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石斛屬植物抗腫瘤活性成分及其機(jī)制研究進(jìn)展

2021-01-12 01:00李健王美娜趙美麗李鶴娟胡玥陳建兵
廣西植物 2021年10期
關(guān)鍵詞:活性成分抗腫瘤石斛

李健 王美娜 趙美麗 李鶴娟 胡玥 陳建兵

摘 要:石斛屬(Dendrobium)是蘭科植物中的第二大屬,很多石斛屬植物是傳統(tǒng)的名貴藥用植物,具有良好的抗腫瘤作用。近年來石斛屬植物抗腫瘤研究取得了顯著進(jìn)展,該文對(duì)石斛屬植物的抗腫瘤主要活性成分、提取方法以及抗腫瘤機(jī)制等方面進(jìn)行了歸納。石斛屬植物抗腫瘤主要活性成分有多糖、生物堿、菲類、聯(lián)芐類、芴酮類化合物等,抗腫瘤作用機(jī)制主要有增強(qiáng)機(jī)體免疫力、抑制癌細(xì)胞增殖、促進(jìn)癌細(xì)胞凋亡、調(diào)控或阻滯癌細(xì)胞周期、抗氧化和清除自由基、改變信號(hào)通路傳導(dǎo)等。在此基礎(chǔ)上,進(jìn)一步提出加強(qiáng)對(duì)石斛屬植物抗癌方面的深入研究,挖掘更多的石斛屬藥用資源及其特征成分,深入解析它們的抗腫瘤作用機(jī)制,建立全面的評(píng)價(jià)體系,為開發(fā)石斛屬植物抗癌藥物提供理論基礎(chǔ),為合理、有效地利用石斛屬資源提供科學(xué)依據(jù)。

關(guān)鍵詞:石斛,抗腫瘤,活性成分,作用機(jī)制

中圖分類號(hào):Q946

文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼:A

文章編號(hào):1000-3142(2021)10-1730-16

Abstract:Dendrobium is the second largest genus of Orchidaceae. Many species of Dendrobium are traditional valuable medicinal plants and have pharmacological activities in antitumor. In recent years,remarkable progress has been made in the antitumor researches of Dendrobium species. The main antitumor ingredients,extraction methods and antitumor mechanisms of Dendrobium species were summarized in this paper. The main antitumor active ingredients of Dendrobium are polysaccharides,alkaloids,phenanthrenes,benzyls and fluorenones. The antitumor mechanisms of Dendrobium species mainly include enhancing body immunity,inhibiting proliferation of cancer cells,promoting apoptosis of cancer cells,regulating or blocking cancer cell cycle,antioxidation and scavenging free radicals,and changing signal pathway conduction. Based on previous researches,we further proposed that much more effort are needed on the antitumor researches of Dendrobium species. For example,exploring more antitumor Dendrobium resources and their characteristic ingredients,analyzing their antitumor mechanism,and establishing comprehensive evaluation system. This article could provide experimental and theoretical foundations for developing new antitumor medicine from Dendrobium species,and provide scientific basis for the rational and effective utilizatin of Dendrobium resources.

Key words:Dendrobium,antitumor,active ingredient,mechanism of action

石斛屬(Dendrobium)是蘭科(Orchidaceae)植物中的第二大屬,種類繁多,常附生于海拔較高的林中樹干或濕潤(rùn)巖石上,喜半蔭環(huán)境,廣泛分布于亞洲、澳大利亞、歐洲等地(Chen et al.,2009)。Flora of China記載我國(guó)石斛屬有78種,主要分布于云南、貴州、廣西、廣東、海南和臺(tái)灣等地(Chen et al.,2009)。中醫(yī)藥著作記載石斛具有生津益胃、益精強(qiáng)陰等藥理作用(國(guó)家中醫(yī)藥管理局,1999)。近年來,石斛屬植物的藥用價(jià)值,特別是其在抗腫瘤活性方面的作用逐漸受到國(guó)內(nèi)外研究者的重視。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),多種石斛屬植物具有顯著的抗腫瘤作用,如鐵皮石斛(D. catenatum)可抑制小鼠Lewis肺癌腫瘤細(xì)胞、人肝癌細(xì)胞HepG2、人肺癌細(xì)胞A549、人畸胎瘤干細(xì)胞NCCIT及小鼠畸胎瘤干細(xì)胞F9的生長(zhǎng),誘導(dǎo)HepG2癌細(xì)胞凋亡(劉亞娟等,2014;王杰等,2014;Xing et al.,2018b; 羅穎懿等,2019);金釵石斛(D. nobile)可抑制結(jié)腸腺癌細(xì)胞Caco-2、人三陰性乳腺癌細(xì)胞的增殖等(王亞蕓,2015;宋林霞,2019)。本文對(duì)石斛屬植物主要抗腫瘤活性成分、提取方法、抗腫瘤機(jī)制等研究進(jìn)展進(jìn)行了綜述,以期為深入研究和應(yīng)用石斛屬植物抗腫瘤作用提供參考。

1 主要抗腫瘤活性成分及作用

石斛屬植物的主要化學(xué)成分有多糖、生物堿、菲類、聯(lián)芐類、芴酮類、黃酮類、木脂素類、香豆素類、蒽醌類、苷類、酯類等化合物(王東暉等,2019)。研究表明,石斛屬植物抗腫瘤作用活性成分主要有生物堿類、多糖類、酚類等(王琳煒,2017;周威等,2018;宋林霞,2019),詳見表1。

