金司爻 趙志剛 霍記平
摘 要 目的:為妊娠相關(guān)乳腺癌(PABC)的早期診斷和治療方案的選擇提供參考。方法:對我院2例PABC患者的疾病特征、治療過程和預(yù)后情況等進(jìn)行分析;檢索PubMed數(shù)據(jù)庫中1986年1月-2019年4月發(fā)表的相關(guān)文獻(xiàn),納入標(biāo)題、關(guān)鍵詞或摘要中包括“Breast cancer and pregnancy”“Pregnancy-associated breast cancer”“Breast cancer during pregnancy”“Breast carcinoma during pregnancy”“Case reports”等的病例報告,排除不符合PABC定義的病例報告,對其中患者的基本資料、腫瘤臨床特征、藥物治療方案、母胎/嬰預(yù)后等信息進(jìn)行匯總及描述性統(tǒng)計分析。結(jié)果與結(jié)論:我院2例患者均于哺乳期確診,經(jīng)新輔助化療和手術(shù)切除后,預(yù)后良好。通過文獻(xiàn)檢索與篩選獲得共36篇病例報告,共45例患者(39例患者在妊娠期間確診,6例患者在哺乳期間確診)的臨床資料。排除未報道相關(guān)信息的病例后,35.0%(14/40)的病例應(yīng)用了新輔助化療AC方案(多柔比星+環(huán)磷酰胺);59.5%(22/37)的病例進(jìn)行了擇期剖腹產(chǎn)手術(shù),37.8%(14/37)的病例經(jīng)陰道分娩,1例終止妊娠;患者存活率為80.8%(21/26),嬰兒平均出生體質(zhì)量為2 407 g(1 015~3 830 g)。分別有6例和9例患者在妊娠期和產(chǎn)后使用了紫杉烷類藥物。PABC化療方案的確定應(yīng)綜合考慮多方因素,需要全面權(quán)衡母親及嬰兒的受益風(fēng)險,盡量避免在妊娠早期進(jìn)行化療,尤其要兼顧化療對胎兒的影響。化療方案仍以蒽環(huán)類藥物為主導(dǎo),可在此基礎(chǔ)上制訂個體化方案,且使用紫杉醇類藥物時應(yīng)充分權(quán)衡利弊并進(jìn)行嚴(yán)密監(jiān)測。
關(guān)鍵詞 妊娠相關(guān)乳腺癌;病例報道;文獻(xiàn)綜述;新輔助化療;化療相關(guān)不良反應(yīng);預(yù)后
ABSTRACT? ?OBJECTIVE: To provide reference for the early diagnosis and selection of treatment regimens of pregnancy- associated breast cancer (PABC). METHODS: The disease characteristics, treatment process and prognosis of 2 cases of PABC were analyzed in our hospital. The relevant literature published from Jan. 1986 to Apr. 2019 in PubMed database was retrieved. The case reports that the title, keywords or abstracts involved “Breast cancer and pregnancy”“Pregnancy-associated breast cancer”“Breast cancer during pregnancy”“Breast carcinoma during pregnancy”“Case reports” were included. Cases which didnt meet the definition of PABC were excluded. The general information, tumor clinical characteristics, drug treatment plan, maternal/fetal prognosis and other information of patients were extracted for summary and descriptive statistical analysis. RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS: Two patients were both diagnosed during lactation. The prognosis was good after neoadjuvant chemotherapy and surgical resection. A total of 36 case reports were obtained through literature search and screening, as well asclinical data of 45 patients (39 diagnosed during pregnancy and 6 diagnosed during lactation).Neoadjuvant chemotherapy AC regimen (doxorubicin+cyclophosphamide) was used in 35.0% (14/40) of cases after excluding the cases without relevant information;elective caesarean section was performed in 59.5% (22/37) of cases, 37.8% (14/37) of cases were delivered, and 1 case chose to terminate pregnancy;survival rate of patients was 80.8% (21/26), and the average weight of newborns was 2 407 g (1 015-3 830 g). Six patients each received taxanes during pregnancy and 9 patients during postpartum. The determination of chemotherapy for PABC should comprehensively consider a variety of factors. It is necessary to comprehensively weigh the benefit risks of the mother and child, try to avoid chemotherapy in early pregnancy, and especially consider the impact of chemotherapy on the fetus. The chemotherapy regimen is still dominated by anthracyclines. Based on this, an individualized regimen is formulated and close monitoring should be performed when using paclitaxel.
