20分,27例)。并選擇同期50名健康體檢者(對(duì)照組)進(jìn)行動(dòng)態(tài)心電圖檢測(cè),記錄心率變異性參數(shù)[總體標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(SDNN)、均值標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(SDANN)、差值"/>
張澤奎 龍江超 張曉勤
[摘要] 目的 探討心率變異性與膿毒血癥病情嚴(yán)重程度以及預(yù)后的相關(guān)性。 方法 選擇阿壩藏族羌族自治州人民醫(yī)院2017年1月~2019年1月收治的98例膿毒癥患者(觀察組),根據(jù)急性生理學(xué)與慢性健康狀況(APACHE Ⅱ)評(píng)分結(jié)果將觀察組分為膿毒癥組(0~10分,39例)、嚴(yán)重膿毒癥組(11~20分,32例)和膿毒癥休克組(>20分,27例)。并選擇同期50名健康體檢者(對(duì)照組)進(jìn)行動(dòng)態(tài)心電圖檢測(cè),記錄心率變異性參數(shù)[總體標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(SDNN)、均值標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(SDANN)、差值均方根(rrMSSD)、差值>50 ms百分比(PNN50)、低頻功率(LF)、高頻功率(HF)、LF/HF]。分析心率變異性參數(shù)與APACHE Ⅱ評(píng)分和預(yù)后相關(guān)性。 結(jié)果 觀察組SDNN、LF、LF/HF低于對(duì)照組(P < 0.05)。嚴(yán)重膿毒癥組、膿毒性休克組SDNN、LF、LF/HF低于膿毒癥組,且膿毒性休克組低于嚴(yán)重膿毒癥組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P < 0.05)。SDNN、LF、LF/HF與APACHE Ⅱ評(píng)分呈負(fù)相關(guān)(r = -0.459、-0.367、-0.405,P < 0.05)。SDNN、LF、LF/HF預(yù)測(cè)膿毒癥患者預(yù)后的曲線下面積(AUC)分別為0.817、0.802、0.937。最佳截?cái)嘀捣謩e為95.21 ms、5.13 ms、0.41,靈敏度、特異性分別為0.807、0.895;0.645、0.881;0.871、0.940。 結(jié)論 心率變異性參數(shù)SDNN、LF、LF/HF與膿毒癥病情嚴(yán)重程度和預(yù)后密切相關(guān),可作為其預(yù)后預(yù)測(cè)的敏感指標(biāo)。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 心率變異性;膿毒血癥;急性生理學(xué)與慢性健康狀況評(píng)分;總體標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差;均值標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差
[中圖分類號(hào)] R631 ? ? ? ? ?[文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼] A ? ? ? ? ?[文章編號(hào)] 1673-7210(2020)06(a)-0016-05
[Abstract] Objective To explore the correlation between heart rate variability and severity and prognosis of sepsis. Methods A total of 98 sepsis patients (observation group) admitted to People′s Hospital of Aba Tibetan and Qiang Autonomous Prefecture from January 2017 to January 2019 were selected, while according to acute physiology and chronic health evaluation (APACHE Ⅱ) score, the observation group was divided into sepsis group (0-10 scores, 39 cases), severe sepsis group (11-20 scores, 32 cases) and sepsis shock group (>20 scores, 27 cases). A total of 50 healthy patients (control group) in the same period were selected for dynamic electrocardiogram. Heart rate variability parameters (standard deviation of normal-to-normal intervals [SDNN], standard deviation of averaged normal-to-normal intervals [SDANN], root of the mean square of successive differences [rMSSD], percentage of adjacent normal-to -normal intervals differing by more than 50 ms [PNN50], low frequency [LF], high frequency [HF], LF/HF) were recorded. The heart rate variability parameters, APACHE Ⅱ score and prognosis were analyzed. Results The SDNN, LF, LF/HF in the observation group were lower than those in the control group (P < 0.05). The SDNN, LF, LF/HF in the severe sepsis group and septic shock group were lower than those in the sepsis group, while those in the septic shock group were lower than those in the severe sepsis group, and the differences were statistically significant (P < 0.05). SDNN, LF, LF/HF were negatively correlated with APACHE Ⅱ score (r = -0.459, -0.367, -0.405, P < 0.05). The area under the curve (AUC) of SDNN, LF, LF/HF to predict the prognosis of sepsis patients were 0.817, 0.802, and 0.937, respectively. The best cutoff values were 95.21 ms, 5.13 ms, and 0.41, while the sensitivity and specificity were 0.807 and 0.895; 0.645 and 0.881; 0.871 and 0.940, respectively. Conclusion Heart rate variability parameters SDNN, LF, LF/HF are closely related to the severity and prognosis of sepsis, which can be used as sensitive indicators for prognosis prediction.