1.1 多糖

多糖是石斛屬植物最主要的活性成分,具有抗炎、抗氧化、抗病毒、抗腫瘤、提高免疫力等功效(Xing et al.,2013),主要由葡萄糖、半乳糖、木糖及阿拉伯糖和甘露糖組成(周思靜等,2018)。石斛多糖對(duì)肉瘤180腫瘤細(xì)胞(Wang et al.,2010)、H22肝癌腹水細(xì)胞(何鐵光等,2007)、HepG2人肝癌細(xì)(Xing et al.,2018b)、人肺癌細(xì)胞A549(劉亞娟等,2014)、人畸胎瘤干細(xì)胞NCCIT(劉亞娟等,2014)等腫瘤細(xì)胞均具有良好的抑制作用。鐵皮石斛多糖在體外聯(lián)合白細(xì)胞介素-2能顯著增強(qiáng)臍帶血及惡性腫瘤病人外周血LAK細(xì)胞殺傷腫瘤細(xì)胞的作用(羅慧玲等,2000)。Tong et al.(2016)研究了齒瓣石斛(D. devonianum)莖中水溶性多糖對(duì)S180荷瘤小鼠的抗腫瘤活性和免疫刺激作用,結(jié)果表明水溶性多糖可通過改善特異性和非特異性免疫應(yīng)答以及增加結(jié)腸總短鏈脂肪酸SCFAs的濃度,顯著抑制S180荷瘤小鼠中移植腫瘤的生長(zhǎng)。羅傲雪等(2007)研究了疊鞘石斛(D. denneanum)不同濃度的多糖、醇提物及水提物對(duì)人肝癌細(xì)胞SMMC-7721生長(zhǎng)的抑制作用,結(jié)果表明多糖對(duì)癌細(xì)胞抑制作用最強(qiáng),是疊鞘石斛抗腫瘤最為有效的成分。Liu et al.(2019)綜述了近年來有關(guān)天然多糖抗腫瘤活性的研究進(jìn)展,認(rèn)為多糖具有一定的抗腫瘤活性與改善腸道滲漏、避免營(yíng)養(yǎng)不良、增強(qiáng)免疫穩(wěn)態(tài)有關(guān)。Deng et al.(2018)通過研究石斛多糖的結(jié)構(gòu)、化學(xué)性質(zhì)和免疫調(diào)節(jié)活性,發(fā)現(xiàn)石斛多糖可以提高包括NO釋放和吞噬在內(nèi)的巨噬細(xì)胞的免疫功能,可以作為一種天然的免疫刺激劑。Liu et al.(2019)研究表明石斛多糖有利于免疫抑制條件下的小鼠提高巨噬細(xì)胞的生存能力和吞噬能力。球花石斛(D. thyrsiflorum)多糖可顯著增加脾臟重量、增強(qiáng)巨噬細(xì)胞的吞噬功能、加速碳粒的清除以及刺激B淋巴細(xì)胞的增殖,是良好的免疫調(diào)節(jié)劑(宋寧等,2006)。黃花石斛(D. tosaense)多糖可顯著增加脾臟自然殺傷的細(xì)胞數(shù)量和細(xì)胞毒性,增強(qiáng)巨噬細(xì)胞吞噬作用,誘導(dǎo)脾細(xì)胞中IL-2細(xì)胞因子和IFN-SymbolgA@

細(xì)胞因子的產(chǎn)生,發(fā)揮著強(qiáng)大的免疫調(diào)節(jié)劑的作用(Yang et al.,2014)。因此,石斛多糖具有抗腫瘤活性的機(jī)制可能與石斛多糖具有免疫調(diào)節(jié)活性密切相關(guān)。

1.2 生物堿

石斛屬植物中已發(fā)現(xiàn)52個(gè)生物堿成分,常見含有生物堿的有7種,即金釵石斛、束花石斛(D. chrysanthum)、玫瑰石斛(D. crepidatum)、棒節(jié)石斛(D. findleyanum)、鉻黃石斛(D. friedericksianum)、報(bào)春石斛(D. primulinum)和黃喉石斛(D. signatum)(李振堅(jiān)等,2019)。1932年,鈴木秀干首次從金釵石斛中提取到石斛堿,是石斛屬植物中最早發(fā)現(xiàn)的化合物(徐瓊等,2010)。石斛生物堿的藥理作用主要表現(xiàn)在清熱解毒、抗腫瘤、降血糖血脂、抗血栓、改善腦供血等方面(何沁嶷,2016;張明輝,2016)。石斛生物堿對(duì)多種癌細(xì)胞具有抑制作用,如乳腺癌、結(jié)腸癌、Lewis肺癌等。安欣等(2015)研究發(fā)現(xiàn),石斛生物堿可以通過調(diào)控乳腺癌細(xì)胞MCF-7的細(xì)胞周期來誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞凋亡。和磊等(2017)發(fā)現(xiàn),石斛脂溶性生物堿提取物可以誘導(dǎo)上調(diào)促細(xì)胞凋亡因子,并通過線粒體凋亡途徑使釋放到胞漿中的凋亡因子與關(guān)鍵蛋白Caspase-9酶結(jié)合,觸發(fā)細(xì)胞凋亡過程,最終引起人結(jié)腸癌HT-29細(xì)胞凋亡。王杰等(2014)通過研究鮮鐵皮石斛提取物的抗Lewis肺癌機(jī)制以及對(duì)Lewis肺癌小鼠瘤塊血管內(nèi)皮生長(zhǎng)因子VEGF、增殖細(xì)胞核抗原PCNA、腫瘤組織微血管密度MVD的影響,發(fā)現(xiàn)鮮鐵皮石斛生物堿可抑制小鼠Lewis肺癌腫瘤細(xì)胞的生長(zhǎng)。其機(jī)制可能是通過促進(jìn)T細(xì)胞亞群的生長(zhǎng),與淋巴細(xì)胞膜上的T細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng)因子受體結(jié)合,從而調(diào)節(jié)機(jī)體的細(xì)胞免疫發(fā)揮抗腫瘤作用;也可能是通過鮮鐵皮石斛生物堿和多糖聯(lián)合抑制瘤塊VEGF、PCNA、MVD的表達(dá)來實(shí)現(xiàn)。金釵石斛的水溶性生物堿可通過誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞G1期阻滯,從而抑制結(jié)腸腺癌細(xì)胞Caco-2的生長(zhǎng),其水溶性生物堿和脂溶性生物堿粗提物都可激活Caspase-3酶,誘導(dǎo)癌細(xì)胞凋亡,抑制結(jié)腸腺癌細(xì)胞Caco-2的增殖(王亞蕓,2015)。宋林霞(2019)研究了金釵石斛生物堿對(duì)三陰性乳腺癌細(xì)胞的作用及機(jī)制,發(fā)現(xiàn)金釵石斛生物堿對(duì)人三陰性乳腺癌細(xì)胞增殖具有明顯的抑制作用。