KEYWORDS? ?Pregnancy-associated breast cancer; Case report; Literature review; Neoadjuvant chemotherapy; Chemotherapy- related adverse reactions; Prognosis
妊娠期乳腺癌或妊娠相關(guān)乳腺癌(Pregnancy-associated breast cancer,PABC)是指妊娠期間、產(chǎn)后第1年或哺乳期內(nèi)任何時間確診的乳腺癌。據(jù)報道,腫瘤占到孕期死亡的0.02%~0.1%,PABC是妊娠期腫瘤中較為常見的一種,發(fā)病率約0.4%~1%,并且近年來發(fā)病率在逐步升高[1]。由于妊娠及哺乳期患者生理的特殊性以及PABC發(fā)病及預(yù)后的復(fù)雜性,在臨床治療時還需兼顧胎兒或新生兒的安全,故該病的治療到目前為止仍是臨床一大挑戰(zhàn)。本文報道了2例在首都醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬北京天壇醫(yī)院(以下簡稱“我院”)就診的PABC患者的藥物治療過程,并對以往的病例報道和相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)進(jìn)行了分析與綜述,旨在為PABC的早期診斷和化療方案的選擇提供參考。
1 病例報道
1.1 臨床資料
病例1:28歲女性,妊娠32周時發(fā)現(xiàn)左乳腫物,約雞蛋大小,隨后2個月腫物逐漸增大,未作處理,產(chǎn)一子,體健。產(chǎn)后來我院就診,查體示左乳外上象限2點鐘方向、距乳頭4 cm處可觸及一大小約6.5 cm×7.0 cm腫物,左側(cè)腋窩觸及腫大淋巴結(jié);乳腺B超、胸部CT顯示左側(cè)乳腺實性占位,雙側(cè)腋窩淋巴結(jié)增大;腫物穿刺活檢,結(jié)果為左乳浸潤性導(dǎo)管癌,雌激素受體(ER)(-),孕激素受體(PR)(-),HER-2基因表達(dá)(+),增殖細(xì)胞核抗原(Ki-67)陽性率80%。術(shù)前,給予患者新輔助化療表柔比星60 mg/m2+多西他賽75 mg/m2靜脈滴注6周期(21 d為1個周期),期間患者停止哺乳。出現(xiàn)惡心、嘔吐時,給予鹽酸托烷司瓊注射液5 mg,qd;出現(xiàn)藥物性粒細(xì)胞減少時,常規(guī)給予重組人粒細(xì)胞刺激因子2 μg/kg。6周期后患者完成化療,腫物縮小;全麻下行左乳改良根治術(shù)及左側(cè)腋窩淋巴結(jié)清掃,術(shù)后pTNM分期為T3N1M0Ⅲa期?;颊咝g(shù)后恢復(fù)良好,于術(shù)后2周行紫杉醇175 mg/m2+卡鉑400 mg/m2靜脈滴注4周期(21 d為1周期)輔助化療,用藥后出現(xiàn)胸悶、憋氣、關(guān)節(jié)疼痛、皮疹、腹瀉,考慮為藥物不良反應(yīng),給予對癥治療后好轉(zhuǎn)。截至本文投稿時(已隨訪6個月),該患者術(shù)后輔助化療4周期結(jié)束,恢復(fù)良好,無復(fù)發(fā)。