[Key words] Heart rate variability; Sepsis; Acute physiology and chronic health evaluation score; Standard deviation of normal-to-normal intervals; Standard deviation of averaged normal-to-normal intervals
膿毒癥是臨床常見急危重癥,死亡率高,美國(guó)每年約有75萬(wàn)例膿毒癥新發(fā)病例,死亡率超過26.67%[1]。我國(guó)過去20年來(lái),膿毒癥發(fā)病率和死亡率均呈逐年增加趨勢(shì),是住院患者最常見死亡原因[2]。準(zhǔn)確評(píng)估膿毒癥患者病情有助于采取積極干預(yù)措施,改善患者預(yù)后。心率變異性又稱為心率波動(dòng)性,是反映自主神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)活性的敏感指標(biāo),臨床上通過對(duì)心率變異性分析反映心臟自主神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)活動(dòng)性、均衡性及相關(guān)病理狀態(tài)等[3]。膿毒癥是機(jī)體失控性炎性反應(yīng),而炎性反應(yīng)水平與心率變異性密切相關(guān)[4]。Rana等[5]報(bào)道膿毒癥患者自主神經(jīng)功能明顯失調(diào),而心率變異性是公認(rèn)的反映自主神經(jīng)功能變化的敏感指標(biāo)[6],提示膿毒癥患者存在心率變異性異常。然而,心率變異性評(píng)估是否可為膿毒癥患者病情和預(yù)后評(píng)估提供參考,目前尚無(wú)明確結(jié)論。鑒于此,本研究招募98例膿毒癥患者,檢測(cè)心率變異性情況,分析與患者病情和預(yù)后的相關(guān)性。
1 資料與方法
1.1 一般資料
選取阿壩藏族羌族自治州人民醫(yī)院(以下簡(jiǎn)稱“我院”)2017年1月~2019年1月收治的膿毒癥患者98例為觀察組。納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①符合2015年歐洲危重病醫(yī)學(xué)會(huì)制訂膿毒癥診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[7];②入住重癥監(jiān)護(hù)室(ICU)>24 h;③患者及其家屬知情同意,且臨床資料完整。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①合并室上性、室性心律失常、精神疾病、糖尿病、帕金森病等影響自主神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)疾病;②使用起搏器;③合并惡性腫瘤、免疫系統(tǒng)疾病;④既往有器質(zhì)性或功能性心臟病。其中,觀察組男51例,女47例;年齡45~68歲,平均(59.34±4.38)歲。采用急性生理與慢性健康(APACHE Ⅱ)評(píng)分[8]評(píng)估患者病情嚴(yán)重程度,采集入院24 h內(nèi)患者臨床指標(biāo),包括急性生理參數(shù)、慢性健康狀態(tài)、年齡3個(gè)維度,共14項(xiàng),總分0~71分。根據(jù)APACHE Ⅱ評(píng)分結(jié)果分別將患者分為膿毒癥組(0~10分,39例)、嚴(yán)重膿毒癥組(11~20分32例)、膿毒癥休克組(>20分,27例)。膿毒癥組男20例,女19例;年齡46~67歲,平均(59.19±4.57)歲。嚴(yán)重膿毒癥組男17例,女15例;年齡47~64歲,平均(59.03±4.19)歲。膿毒癥休克組男14例,女13例;年齡46~68歲,平均(59.92±4.66)歲。不同感染程度組膿毒癥患者年齡、性別比較,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P > 0.05),具有可比性。另選擇同期于我院體檢的50名健康志愿者為對(duì)照組,男29名,女21名;年齡41~63歲,平均(59.19±4.31)歲。觀察組和對(duì)照組年齡、性別比較,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P > 0.05),具有可比性。本研究獲得我院醫(yī)學(xué)倫理委員會(huì)批準(zhǔn)。
1.2 方法