1.3 酚類化合物

石斛屬植物中的酚類化合物主要包括菲類、聯(lián)芐類、芴酮類等,具有抗腫瘤、降血糖、提高免疫力等功效(周婧等,2010;Zhu et al.,2019)。石斛酚具有抑制非小細(xì)胞肺癌H460細(xì)胞上皮間質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)化的能力(Unahabhokha et al.,2016a),可抑制H460細(xì)胞的遷移(Charoenrungruang et al.,2014),抑制肝癌細(xì)胞HepG2的生長(zhǎng)及誘導(dǎo)HepG2細(xì)胞的凋亡(陳歡歡,2017)、抑制乳腺癌細(xì)胞的活力和遷移(Yu et al.,2018)。長(zhǎng)蘇石斛(D. brymerianum)全株甲醇提取物分離的8種酚類化合物中,杓唇石斛素、石斛酚、lusianthridin和dendroflorin對(duì)人類H460肺癌細(xì)胞具有明顯的細(xì)胞毒性,表現(xiàn)出一定的抗腫瘤活性(Pornprom et al.,2015)。鼓槌石斛(D. chrysotoxum)中含有的鼓槌菲對(duì)艾氏腹水癌的抑瘤率可達(dá)到62.25%(馬國(guó)祥等,1994)。聯(lián)芐類化合物具有抗氧化、抗癌等活性(Hu et al.,2008),目前關(guān)于石斛成分研究較多的毛蘭素即屬于聯(lián)芐類化合物。毛蘭素可誘導(dǎo)膀胱癌細(xì)胞(朱啟彧,2013;Zhu et al.,2019)、鼻咽癌細(xì)胞(Liu et al.,2019)、結(jié)腸癌SW480細(xì)胞(崔旭琴等,2011)、結(jié)腸癌細(xì)胞Caco-2(崔名揚(yáng)等,2016)、胃癌細(xì)胞SGC-7901(洪衛(wèi)等,2008)、乳腺癌T47D細(xì)胞(Sun et al.,2016a)的凋亡,能顯著抑制人肝癌Huh7細(xì)胞和HepG2細(xì)胞的增殖(蘇鵬等,2011;王晶,2013)。石斛菲醌是從石斛屬中分離出的聯(lián)芐類化合物。石斛菲醌可誘導(dǎo)人類結(jié)腸癌HCT-116細(xì)胞、肺癌A549細(xì)胞顯示出典型的凋亡特征(Chen et al.,2008; Kuo et al.,2008),通過抑制Rac1蛋白活性來抑制前列腺癌的遷移(Lu et al.,2014),通過上調(diào)卵巢癌增生及轉(zhuǎn)移相關(guān)基因CASP3、CASP9、CAV1及下調(diào)SOX2基因的表達(dá)來抑制人卵巢癌細(xì)胞HO-8910PM的增殖和轉(zhuǎn)移(張曉文等,2016)。從密花石斛(D. densiflorum)中提取的菲醌物質(zhì)杓蘭素具有抗腫瘤遷移等多種藥理活性特性。Treesuwan et al.(2018)使用H460和H23細(xì)胞作為體外模型研究了杓蘭素對(duì)肺癌細(xì)胞的抗轉(zhuǎn)移潛力,結(jié)果表明杓蘭素通過抑制Akt/GSK-3β信號(hào)傳導(dǎo)減少非小細(xì)胞肺癌細(xì)胞的上皮間質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)化,對(duì)抑制肺癌轉(zhuǎn)移具有良好的藥理作用。此外,一項(xiàng)關(guān)于杓蘭素使非小細(xì)胞肺癌H460細(xì)胞對(duì)順鉑介導(dǎo)的細(xì)胞敏感凋亡的研究表明,杓蘭素能夠激活caspase-3并下調(diào)抗凋亡蛋白Bcl-2和Bcl-xL的表達(dá),誘導(dǎo)人肺癌H460細(xì)胞凋亡并增強(qiáng)順鉑介導(dǎo)的癌細(xì)胞凋亡,杓蘭素作為抗癌藥或與順鉑結(jié)合使用可能會(huì)增加肺癌治療的成功率(Wattanathamsan et al.,2018)。