病例2:31歲女性,產(chǎn)后3個月哺乳時發(fā)現(xiàn)右乳腫物,約蠶豆大小,近2個月以來自覺腫物逐漸增大,入院采集病史顯示嬰兒情況良好,查體右乳下象限,6點鐘方向、距乳頭4 cm處可觸及一大小約3.5 cm×3.0 cm腫物;乳腺超聲、胸部CT檢查顯示右乳腺實性腫塊,右腋窩多發(fā)腫大淋巴結(jié);病理結(jié)果顯示為(右乳)浸潤性癌伴壞死,非特殊類型,乳腺癌組織學(xué)分型Ⅱ級[2],局灶呈導(dǎo)管原位癌改變。免疫組化:ER(-),PR(-),HER-2基因表達(dá)(+++),Ki-67陽性率70%。初步診斷為右乳浸潤性癌T2N1M0Ⅱb期。術(shù)前給予新輔助化療多西他賽75 mg/m2+多柔比星50 mg/m2+環(huán)磷酰胺500 mg/m2,靜脈滴注3周期(21 d為1個周期),因腫瘤縮小未達(dá)滿意療效,在新輔助化療第4周期時將方案調(diào)整為多西他賽75 mg/m2+環(huán)磷酰胺600 mg/m2靜脈滴注(21 d為1個周期)聯(lián)合曲妥珠單抗2 mg/kg靜脈滴注,每周1次。患者在化療過程中出現(xiàn)惡心嘔吐時給予靜脈滴注昂丹司瓊8 mg,bid,后因療效不佳換為托烷司瓊5 mg,qd對癥治療。在完成6周期化療后,腫物縮小,遂在全麻下行右乳癌保乳術(shù),完整切除乳腺,并行腋窩淋巴結(jié)清掃術(shù)?;颊咝g(shù)后恢復(fù)良好。出院后未執(zhí)行醫(yī)囑(曲妥珠單抗聯(lián)合放療),僅繼續(xù)口服利可君、烏苯美司、甲鈷胺、昂丹司瓊等藥物1周,以預(yù)防在院化療期間可能引起的不良反應(yīng)。截至本文投稿時(已隨訪3個月),患者恢復(fù)良好。
兩例患者基本信息情況見表1(表中,G1P1指懷孕、分娩各1次;E:表柔比星;T:多西他賽;P:紫杉醇;CBP:卡鉑;A:多柔比星;C:環(huán)磷酰胺;TCH:曲妥珠單抗,表2、表3同表1)。
1.2 兩例患者治療方案分析
兩例患者均為年輕女性,首發(fā)癥狀分別為妊娠期/哺乳期自覺胸部腫物,且腫物不斷增大,經(jīng)影像學(xué)檢查、病理學(xué)檢查和免疫標(biāo)志物檢驗確診。兩例患者均為哺乳期確診,腫瘤病理分級均較高,分別為Ⅲa和Ⅱb期。兩例患者在確診乳腺癌后立即開始術(shù)前新輔助化療,分別為ET方案和TAC方案,均為指南推薦的常用輔助化療方案[2]。其中,TAC為最常用的治療方案,但環(huán)磷酰胺可經(jīng)乳汁排出,對嬰兒有一定損傷,其說明書明確要求用藥時應(yīng)停止哺乳[3],但考慮病例1中的患者仍在哺乳期,故給予該患者ET方案。在化療期間,針對患者出現(xiàn)的化療藥物相關(guān)不良反應(yīng)(如粒細(xì)胞減少、心悸、惡心嘔吐等)均進(jìn)行了對癥治療。新輔助化療結(jié)束后,根據(jù)腫瘤改善情況以及患者需求分別制定了改良根治術(shù)和保乳術(shù)的手術(shù)方案。病例1中的患者術(shù)后繼續(xù)進(jìn)行紫杉醇+卡鉑的聯(lián)合化療方案;病例2中的患者術(shù)后,醫(yī)師推薦繼續(xù)進(jìn)行曲妥珠單抗治療并聯(lián)合放療,但患者由于經(jīng)濟(jì)原因并未采納。兩例患者分別隨訪6個月和3個月,復(fù)查結(jié)果均良好,嬰兒均體健。
2 文獻(xiàn)綜述
2.1 文獻(xiàn)資料檢索