12導(dǎo)聯(lián)動(dòng)態(tài)心電圖分析系統(tǒng)(江蘇徐州美康電子設(shè)備有限公司),記錄誤差<1%,連續(xù)記錄受試者4 h心電圖。為減小誤差,采用人工干預(yù)下程度分析心率變異性時(shí)域和頻域指標(biāo)。①時(shí)域指標(biāo)。總體標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(SDNN):全部正常竇性心搏間期的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差;均值標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(SDANN):連續(xù)5 min節(jié)段平均心動(dòng)周期的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差;差值均方根(rMSSD):相鄰正常竇性心動(dòng)周期差值的均方根;差值>50 ms百分比(PNN50):相鄰正常竇性心搏間期差值>50 ms心搏數(shù)占全部正常心搏總數(shù)的百分比。②頻域指標(biāo)。低頻功率(LF):頻段0.04~0.15 Hz;高頻功率(HF):頻段0.15~0.40 Hz;低頻功率與高頻功率比值(LF/HF)。所有膿毒癥患者均追蹤臨床結(jié)局,記錄住院期間死亡情況。
1.3 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法
運(yùn)用SPSS 25.0軟件對(duì)所得數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)分析,符合正態(tài)分布計(jì)量資料以均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(x±s)表示,采用單因素方差分析或t檢驗(yàn)。計(jì)數(shù)資料以例數(shù)或百分比表示,采用χ2檢驗(yàn)。Pearson相關(guān)系數(shù)描述心率變異性與APACHE Ⅱ相關(guān)性,受試者工作特征曲線(ROC)分析心率變異性對(duì)膿毒癥患者預(yù)后的預(yù)測(cè)價(jià)值。以P < 0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 兩組患者心率變異性比較
觀察組SDNN、LF、LF/HF低于對(duì)照組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P < 0.05);SDANN、rMSSD、PNN50、HF與對(duì)照組比較,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P > 0.05)。見表1。
2.2 不同感染程度患者心率變異性比較
不同膿毒癥感染程度患者SDNN、LF、LF/HF比較,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P < 0.05)。嚴(yán)重膿毒癥組、膿毒性休克組SDNN、LF、LF/HF低于膿毒癥組,且膿毒性休克組低于嚴(yán)重膿毒癥組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P < 0.05)。不同膿毒癥感染程度組SDANN、rMSSD、PNN50、HF比較,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P > 0.05)。
2.3 膿毒癥患者心率變異性與APACHE Ⅱ相關(guān)性
APACHE Ⅱ評(píng)分與SDNN、LF、LF/HF呈負(fù)相關(guān)(r = -0.459、-0.367、-0.405,P < 0.05),與SDANN、rMSSD、PNN50、HF無(wú)明顯相關(guān)性(P > 0.05)。
2.4 心率變異性與膿毒癥患者預(yù)后的預(yù)測(cè)價(jià)值
98例患者住院期間死亡31例,存活67例,9例死于感染性休克,7例死于多臟器功能衰竭,5例死于肺部感染,9例死于腎損傷。SDNN、LF、LF/HF預(yù)測(cè)膿毒癥患者AUC分別為0.817、0.802、0.937。見表3、圖1。
3 討論