2 主要抗腫瘤活性成分提取方法

石斛屬植物主要活性成分提取方法有水提取(劉奇等,2019)、醇提?。S麗等,2017)、水提醇沉(賀雨馨等,2018)、超臨界流體萃?。R成林,2014)、微波提?。ú襁B周等,2018)、超聲提取(郭旭等,2019)、酶提法(敖嬌等,2018)、閃式提取(蔡興等,2016)、半仿生提取(戴瑋等,2018)等,各提取方法的最佳工藝參數(shù),一般需要通過對(duì)各項(xiàng)影響實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果的單因素進(jìn)行考察實(shí)驗(yàn),結(jié)合正交優(yōu)化實(shí)驗(yàn)研究最終確定。

2.1 水提法

水提法是最經(jīng)典常用的提取方法,提取容液的料液比、浸提溫度、提取時(shí)間以及提取次數(shù)都是影響水提效果較多的單因素。劉奇等(2019)以鐵皮石斛多糖提取率、固含量為考察指標(biāo),提出鐵皮石斛水提最佳工藝條件為料液比1∶30、提取3次、每次提取5 h。王麗霞等(2019)采用正交試驗(yàn)方法,發(fā)現(xiàn)在料液比1∶80、提取溫度80 ℃、提取3次、每次提取2 h的工藝條件下鐵皮石斛多糖提取效率最高。單冰冰等(2017)研究表明,鐵皮石斛多糖最優(yōu)提取工藝為料液比1∶70、提取溫度90 ℃、提取2次、每次提取78.5 min。王洪云等(2017)通過正交試驗(yàn)對(duì)齒瓣石斛多糖提取的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),最優(yōu)工藝為料液比1∶25、溫度100 ℃、提取次數(shù)2次、每次提取1 h。水提法操作簡(jiǎn)單,提取溫度高、提取次數(shù)多則提取效率高。因此,水提法能耗較高,成本相比于其他提取工藝也高。

2.2 酶提取

酶提取效率較高,近年來應(yīng)用較廣泛(敖嬌等,2018)。酶的種類、添加量、酶解溫度、酶解時(shí)間、料液比、pH值等因素均會(huì)影響提取效率。楊巖等(2017)使用α-L-鼠李糖苷酶提取鐵皮石斛多糖,在加酶量為2.5%、酶解溫度為40 ℃、酶解時(shí)間為1 h時(shí)提取效率最高。韓冉等(2017)對(duì)鐵皮石斛多糖提取工藝優(yōu)化及分子量分析結(jié)果表明,果膠酶濃度1 500 U·L-1、酶解pH值6.0、酶解溫度60 ℃為最優(yōu)提取工藝參數(shù)。敖嬌等(2018)對(duì)金釵石斛中生物堿與多糖聯(lián)合酶提工藝的優(yōu)化結(jié)果表明,木瓜蛋白酶提取的最佳條件為加酶量0.10 g,料液比1∶50,酶解溫度45 ℃,酶解時(shí)間2 h;纖維素酶提取的最佳條件為加酶量0.30 g,料液比1∶40,酶解溫度50 ℃,酶解時(shí)間2 h;果膠酶提取的最佳條件為加酶量0.45 g,料液比1∶40,酶解時(shí)間2 h。雖然酶提取具有高生產(chǎn)率、能耗低、污染少等優(yōu)點(diǎn),但酶反應(yīng)控制條件要求高,酶解溫度、酶解時(shí)間、酶用量都影響提取效率,不易操作。

2.3 超聲提取

超聲提取操作簡(jiǎn)單,短時(shí)間內(nèi)可達(dá)到較高的提取效率,常用來結(jié)合其他提取工藝技術(shù),具有提取時(shí)間短、能耗低、提取效率高等優(yōu)點(diǎn)。超聲功率、超聲時(shí)間、提取溫度、料液比參數(shù)等因素均會(huì)影響提取率。郭旭等(2019)超聲結(jié)合60%甲醇提取河南石斛(D. henanense)游離氨基酸的最優(yōu)工藝條件為料液比1∶40、超聲時(shí)間30 min、超聲功率240 W、提取4次。楊曉娜等(2018)對(duì)鐵皮石斛花色苷的超聲波結(jié)合60%的酸性乙醇提取工藝及抗氧化活性的研究表明,花色苷提取最優(yōu)工藝參數(shù)為乙醇體積分?jǐn)?shù)30%、料液比1∶20、超聲溫度40 ℃、超聲時(shí)間70 min、超聲波功率180 W。邱現(xiàn)創(chuàng)等(2018)研究表明,在料液比1∶50.26、溫度41.74 ℃、超聲時(shí)間28.65 min的條件下,鐵皮石斛多糖的提取效率最高。魏明等(2016)研究表明,超聲波結(jié)合纖維素酶法提取霍山石斛(D. huoshanense)多酚最優(yōu)工藝參數(shù)為酶質(zhì)量濃度2.1 mg·mL-1、酶解溫度57 ℃、酶解時(shí)間71 min、酶解pH值5、超聲功率180 W、超聲時(shí)間20 min。余芳等(2016)研究發(fā)現(xiàn),料液比1∶25、超聲時(shí)間40 min、水提時(shí)間120 min、水提溫度80 ℃為超聲提取金釵石斛多糖的最優(yōu)工藝參數(shù)。

