedural Change of Public Participation in Administrative Decision-making

Wu Mingyi
（School of Law，Shanghai University of Finance and Economics，Shanghai 200082）

Abstract：As an important measure to implement public participation in administrative decision-making，the hearing procedure has some defects，such as lack of argumentation and neglect of public welfare cooperation.The difference between“decision consultation”and “decision hearing”，in addition to the possible gap in the degree of argument，is essentially the former's concern for “public welfare and cooperation”，on the basis of changing preferences and striving for cooperation，to achieve more thorough public participation in order to optimize decision-making.The lack of unified basic legislation and central specialized legislation for hearing provides the possibility for the system remodeling of decision-making consultation，and at the same time，it lays a foundation for the construction of the content of the entity of decision-making negotiation for the reference of the extraterritorial beneficial experience in the aspects of organizational structure，professional consultation and public argumentation.Therefore，based on the improvement of the unified special legislation，procedural construction of the economic perspective and cooperation perspective，and in the pre-distinction between consultation，formal consultation，post-consultation and other stages of the process of the specific construction，can achieve the decision-making consultation on the systematic transformation of the hearing procedure.

Key words：Administrative decision-making；Public participation；Consultation procedure；Hearing procedure；Program conversion

（6）

Experimental Policy Research Methodology for Interest Analysis：A Localized Deliberative Tool in China

Li Ya Wang Ni
（School of Public Administration，Beihang University，Beijing 100083）

Abstract：Promoting deliberative democracy practice in the new era requires exploring deliberative tools that could adapt to the Chinese context.This article presents a glimpse of the research and development of deliberative tools in China，then introduces an indigenous deliberative tool——Experimental Policy Research Methodology for Interest Analysis（EPRM），which embraces the four essential components of deliberative democracy，i.e.，public engagement，equal participation，rational inquiry，and transformation of preference.The basic concept，relevant roles，operational process as well as deployed techniques of EPRM are outlined.The article also discusses the challenges of practicing deliberative democracy in China，and elaborates how EPRM is designed to tackle these challenges：holding deliberation at a designed forum——a deliberative policy laboratory，and informing policy making through generated analysis report，so as to mitigate the concern of risk of participation；bringing “typical” participants at deliberation table as stakeholder agent to address the problem of inadequate representation；promoting equal participation by deploying meta-synthesis support to enable the weak stakeholders to have a competitive voice；facilitating rational argument by seminar gaming to avoid the negative effects of technocracy；and making efforts towards consensus after the deliberation process to facilitate joint-satisfactory action.The concept of EPRM enriches the toolkit of deliberative democracy，contributing a new way to stimulate deliberative practice in China.

Key words：Experimental policy research methodology for interest Analysis；Deliberative democracy；Deliberative tool；Indigenization

（7）

Generation Mechanism of Opportunistic Behavior of Grass-roots Cadres in Poverty Withdrawal——Exploratory Analysis Based on Grounded Theory

Xu Yanqing1Cai Gongtao2
（1.School of Politics and Public Administration，Hainan University，Haikou 570228；2.School of Philosophy and Government，Shaanxi Normal University，Xi'an 710119）

Abstract：This paper applies a grounded theory，a method of qualitative research.Take H province as an example，collect information through individual interviews and unstructured interviews with in-depth interviews with grass-roots cadres，and the data is summarized and analyzed to construct the generation mechanism of opportunistic behaviors of grassroots cadres in poverty withdrawal.It is found that the mechanism of opportunistic behaviors of grass-roots cadres in poverty withdrawal can be explained with the framework of“degree of policy approval-social norms-task difficulty-supervision and accountability-assessment pressure”.The degree of policy approval of grass-roots cadres as the internal driving force，social norms as the external driving force，task difficulty as the embedded environmental factor，as the external environment supervision and accountability and the assessment pressure having reversed effect，together make grass-roots cadres to make opportunistic behavior in poverty withdrawal.

Key words：Poverty withdrawal；Grass-roots cadres；Opportunism；Grounded theory；Generation mechanism

（8）

The Critical Narrative of American Public Administration:A Reflective Perspective on Legitimacy

Xu Yang1Zhao Yousheng2
（1.School of Public Administration and Policy，Renmin University of China，Beijing 100872；2.School of Public Affairs，Chongqing University，Chongqing 400030）

Abstract：From the beginning of the foundation of Administrative Study in America，professionalism and technical rationality always occupy the dominant position.Recently，under the serious crisis in American public administration，postmodernism and critical discourse becomes a frontier academic theme.Based on a reflective perspective，we try to re-explain the nar-rative of Public Administration in America，dispelling some myths around the American administrative history.Also，the critical narrative has a significant enlightenment on the study of public administration in the Chinese academia.