計算機(jī)檢索PubMed數(shù)據(jù)庫中1986年1月-2019年4月發(fā)表的相關(guān)文獻(xiàn),納入標(biāo)題、關(guān)鍵詞或摘要中包括“Breast cancer and pregnancy”“Pregnancy-associated breast cancer”“Breast cancer during pregnancy”“Breast carcinoma during pregnancy”“Case reports”等的病例報告,排除不符合PABC定義的病例報告。提取患者的基本資料、腫瘤臨床特征、藥物治療方案、母胎/嬰預(yù)后等信息,并進(jìn)行匯總及描述性統(tǒng)計分析。
2.2 文獻(xiàn)資料分析
本研究共納入36篇病例報告[4-39],合計45例患者,其中39例患者在妊娠期即診斷為乳腺癌[4-34],6例患者在哺乳期診斷為乳腺癌[30,35-39]。有研究顯示,與妊娠期診斷的乳腺癌相比,產(chǎn)后診斷的乳腺癌預(yù)后更差,主要是由于發(fā)現(xiàn)較晚,腫瘤惡性程度相對較高[3]。妊娠期和哺乳期診斷的乳腺癌患者的治療和預(yù)后情況分別見表2和表3(表中G為腫瘤組織異型性分級,3級為最高級)。45例患者確診時的平均年齡為33歲(22~42歲);在妊娠期確診的乳腺癌患者平均妊娠時間為20周。某些病例報告因未提供病理檢查結(jié)果、治療方案、患者及嬰兒預(yù)后結(jié)局的信息而未計入統(tǒng)計數(shù)據(jù)中,排除這類病例后,ER、PR均為陰性/HER-2為陽性的和ER、PR、HER-2均為陰性(以下簡稱為“三陰性”)腫瘤的患者共占42.5%(17/40),G3級別腫瘤占76.0%(19/25)。35.0%(14/40)的病例中應(yīng)用了新輔助化療AC方案;有6例患者在妊娠期間使用了紫杉烷類藥物(胎兒結(jié)局良好),有9例患者在產(chǎn)后應(yīng)用了紫杉烷類藥物。59.5%(22/37)的病例進(jìn)行了擇期的剖腹產(chǎn)手術(shù),37.8%(14/37)的病例經(jīng)陰道分娩或引產(chǎn),平均生產(chǎn)時間為妊娠35.1周(27~42周);另有1例終止妊娠?;颊哳A(yù)后良好,存活率為80.8%(21/26);嬰兒總體良好,平均出生體質(zhì)量為2 407 g(1 015~3 830 g)。
文獻(xiàn)報道的化療方案基本是在遵照指南[2]推薦方案的基礎(chǔ)上綜合考慮患者身體情況、腫瘤惡性程度、胎兒發(fā)育情況及家屬意愿來制訂的,有關(guān)藥物對胎兒安全性情況的描述較少,分析原因可能為檢測手段有限,只能根據(jù)既往案例及實際經(jīng)驗選擇藥物;如遇病情危重的情況,也會優(yōu)先考慮使用紫杉醇類藥物治療,必要時終止妊娠。由此可見,PABC應(yīng)以母嬰受益最大化為主要目標(biāo),嚴(yán)密監(jiān)測母嬰狀況,且需給予個體化治療。
3 分析與討論
3.1 PABC的流行病學(xué)
乳腺癌是我國最常見的腫瘤,據(jù)2016年公共衛(wèi)生機(jī)構(gòu)對過去5年的統(tǒng)計,我國每10萬人中即有29例乳腺癌患者(年齡標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化后),占報告的女性癌癥患者總數(shù)的17%[40]。乳腺癌的發(fā)病率隨著年齡的增長而升高,而PABC的患病年齡顯著低于一般乳腺癌,相關(guān)回顧性研究表明,PABC診斷時的患者平均年齡為33.7歲[41]。有文獻(xiàn)報道,未經(jīng)產(chǎn)婦女患乳腺癌的風(fēng)險高于多產(chǎn)婦女;同樣,未生育女性患乳腺癌的風(fēng)險也略高于長期暴露于較高雌激素水平的女性[42]。