2.4 微波提取

微波技術(shù)具有反應(yīng)時(shí)間短、可進(jìn)行選擇性加熱、節(jié)能環(huán)保、操作簡(jiǎn)單、反應(yīng)效率高等優(yōu)點(diǎn),較傳統(tǒng)水提法工藝在中藥天然活性成分提取上的效果良好且應(yīng)用廣泛(柴連周等,2018)。微波功率、微波時(shí)間、料液比等提取工藝參數(shù)都是影響提取效率的因素??妶@欣等(2019)對(duì)鐵皮石斛花多糖提取工藝及體外抗氧化性研究表明,在料液比1∶50、微波時(shí)間3 min、超聲時(shí)間55 min、微波功率450 W的條件下,鐵皮石斛花多糖超聲波—微波協(xié)同提取效率最高。陳盛余等(2017)將微波技術(shù)應(yīng)用于鐵皮石斛多糖的提取,得到的最佳工藝條件為料液比1∶45、提取溫度95 ℃、提取時(shí)間30 min、微波功率900 W。

在石斛抗腫瘤活性成分研究中,能否高效提取其活性成分是研究石斛抗腫瘤作用的關(guān)鍵,不同提取方法對(duì)石斛有效成分抗腫瘤活性的影響較為顯著。張雪琴等(2019)研究發(fā)現(xiàn)疊鞘石斛乙醚提取物相比醇或水提取物對(duì)肺癌細(xì)胞具有更強(qiáng)的抑制作用。李瑩等(2018)研究了金釵石斛與疊鞘石斛不同極性成分的提取及其對(duì)肺癌A549細(xì)胞的抑制作用,發(fā)現(xiàn)石斛乙醚提取物對(duì)肺癌細(xì)胞的抑制作用較強(qiáng),水和乙醇提取法對(duì)石斛抗腫瘤成分的提取效率較低。利用水提乙醇沉淀法從鐵皮石斛莖中提取純化后的多糖組分均具有高效的抗氧化和抗腫瘤活性(Xing et al.,2018b)。鮑麗娟(2007)研究了霍山石斛、鐵皮石斛、金釵石斛和馬鞭石斛(D. fimhriatum)的水提物、石油醚、乙酸乙酯及正丁醇提取部位,發(fā)現(xiàn)不同極性部位提取物對(duì)人宮頸癌HelsS3和肝癌HepG2細(xì)胞株抑制作用程度不同。嚴(yán)慕賢等(2015)研究了金釵石斛水溶性多糖與堿溶性多糖對(duì)人宮頸癌HeLa細(xì)胞增殖的影響,發(fā)現(xiàn)水溶性多糖質(zhì)量濃度較高時(shí),對(duì)人宮頸癌HeLa細(xì)胞的生長(zhǎng)有抑制作用,此作用隨著質(zhì)量濃度的增高而增強(qiáng),而堿溶性多糖則與之相反。綜上所述,對(duì)石斛活性成分的提取,同一提取方法的最佳工藝條件并不相同,不同工藝的適用范圍尚未得到深入研究,但成分提取最佳方案的探索基本遵循了首先確定影響因素,然后進(jìn)行單因素實(shí)驗(yàn)和正交實(shí)驗(yàn)研究,最終確定最佳工藝參數(shù)的規(guī)律。

3 抗腫瘤機(jī)制研究

3.1 增強(qiáng)機(jī)體免疫力

免疫系統(tǒng)在人體抵抗癌癥的天然防御中占有重要地位,免疫系統(tǒng)可以消除或抑制病毒感染,從而保護(hù)宿主免受病毒誘導(dǎo)的腫瘤侵襲;可以及時(shí)清除病原體并迅速消炎,阻止有利于腫瘤發(fā)生的炎性環(huán)境建立;可以根據(jù)腫瘤特異性抗原或細(xì)胞應(yīng)激誘導(dǎo)的分子表達(dá),特異性識(shí)別和消除腫瘤細(xì)胞(Swann & Smyth,2007)。疊鞘石斛多糖可通過增強(qiáng)機(jī)體的抗氧化能力提高抗腫瘤的免疫功能(羅傲雪等,2007)。Yang et al.(2017)的免疫藥理研究表明,自D. Taiseed Tosnobile中分離的多糖(DTTPS)可增加脾自然殺傷NK細(xì)胞的數(shù)量和毒性,增強(qiáng)巨噬細(xì)胞吞噬作用,誘導(dǎo)IL-2細(xì)胞因子和IFN-SymbolgA@

細(xì)胞因子產(chǎn)生,DTTPS被認(rèn)為是有效的免疫調(diào)節(jié)劑。Huang et al.(2015)使用環(huán)磷酰胺誘導(dǎo)的免疫抑制小鼠模型,重點(diǎn)研究了鐵皮石斛栽培種的莖及其兩個(gè)多糖組分(粗多糖和純化多糖)的免疫調(diào)節(jié)功能,結(jié)果表明鐵皮石斛栽培種的免疫調(diào)節(jié)活性和野生種相同,純化后的多糖是鐵皮石斛中關(guān)鍵的生物活性成分之一,其主要結(jié)構(gòu)為O-乙酰-葡甘露聚糖,β-(1→4)糖苷鍵和O-乙?;Y(jié)構(gòu)可能是負(fù)責(zé)免疫調(diào)節(jié)活動(dòng)的功能結(jié)構(gòu)。He et al.(2016)進(jìn)一步證實(shí)純化的結(jié)構(gòu)為O-乙酰-葡甘露聚糖的鐵皮石斛多糖具有顯著的免疫調(diào)節(jié)活性,其免疫機(jī)制是通過上調(diào)NF-кB和ERK1/2信號(hào)通路來實(shí)現(xiàn)。Huang et al.(2018)從鐵皮石斛莖中分離得到的2,3-O-乙?;?,4-β-d-葡甘露聚糖可通過TLR4信號(hào)通路介導(dǎo)的NF-кB誘導(dǎo)免疫反應(yīng),調(diào)節(jié)免疫反應(yīng)、增強(qiáng)免疫力。Liang et al.(2019)研究證明鐵皮石斛多糖可增強(qiáng)結(jié)直腸癌小鼠腫瘤微環(huán)境中細(xì)胞毒性T淋巴細(xì)胞CTLs的代謝功能,減少CTLs中線粒體的損失,并抑制CTLs中免疫抑制因子PD-1的表達(dá),恢復(fù)腸屏障功能,增強(qiáng)腸道抗腫瘤免疫反應(yīng),抑制結(jié)直腸癌。綜上所述,石斛可以作為免疫調(diào)節(jié)劑,增強(qiáng)機(jī)體免疫力,提高機(jī)體抗腫瘤能力。