正常情況下心率在一定范圍內(nèi)波動(dòng),具有變異性和適應(yīng)不同應(yīng)激反應(yīng)的能力。膿毒癥發(fā)病過程神經(jīng)-內(nèi)分泌和炎性反應(yīng)可影響心血管反射,進(jìn)而影響心臟自主神經(jīng)調(diào)節(jié)功能[9-10]。炎性反應(yīng)可激活交感神經(jīng)系統(tǒng),交感神經(jīng)興奮可促使兒茶酚胺大量釋放,兒茶酚胺具有抗炎和血管活性,并引起心臟反應(yīng)降低。相關(guān)研究指出在膿毒癥過程中交感神經(jīng)興奮,迷走神經(jīng)受抑制,迷走-交感神經(jīng)張力處于失衡狀態(tài)[11]。與健康者比較,膿毒癥患者心率變異性降低已被多數(shù)研究證實(shí)[12-13]。然而心率變異性相關(guān)參數(shù)對(duì)膿毒癥患者病情炎癥程度的敏感性尚不清楚,目前尚無(wú)統(tǒng)一的可用于臨床評(píng)估膿毒癥病情及預(yù)測(cè)不良預(yù)后的指標(biāo)。因此,心率變異性作為膿毒癥病情評(píng)估和死亡預(yù)測(cè)仍值得進(jìn)一步研究。
心率變異性指心電圖RR間期變異,反映交感和副交感神經(jīng)張力及其平衡,任何影響心臟自主神經(jīng)功能的疾病均可引起心率變異性變化。心率變異性在膿毒癥、膿毒癥休克中有廣泛的應(yīng)用,心率變異性降低被認(rèn)為是膿毒癥早期表現(xiàn)[14]。心率變異性參數(shù)臨床意義尚不完全闡明,SDNN是最常用的參數(shù),反映心率變異性的所有成分(包括交感和副交感神經(jīng)活性)[14]。HF反映竇房結(jié)的迷走神經(jīng)活動(dòng)(副交感神經(jīng)),LF反映交感神經(jīng)和副交感神經(jīng)活動(dòng),以交感神經(jīng)為主[15]。LF/HF反映交感神經(jīng)和迷走神經(jīng)平衡狀態(tài)[16-17]。本研究觀察組SDNN、LF、LF/HF低于對(duì)照組,提示膿毒癥患者心率變異性降低與自主神經(jīng)功能失衡有關(guān)。動(dòng)物研究顯示[9],豬HF降低最為明顯,LF無(wú)明顯變化,暗示迷走神經(jīng)受抑制可能是膿毒癥心率變異性降低的主要機(jī)制之一。迷走神經(jīng)刺激抑制炎癥介質(zhì)的產(chǎn)生,進(jìn)而抑制炎性反應(yīng),迷走神經(jīng)受抑制將促進(jìn)全身性炎癥和膿毒癥進(jìn)展[18]。迷走神經(jīng)對(duì)炎性反應(yīng)調(diào)節(jié)機(jī)制尚不十分明確,可能與迷走神經(jīng)-膽堿能抗炎通路有關(guān),刺激迷走神經(jīng)-膽堿能抗炎通路可下調(diào)炎癥介質(zhì)表達(dá)[19],對(duì)全身炎性反應(yīng)損害的相關(guān)機(jī)制起保護(hù)作用,緩解膿毒癥的病情發(fā)展。本研究觀察組膿毒癥病情進(jìn)展嚴(yán)重患者心率變異性較低,de Castilho等[10]在研究中同樣發(fā)現(xiàn)膿毒癥死亡患者SDNN、LF、LF/HF低于存活組,提示SDNN、LF、LF/HF可能是評(píng)估膿毒癥患者病情和預(yù)后的敏感指標(biāo)。
本研究相關(guān)性分析顯示,SDNN、LF、LF/HF與APACHE Ⅱ評(píng)分均呈負(fù)相關(guān),提示膿毒癥患者病情越嚴(yán)重心率變異性越低,自主神經(jīng)功能越差。首先,膿毒癥患者病情危重時(shí),交感神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)過度激活并引起多臟器功能障礙,心臟作為最易受累器官之一,功能降低可引起諸如心肌缺血、心律失常、舒張受限等一系列改變,影響心率變異性。其次,膿毒癥時(shí)迷走神經(jīng)處于抑制狀態(tài),隨著病情加重,迷走神經(jīng)抑制程度加重,心率變異性逐漸降低。陳偉等[20]研究同樣顯示膿毒癥患者SDNN與APACHE Ⅱ評(píng)分具有良好相關(guān)性(r = -0.451,P = 0.006)。國(guó)外報(bào)道顯示[21],SDNN、LF、LF/HF降低與膿毒癥患者預(yù)后密切相關(guān)。本研究通過ROC分析證實(shí)SDNN、LF、LF/HF具有較高的預(yù)測(cè)膿毒癥患者預(yù)后價(jià)值。國(guó)外研究顯示[10],SDNN預(yù)測(cè)膿毒癥患者預(yù)后AUC為0.772(95%CI:0.638~0.960),LF/HF預(yù)測(cè)膿毒癥患者72 h內(nèi)死亡的靈敏度為34%,特異度為82%[22]。
綜上,膿毒癥患者存在心率變異性降低,心率變異性與病情嚴(yán)重程度和預(yù)后密切相關(guān)。心率變異性參數(shù)SDNN、LF、LF/HF可作為膿毒癥患者病情評(píng)估和短期預(yù)后預(yù)測(cè)的重要指標(biāo)。
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(收稿日期:2019-11-13 ?本文編輯:王曉曄)