此外,月經(jīng)初潮早于12歲和絕經(jīng)時間晚于55歲也是重要的危險因素[43]。隨著時間的推移,周期性激素水平也會使女性患上乳腺癌,這可能是生殖細(xì)胞因為乳腺細(xì)胞響應(yīng)激素(如雌激素)而生長分裂以及懷孕會導(dǎo)致正常的周期性激素水平中斷而引起周期性高激素水平[44]。乳腺癌家族史也是PABC發(fā)病的重要危險因素,患有PABC的女性,腫瘤具有更深的組織浸潤,更高程度的淋巴結(jié)受累和較大的組織異型性,以及更高的HER-2陽性率和三陰性率[45-46]。本文除5例未報道病理檢查結(jié)果,其余納入的40名病例中,ER和PR均為陰性/HER-2陽性的腫瘤和三陰性腫瘤的比例共為42.5%;組織異型性G3級別腫瘤比例為76.0%,與文獻(xiàn)報道一致。
3.2 PABC早期診斷的重要性
病例中患者均為育齡期女性,此年齡段一般乳腺癌發(fā)病率較低,所以在疾病的預(yù)防方面非常容易被忽視,并且患者均是在妊娠及哺乳期自覺乳房腫物后就診,而此時發(fā)現(xiàn)的乳腺癌多為晚期,因此建議育齡期女性最好在孕前進(jìn)行相關(guān)篩查,以盡早發(fā)現(xiàn)、確診乳腺癌。
3.3 PABC的化療方案
3.3.1 化療時機(jī)的選擇 化療藥物暴露的時機(jī)至關(guān)重要。妊娠早期階段是胎兒器官形成的時期,在此階段如果暴露于化療藥物下,胎兒發(fā)生畸形、死亡和自然流產(chǎn)的風(fēng)險最高。據(jù)報道,在孕早期使用環(huán)磷酰胺可導(dǎo)致胎兒畸形,包括腳趾缺失、眼睛異常、耳垂低、腭裂[47-48]等。妊娠中晚期胎兒器官已經(jīng)大致成形,在此階段進(jìn)行化療,先天性畸形的發(fā)生率較低[49],因此化療多在此階段進(jìn)行,但可能會增加胎兒子宮內(nèi)生長受限、早產(chǎn)以及低出生體質(zhì)量發(fā)生的風(fēng)險[50]。對50例PABC患者的回顧性分析顯示,妊娠前3個月接受化療的患者,胎兒發(fā)生嚴(yán)重先天性異常和自然流產(chǎn)的比例高,而在妊娠中期或晚期接受化療的患者中未發(fā)現(xiàn)胎兒畸形[51]。
3.3.2 化療用藥的選擇及其對母胎的影響 妊娠期的生理變化可能會一定程度地改變化療藥物在母體的藥動學(xué)和藥效學(xué)特點,包括肝臟代謝、腎臟血漿流動和血漿蛋白結(jié)合率等,從而可能影響藥物清除[52]。而羊水可延遲甲氨蝶呤等藥物的消除,從而導(dǎo)致毒性增加[53]。此外,所有藥物都有可能根據(jù)胎盤的物理和化學(xué)特性穿過胎盤對胎兒產(chǎn)生影響,因此在選擇化療藥物時需要充分考慮上述因素。而分娩時若發(fā)生骨髓抑制則可能使母胎面臨發(fā)生敗血癥和出血的風(fēng)險,因此建議在分娩前至少3周避免化療,以確保母體血細(xì)胞計數(shù)達(dá)到最佳。
在國家衛(wèi)生健康委員會發(fā)布的2018年版《乳腺癌診療規(guī)范》[2]中,推薦的首選化療方案為含蒽環(huán)類藥物聯(lián)合或序貫化療方案(ET/TAC),主要藥物有環(huán)磷酰胺、氟尿嘧啶以及紫杉醇類等藥物。本研究報道的2例患者在確診PABC后立即開始術(shù)前新輔助化療,方案分別為ET和TAC。在筆者收集的文獻(xiàn)綜述中,35.0%的病例應(yīng)用了新輔助化療AC方案,而紫杉烷類藥物多在產(chǎn)后的序貫療法以及腫瘤分級較高的腫瘤中使用。