3.2 抑制癌細(xì)胞增殖

抑制癌細(xì)胞增殖可保護(hù)宿主免受癌癥進(jìn)一步擴(kuò)大化的影響。多種石斛提取物具有抑制癌細(xì)胞增殖的作用。鼓槌石斛中提取的天然產(chǎn)物毛蘭素可通過減少Bcl-2的表達(dá),激活Caspase信號(hào)傳導(dǎo),誘導(dǎo)人乳腺癌細(xì)胞株T47D細(xì)胞凋亡,進(jìn)而有效抑制T47D細(xì)胞的增殖。毛蘭素能抑制細(xì)胞周期蛋白依賴性激酶的表達(dá)并引起細(xì)胞周期停滯,通過調(diào)節(jié)基質(zhì)金屬蛋白酶MPP及其組織特異性抑制物TIMP的穩(wěn)態(tài)表達(dá)來實(shí)現(xiàn)抑制T47D細(xì)胞的遷移,同時(shí)不會(huì)影響正常乳腺上皮細(xì)胞系MCF10A的增殖(Sun et al.,2016a)。不同生長(zhǎng)年限的鐵皮石斛醇提取物對(duì)人肝癌細(xì)胞HepG2、人宮頸癌細(xì)胞HeLa均有抗增殖作用,生長(zhǎng)期限較長(zhǎng)的,其抗HeLa腫瘤活性作用也較強(qiáng)(林麗珍等,2018)。鐵皮石斛莖乙醇提取物具有抑制人鼻咽癌CNE1和CNE2細(xì)胞增殖的作用(鄧鵬,2010)。疊鞘石斛乙醚提取物可干擾癌細(xì)胞內(nèi)蛋白等物質(zhì)的代謝過程,干擾癌細(xì)胞正常的黏附功能以及細(xì)胞周期調(diào)控,使癌細(xì)胞的自我修復(fù)機(jī)制出現(xiàn)異常,導(dǎo)致癌細(xì)胞的黏附與增殖功能受損,從而抑制肺癌細(xì)胞A549的增殖(張雪琴等,2019)。疊鞘石斛的黃酮類化合物可通過誘導(dǎo)人肝癌細(xì)胞HepG2顯著凋亡來抑制HepG2細(xì)胞的增殖(Zhou et al.,2018)。細(xì)胞周期蛋白依賴性激酶通過維持細(xì)胞周期在控制細(xì)胞增殖中起關(guān)鍵作用(張京玉等,2015),有效活性成分通過抑制細(xì)胞周期蛋白依賴性激酶的表達(dá)量可抑制癌細(xì)胞增殖。對(duì)Huh7癌細(xì)胞的增殖抑制作用中,毛蘭素通過抑制Akt激酶活性、下調(diào)Mcl-1蛋白表達(dá)活性以及激活PARP活性的方式來實(shí)現(xiàn)(蘇鵬等,2011)。

3.3 促進(jìn)癌細(xì)胞凋亡

抗腫瘤治療的障礙主要是惡性腫瘤細(xì)胞的抗凋亡能力,癌細(xì)胞對(duì)凋亡敏感的識(shí)別策略是抗腫瘤研究的首要任務(wù)(Magwere,2009)。疊鞘石斛中的杓唇石斛素可增加活性氧ROS的生成,調(diào)節(jié)Bax/Bcl2(促凋亡蛋白/抗凋亡蛋白)比值,進(jìn)而誘導(dǎo)胰腺癌細(xì)胞凋亡(Zhang et al.,2017)。鐵皮石斛多糖可通過誘導(dǎo)Bcl-2的下調(diào)及Bax的上調(diào),改變線粒體的功能、ROS的產(chǎn)生及與凋亡相關(guān)蛋白表達(dá)來誘導(dǎo)人肝癌細(xì)胞HepG2的凋亡(Xing et al.,2018b)。在1-甲基-3-硝基-1-亞硝基胍MNNG誘導(dǎo)的大鼠胃腫瘤發(fā)生過程中,鐵皮石斛水提取物可下調(diào)MDA和8-羥基-脫氧鳥苷8-OHdG的表達(dá),上調(diào)GSH-PX和IL-2的活性,表明鐵皮石斛具有抗氧化作用,可調(diào)節(jié)腫瘤發(fā)生相關(guān)的細(xì)胞因子,誘導(dǎo)癌細(xì)胞凋亡,從而達(dá)到預(yù)防胃癌的目的(Zhao et al.,2016)。毛蘭素通過線粒體膜的改變、死亡受體的激活和caspase-3、-8、-9的激活,引起鼻咽癌細(xì)胞系(NPC-039和NPC-BM)的凋亡和阻滯細(xì)胞周期,使用毛蘭素及其抑制劑可以增加癌細(xì)胞凋亡的發(fā)生率(Liu et al.,2019)。在D. venustum中分離得到的Phoyunnanin E通過活化caspase-3、-9和聚合酶的裂解,使細(xì)胞核濃縮和碎片化,可顯著誘導(dǎo)H460肺癌細(xì)胞凋亡;Phoyunnanin E可通過增加細(xì)胞內(nèi)p53蛋白的積累,利用p53蛋白依賴途徑介導(dǎo)細(xì)胞凋亡;Phoyunnanin E可誘導(dǎo)H23肺癌細(xì)胞的凋亡(Phiboonchaiyanan et al.,2018)。