Key words：Public administration；Legitimacy；Critical narrative；Administrative history

（9）

State Intervene is Weakening，or Adaptively Changing——The Influence of Political Connection of Philanthropic Foundation on Financial Performance

Zhang YiSong Chengcheng Ma Ran Sun Yuying
（1.School of Public Administration University of Internatinal Business and Econonmis，Beijing 10029；2.School of Public Mangement，East China Normal Univesing，Shanghai 200241）

Abstract：Recently researches asserted that political connection has no significant positive or even negative relationship with financial performance of philanthropic foundation，and arrived in conclusions that state intervene is weakening as rival argument.The Pooled Regression Model and Tobit Model was employed to analyze the panel data of philanthropic foundation 2013-2017，and found that political connection has positive influence on extractive capacity from social resource and from government through the mediation effect of internal governance.The results provided evidence on macro-level showing the mechanism which state intervene adaptively works through political connection.

Key words：Political connection；Financial performance；Internal governance

（10）

The Research on Relocation of China’s Pollution-intensive Manufacturing Industry based on Shift-share Analysis

Zuo Yangshangyu Chao Heng
（Shenzhen Graduate School，Peking University（Shenzhen）；Laboratory for Urban Future，Peking University（Shenzhen），Shenzhen Guangdong 518055）

Abstract：On the one hand，relocation of pollution-intensive manufacturing industry is affected by environmental regulation and traditional locational factors.On the other hand，differences of industrial types even increase complexity of the relocation trajectory.On the basis of defining pollution-intensive manufacturing industry，the Shift-share Analysis method and Geodetector were used in this paper to analyze relocation and influencing factors of China’s pollution-intensive manufacturing industry in 2001-2016.The findings indicated that the relocation of pollution-intensive manufacturing industry in China presents spatial differential features of migration from the east，transition in the middle and moving towards the west，thus forming a “flying geese paradigm”；In economic zones，pollution-intensive manufacturing industry demonstrates a tendency of shifting from traditionally dominant provinces to surrounding provinces with low environmental regulation level；The relocation ofpollution-intensive manufacturing industry has distinctindustrialdifferentiation characteristics；The factors influencing the relocation of pollution-intensive manufacturing industry ranking from strong to weak include environmental regulation，extroverted degree of economy，innovation level，industrial structure and infrastructure and factor cost.The factors are obviously different in different regions，but their interactions all show an enhancement trend.

Key words：Pollution-intensive manufacturing industry；Shift-share analysis；Indstrial transfer；Geodetector

（11）

Research on Law and Policy“Co-governance”of Socialization of Ecological Environment Monitoring Service

Xue Liang
（School of Economic Law，Northwest University of Political Science and Law，Xi’an 710122）

Abstract：The socialization of China’s ecological environment monitoring services has gone more than a decade.In the context of accelerating the introduction of industry uniform legislation marked by the“Ecological Environment Monitoring Regulations”（draft soliciting opinions），as the “co-governance”pattern of mutual assistance between laws and policies of institutional tools will become an important institutional feature of the future socialization of ecological environment monitoring services.Using 25 administrative normative documents issued by some provinces and cities as analysis samples，quantitative analysis is carried out.It is found that the policies issued by various regions have too narrow scope of ecological environment monitoring and unreasonable market access conditions，regulatory models and division of powers and measures have not got rid of institutional constraints，the lack of public law boundaries in institutional operation links，market exits and responsibility-taking links are “fraudulent”define the four-point system defects such as too subjective.In view of this，the “professionalism”and construction of market access conditions should be lifted from the limitation of environmental monitoring scope for social institutions.The government supervision system adapted to the natureof socialization，the clarification of the public law boundary of the organization's operation，and the further standardization of civil and administrative legal responsibilities caused by “fraud”promote the rule of law of policies.Exploratory assistance should be provided through the boundaries open to ecological environment monitoring information，the distribution of authority and responsibility of each subject in the acquisition and use of ecological environment monitoring information，the relationship between the technical agency responsible for the ecological environment monitoring data platform and the government regulatory department，etc，in order to push policy innovation.

Key words：Ecological environment monitoring service；Socialization；Co-governance；Legalization of policies；Policy innovation Change（12）

The Function Restore and Legislation Perfection of the People’s Supervisor System after the Implmentation of the Inspection Act

LiGang
（Gansu Party Institute of CPC&Gansu Institute of Administrovtion，Lanzhou 730010）