蒽環(huán)類是乳腺癌化療方案中的主要藥物,在妊娠中、晚期使用是安全的[54]。其最主要的不良反應(yīng)是造成母親以及胎兒的心臟毒性,其嚴(yán)重程度與藥物種類及其毒性累積劑量有關(guān)。因此,在實施化療的過程中應(yīng)根據(jù)蒽環(huán)類藥物使用的累積劑量和患者的耐受程度考慮是否需要換用其他蒽環(huán)類藥物或者其他種類的化療藥物。紫杉醇在妊娠期的使用目前尚存在爭議[55],其最常見的并發(fā)癥是羊水過多或過少[56]。有病例報告指出,紫杉醇在妊娠28周與順鉑聯(lián)用、在14周與表柔比星聯(lián)用時,均未見胎兒或母體出現(xiàn)并發(fā)癥[57];還有研究指出,在妊娠中晚期使用紫杉烷類藥物對母親、胎兒及新生兒的毒性較小,一般建議在中晚期使用[58]。一項前瞻性研究顯示,在進(jìn)行FAC方案治療的24例中晚期妊娠患者中沒有檢測到胎兒先天性異常,并且沒有母體或胎兒死亡[59]。曲妥珠單抗因既往出現(xiàn)過導(dǎo)致患兒肺發(fā)育不全、骨骼異常、腎功能不全、視力缺失和新生兒死亡的病例而禁用于妊娠期患者[16,60]。美國FDA批準(zhǔn)的說明書和Medscape數(shù)據(jù)庫中關(guān)于PABC常用化療藥物對妊娠期和哺乳期母嬰的安全性分級見表4。
化療可能對患者產(chǎn)生一些長期影響,包括性腺功能障礙、生殖細(xì)胞誘變以及后代的致畸性(包括胎兒/嬰兒身體和神經(jīng)發(fā)育受損)等[50]。對于處于哺乳期的乳腺癌患者,一方面應(yīng)建議患者停止哺乳,另一方面需要考慮藥物在哺乳期使用的安全性。雖然相關(guān)指南不建議母乳喂養(yǎng),但有研究顯示,在保乳術(shù)和放射性治療后,對側(cè)乳房的乳汁產(chǎn)生并不受影響[61-62],因此對于堅持母乳喂養(yǎng)的患者,推薦用對側(cè)乳房進(jìn)行喂養(yǎng)。
綜合上述病例報道、臨床資料和相關(guān)指南及文獻(xiàn)綜述,筆者認(rèn)為無論是治療妊娠期還是哺乳期確診的乳腺癌,目前仍將蒽環(huán)類藥物作為化療方案中的主要藥物,然后根據(jù)腫瘤特征、胎兒發(fā)育狀況、患者耐受情況和藥物安全性制訂個體化治療方案。由于需要同時考慮多方因素,并且相關(guān)藥物試驗受醫(yī)學(xué)倫理限制,目前對藥物的選擇尚無更詳細(xì)的推薦,仍以嚴(yán)密監(jiān)控用藥后的母嬰情況為主。對于紫杉醇的使用,筆者綜合各方資料認(rèn)為應(yīng)在權(quán)衡利弊后使用。
3.4 PABC其他治療方案的選擇
PABC的治療與一般乳腺癌無差異,治療手段除化療外還包括手術(shù)、放療、內(nèi)分泌治療等,但均應(yīng)遵循非妊娠相關(guān)乳腺癌患者的治療指南,如美國國家綜合癌癥網(wǎng)絡(luò)(NCCN)乳腺癌臨床實踐治療指南[63]以及國家衛(wèi)生健康委員會發(fā)布的乳腺癌診療規(guī)范[2],且應(yīng)進(jìn)行部分調(diào)整,以保護(hù)胎兒和新生兒。方案制訂需綜合考慮患者個體情況、耐受性、腫瘤的特點、術(shù)后復(fù)發(fā)風(fēng)險等,充分權(quán)衡治療的風(fēng)險-受益后確定。