3.4 調(diào)控或阻滯細(xì)胞周期

細(xì)胞周期內(nèi)G1到S和G2到M兩個(gè)階段處于復(fù)雜活躍的分子水平變化的時(shí)期,容易受環(huán)境條件的影響。因此,阻滯和調(diào)控G1/S期、G2/M期對(duì)促進(jìn)癌細(xì)胞凋亡有重要意義。毛蘭素可通過誘導(dǎo)骨肉瘤、膀胱癌的細(xì)胞周期G2/M期阻滯、凋亡和自噬顯示出抗腫瘤活性(Wang et al.,2016; Zhu et al.,2019)。細(xì)莖石斛(D. moniliforme)可通過誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞在G2/M期的周期阻滯和調(diào)控乳腺癌細(xì)胞中的關(guān)鍵生物標(biāo)志物來降低人乳腺癌細(xì)胞株MCF-7細(xì)胞的生存能力(Sun et al.,2016b)。金釵石斛的菲類衍生物3,4-二甲氧基-2,7-菲二醇Nudol是細(xì)胞周期蛋白依賴性激酶的良好抑制劑,Nudol通過引起骨肉瘤細(xì)胞U2OS中G2/M期的細(xì)胞周期停滯,對(duì)骨肉瘤細(xì)胞具有抗增殖活性(Zhang et al.,2019)。束花石斛乙醇提取物可通過上調(diào)人體抑癌基因p53干擾宮頸癌HeLa細(xì)胞周期進(jìn)程并導(dǎo)致S期細(xì)胞的延遲,進(jìn)而誘導(dǎo)HeLa細(xì)胞的凋亡(Prasad et al.,2017)。D. formosum乙醇提取物通過對(duì)Dalton淋巴瘤在細(xì)胞周期G2/M期的阻滯,可促進(jìn)Dalton淋巴瘤細(xì)胞的明顯凋亡,顯著增加Dalton淋巴瘤小鼠的生存時(shí)間(Prasad & Koch,2014)。

3.5 抗氧化和清除自由基

癌癥的發(fā)生與發(fā)展與自由基過剩密切相關(guān)(Stohs,1995),抗氧化和清除自由基對(duì)于癌癥防治具有重要意義。鐵皮石斛多糖能抑制8-羥基-脫氧鳥苷8-OHdG的活性,并激活核因子紅細(xì)胞2相關(guān)因子NRF2途徑及其相關(guān)的抗氧化酶HO-1和氧化還原酶NQO-1的表達(dá),改善抗氧化活性并保護(hù)胃粘膜細(xì)胞免受氧化損傷,防止1-甲基-3-硝基-1-亞硝基胍MNNG誘導(dǎo)的胃癌癌前病變以及隨后的肝腎損害(Zhao et al.,2019b)。鐵皮石斛多糖可顯著調(diào)節(jié)胃癌癌前病變大鼠模型中的9種內(nèi)源性代謝產(chǎn)物,其中最重要的一種是甜菜堿,它具有很強(qiáng)的抗氧化活性,從而具有一定的抗腫瘤作用(Zhao et al.,2019a)。Paudel et al.(2019)對(duì)玫瑰石斛莖的乙醇和丙酮提取物的抗氧化性和對(duì)癌細(xì)胞細(xì)胞毒性的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),這兩種提取物在濃度分別為73.90和99.44 μg·mL-1時(shí)顯示出對(duì)DPPH自由基(IC50)的抑制作用,在濃度為800 μg·mL-1的條件下,氯仿提取物抑制人宮頸癌HeLa細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng)的 81.49%±0.43%,己烷提取物抑制人膠質(zhì)母細(xì)胞瘤U251細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng)的76.45%±4.26%,說明玫瑰石斛乙醇和丙酮提取物具有抗氧化性和癌細(xì)胞毒性。

3.6 抑制信號(hào)通路表達(dá)