Shachar SS等[64]學(xué)者認(rèn)為,由于PABC的預(yù)后與其診斷及治療時機(jī)顯著相關(guān),因妊娠而延遲治療是沒有必要的。而對于PABC患者考慮終止妊娠時應(yīng)由充分知情的患者和醫(yī)師共同決定。目前有研究顯示,早期終止妊娠并不能改變?nèi)橄侔┗颊叩念A(yù)后,甚至終止妊娠后患者的生存率更低[52,65]。而放射治療在分娩前是有禁忌的[66],但如果能對腹部做到很好的防護(hù),那么對于存在局部高復(fù)發(fā)風(fēng)險的患者則可以考慮放療。
一般在妊娠早期不建議進(jìn)行手術(shù)治療[67],最好將手術(shù)推遲至妊娠中晚期或胎兒器官發(fā)育之后。一般手術(shù)至少延遲至妊娠第12周,以降低自然流產(chǎn)的高風(fēng)險,并根據(jù)胎齡密切監(jiān)測胎兒發(fā)育情況。對于妊娠3個月的妊娠中期患者,納入文獻(xiàn)[4,5,34-35]中的大多數(shù)患者均接受了腋窩淋巴清掃的乳房切除術(shù)。對于在妊娠中期和晚期患者,有研究指出在分娩后進(jìn)行乳房腫瘤切除術(shù)和腋窩淋巴結(jié)清掃術(shù)聯(lián)合放療的效果優(yōu)于腋窩淋巴結(jié)清掃術(shù)[68]。
3.5 PABC的預(yù)后
到目前為止,PABC患者的生存率與普通乳腺癌相比是否較低仍存在爭議,且研究證據(jù)不足[69]。生存率較低的原因可能是診斷和治療較晚,而診斷時的妊娠狀態(tài)似乎不是一個獨立的預(yù)后因素[56]。本研究中,我院的2例患者治療過程均較順利,術(shù)后隨訪3、6個月其狀況均良好,目前以定期復(fù)查為主,以監(jiān)測其腫瘤復(fù)發(fā)情況。一些多中心研究結(jié)果顯示,PABC患者接受化療后其早產(chǎn)率會升高,胎兒出生時體質(zhì)量較低,且大多數(shù)新生兒并發(fā)癥與早產(chǎn)有關(guān)[70-71]。
對于術(shù)后有再次生育需求的女性,再次妊娠發(fā)病的風(fēng)險評估以及妊娠的咨詢是必不可少的[15]。大部分研究表明,在成功治療乳腺癌后再次妊娠的女性不會使其乳腺癌的預(yù)后變差[72],并且乳腺癌后妊娠可能對這些女性有保護(hù)作用[73],但這些數(shù)據(jù)可能存在一定的選擇偏倚,原因是能夠懷孕的女性均為腫瘤分級較低且預(yù)后良好的女性,即存在“健康媽媽效應(yīng)”,因此該結(jié)論尚需謹(jǐn)慎對待。由于大多數(shù)乳腺癌會在初始診斷和治療后的2年內(nèi)復(fù)發(fā),因此臨床通常建議至少治療后2年再考慮再次妊娠[74]。
4 結(jié)語
PABC化療方案的確定應(yīng)綜合考慮多方因素,尤其是胎兒的發(fā)育及藥物對胎兒的影響。應(yīng)盡量避免在妊娠早期進(jìn)行化療,慎重選擇化療用藥,明確各藥物對母嬰的影響后再使用;化療方案仍以蒽環(huán)類藥物為主導(dǎo),在此基礎(chǔ)上制訂個體化方案,且使用紫杉醇類藥物時應(yīng)充分權(quán)衡利弊并進(jìn)行嚴(yán)密監(jiān)測;胎兒結(jié)局主要與患者接受化療時妊娠的時間、選用的藥物等有關(guān)。
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(收稿日期:2019-05-28 修回日期:2020-02-06)
(編輯:孫 冰)