抑制或改變細(xì)胞信號(hào)通路的表達(dá),可以增強(qiáng)機(jī)體免疫力、誘導(dǎo)癌細(xì)胞的凋亡、抑制癌細(xì)胞增殖和遷移。鐵皮石斛多糖的免疫機(jī)制通過上調(diào)NF-кB和ERK1/2信號(hào)通路來實(shí)現(xiàn)(He et al.,2016)。在抑制HepG2肝癌細(xì)胞增殖中,毛蘭素誘導(dǎo)的細(xì)胞凋亡過程有抑制Akt激酶活性、抑制JAK/STAT3信號(hào)通路、抑制Wnt信號(hào)通路及TGF-B3l信號(hào)通路等多條分子細(xì)胞信號(hào)通路參與(蘇鵬等,2011)。在促進(jìn)人宮頸癌細(xì)胞HeLa凋亡過程中,毛蘭素通過調(diào)節(jié)ERK1/2信號(hào)通路和線粒體凋亡通路來抑制細(xì)胞增殖,促進(jìn)細(xì)胞凋亡(Li et al.,2018)。Yu et al.(2018)研究發(fā)現(xiàn),石斛酚不同劑量處理可降低HEK293細(xì)胞中磷酸化LRP6、總LRP6和胞質(zhì)β-連環(huán)蛋白的水平,導(dǎo)致Wnt靶標(biāo)基因Axin2和Survivin的表達(dá)降低,表明石斛酚是Wnt/β-catenin通路的新型抑制劑,它能通過下調(diào)乳腺癌細(xì)胞中磷酸化的LRP6和胞質(zhì)β-連環(huán)蛋白來抑制Wnt/β-連環(huán)蛋白信號(hào)傳導(dǎo),抑制乳腺癌細(xì)胞MDA-MB-231和MDA-MB-468的活力和遷移能力。鐵皮石斛提取物可通過激活線粒體凋亡途徑和誘導(dǎo)Wnt/β-catenin通路的抑制來抑制肝癌SMMC-7721、BEL-7404細(xì)胞和原發(fā)性肝癌細(xì)胞的增殖(Guo et al.,2019)。新西蘭牡荊苷Ⅱ是鐵皮石斛抗腫瘤轉(zhuǎn)移的最重要成分之一。新西蘭牡荊苷Ⅱ通過使TGF-β/Smad和PI3K/Akt/mTOR通路失活來抑制轉(zhuǎn)化生長(zhǎng)因子TGF-β1誘導(dǎo)的肺腺癌A549和H1299細(xì)胞的上皮間質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)化EMT表型,是阻遏肺腺癌轉(zhuǎn)移的抑制劑(Luo et al.,2019);通過調(diào)控MAPK信號(hào)通路和Bax/Bcl-2途徑誘導(dǎo)肝癌HepG2細(xì)胞發(fā)生凋亡(羅穎懿等,2019)。鐵皮石斛葉提取物異佛來心苷可通過靶向調(diào)節(jié)TGF-β/Smad和PI3K/Akt/mTOR通路,抑制HepG2和Bel-7402肝癌細(xì)胞中TGF-β1誘導(dǎo)的EMT表型,能明顯降低肝癌細(xì)胞遷移和入侵能力(Xing et al.,2018a)。

4 展望

據(jù)全球腫瘤統(tǒng)計(jì)分析結(jié)果,2018年全球預(yù)計(jì)有1 810萬癌癥新發(fā)病例和960萬癌癥死亡病例,2018年我國(guó)新增病例數(shù)占380.4萬例、死亡病例數(shù)占229.6萬例,我國(guó)每天有超過1萬人確診癌癥,平均每分鐘有7個(gè)人得癌癥(Bray et al.,2018)?;瘜W(xué)治療(化療)是目前治療癌癥最主要的手段之一,但化療具有極大的毒副作用,目前還沒有可以完全攻克癌癥的有效治療方法,傳統(tǒng)中醫(yī)藥的抗腫瘤作用逐步引起重視。近年來,黨和政府高度重視中醫(yī)藥工作,隨著系列中醫(yī)藥政策文件的發(fā)布,中醫(yī)藥發(fā)展已上升為國(guó)家戰(zhàn)略。石斛是我國(guó)名貴的中藥材,被譽(yù)為“九大仙草”之首,近年來國(guó)內(nèi)外對(duì)石斛在抗腫瘤活性成分和抗腫瘤機(jī)制方面的研究越來越多。中國(guó)石斛屬植物中被認(rèn)定有藥用價(jià)值的種類已超過50種(曾宋君,2015)。藥材來源廣泛,活性成分復(fù)雜,抗腫瘤研究存在作用機(jī)制多、靶點(diǎn)廣等特點(diǎn),只有進(jìn)一步深入研究,才能為研發(fā)石斛新型抗腫瘤藥品,為更合理、有效地利用我國(guó)寶貴的石斛資源提供科學(xué)依據(jù)。研究工作可從以下方面開展:(1)目前開展的抗腫瘤活性研究主要集中于鐵皮石斛、金釵石斛、鼓槌石斛、疊鞘石斛、束花石斛、霍山石斛等少數(shù)石斛屬物種,石斛屬藥用種質(zhì)資源及其藥用價(jià)值有待進(jìn)一步發(fā)掘。(2)石斛抗腫瘤活性成分的研究多為總提取物和一級(jí)結(jié)構(gòu)分析,構(gòu)效關(guān)系研究較少,需要進(jìn)一步探索和解析活性成分的作用機(jī)理和物質(zhì)結(jié)構(gòu)之間的關(guān)系。(3)石斛屬天然產(chǎn)物作為具有生物活性的先導(dǎo)化合物,對(duì)其進(jìn)行結(jié)構(gòu)改造的研究較少,需進(jìn)一步加強(qiáng)對(duì)石斛天然產(chǎn)物的結(jié)構(gòu)改造和活性研究,為后期深入開發(fā)石斛類新藥做準(zhǔn)備。(4)近年來有關(guān)石斛屬藥用次生代謝產(chǎn)物的生物合成途徑,特別是其相關(guān)調(diào)控基因的研究較多但仍不夠深入和全面,需進(jìn)一步利用轉(zhuǎn)錄組、基因組、代謝組等多組學(xué)技術(shù)手段,尋找有效活性成分的關(guān)鍵調(diào)控基因和代謝途徑,探索提高活性成分表達(dá)或異源生物合成途徑,促進(jìn)石斛屬資源保護(hù)和可持續(xù)利用。(5)石斛屬植物抗腫瘤藥理活性研究多集中在體外細(xì)胞和小鼠模型上,體內(nèi)代謝和吸收機(jī)制及體內(nèi)轉(zhuǎn)化穩(wěn)定性研究較少,今后在條件成熟的情況下,需開展臨床研究。

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(責(zé)任編輯 周翠鳴)

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