尹相力 鐘寶玲 薛柳戀 李桂梅
【關(guān)鍵詞】 子宮肌瘤 生育需求 經(jīng)臍單孔腹腔鏡下全子宮切除術(shù) 經(jīng)陰道單孔腹腔鏡下全子宮切除術(shù)
[Abstract] Objective: To explore the application effect of transumbilical single-port laparoscopic panhysterectomy and transvaginal single-port laparoscopic panhysterectomy in patients with uterine fibroids without fertility requirements. Method: A total of 60 patients with uterine fibroids without fertility requirements who planned to undergo single-port laparoscopic panhysterectomy from September 2018 to March 2020 were selected, and they were divided into group A and group B according to envelope method, 30 patients in each group. Group A was given transumbilical single-port laparoscopic panhysterectomy, and group B was given transvaginal single-port laparoscopic panhysterectomy. The perioperative indicators, the incidence of complications, the use of postoperative analgesics, the decrease of postoperative hemoglobin (Hb), incision satisfaction were compared between two groups, and pain scores at 1, 3 and 7 d after operation were compared between two groups. Result: There were no significant differences in preoperative preparation time, intraoperative blood loss, abdominal drainage volume and postoperative exhaust time between two groups (P>0.05). The operation time and hospitalization time of group B were shorter than those of group A, and the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). At 1 and 3 d after operation, VAS scores of group B were lower than those of group A, the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05); at 7 d after operation, VAS score of group B was lower than that of group A, and the difference was not statistically significant (P>0.05). At 3, 7 d after operation, VAS scores of both groups were lower than those of 1 d after operation, the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05); at 7 d after operation, VAS scores of at both groups were lower than those of 3 d after operation, the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). The incidence of complications of group A was lower than that of group B, and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). There were no significant differences in the use of analgesics at 7 d after operation, the decreased level of postoperative Hb and incision satisfaction scores between two groups (P>0.05). Conclusion: Transumbilical single-port laparoscopic panhysterectomy and transvaginal single-port laparoscopic panhysterectomy both have the advantages of small trauma, quick postoperative recovery, mild pain and no incision scar after operation. Among them, transvaginal single-port laparoscopic panhysterectomy can shorten the operative time and hospital stay, and reduce the postoperative incision pain, but transumbilical single-port laparoscopic panhysterectomy can reduce the risk of postoperative complications, and it is necessary to reasonably select the appropriate operative treatment by combining clinical operative indications and disease condition of patients.
[Key words] Uterine fibroids Fertility requirements Transumbilical single-port laparoscopic panhysterectomy Transvaginal single-port laparoscopic panhysterectomy
First-author’s address: The Sixth People’s Hospital of Huizhou, Huizhou 516200, China
doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-4985.2021.21.002
子宮肌瘤屬于臨床婦科常見、多發(fā)的良性腫瘤疾病,早期癥狀不典型,以月經(jīng)紊亂、經(jīng)期紊亂、繼發(fā)性貧血等為主要臨床表現(xiàn),病情嚴(yán)重者可出現(xiàn)尿急、尿頻等癥狀,若未得以良好手段治愈則極易引發(fā)肌瘤退行性改變,導(dǎo)致急腹癥甚至肌瘤惡變[1-3]。目前,手術(shù)仍為子宮肌瘤的首選治療手段,根據(jù)患者的生育需求、子宮肌瘤類型與大小不同等差異,選擇合適手術(shù)方式,如經(jīng)腹手術(shù)、腹腔鏡手術(shù)等[4]。子宮切除術(shù)適用于無生育需求的子宮肌瘤患者,其中單孔腹腔鏡手術(shù)以其突出的特點(diǎn)而逐漸應(yīng)用于臨床中,在實(shí)現(xiàn)微小手術(shù)瘢痕的同時(shí),還可減輕術(shù)后疼痛和鎮(zhèn)痛藥物使用量,提高患者的手術(shù)滿意度[5-6]。單孔腹腔鏡技術(shù)包括經(jīng)臍單孔腹腔鏡手術(shù)和經(jīng)陰道單孔腹腔手術(shù),其中經(jīng)陰道單孔腹腔鏡手術(shù)則是利用陰道作為切口,置入單孔腹腔鏡,從而達(dá)到微創(chuàng)、腹壁無瘢痕、減輕術(shù)后疼痛的目的[7]。而經(jīng)臍單孔腹腔鏡手術(shù)利用臍孔的天然瘢痕優(yōu)勢(shì),將手術(shù)傷口隱匿于臍孔,不僅能彌補(bǔ)傳統(tǒng)腹腔鏡技術(shù)的不足,還可避免出現(xiàn)手術(shù)瘢痕,能充分體現(xiàn)微創(chuàng)理念,提高美容效果[8]。但臨床關(guān)于上述兩種入路的單孔腹腔鏡技術(shù)的治療效果對(duì)比和優(yōu)劣勢(shì)分析,尚未見明確報(bào)道。本文現(xiàn)針對(duì)以上問題,納入60例無生育要求子宮肌瘤患者,分別應(yīng)用上述兩種不同入路的單孔腹腔鏡技術(shù)下全子宮切除術(shù)治療,現(xiàn)報(bào)道如下。
1 資料與方法
1.1 一般資料 選取2018年9月-2020年3月本院收治的60例擬行單孔腹腔鏡下全子宮切除術(shù)無生育要求的子宮肌瘤患者。納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):(1)符合世界衛(wèi)生組織(WHO)關(guān)于對(duì)子宮肌瘤的診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[9];(2)經(jīng)盆腔B超提示,子宮肌瘤直徑在8 cm及以下;(3)生命體征穩(wěn)定,手術(shù)耐受性良好;(4)年齡在45歲以上;(5)體質(zhì)量(BMI)在30 kg/m2以內(nèi);(6)心、腦、肺、肝、腎等重要臟器功能正常;(7)能配合試驗(yàn)要求,完成治療和隨訪。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):(1)凝血功能障礙或長(zhǎng)期接受抗凝藥物治療;(2)對(duì)本研究術(shù)式存在禁忌證;(3)合并子宮內(nèi)膜癌、宮頸癌等婦科癌癥;(4)有盆腔粘連、卵巢巧克力囊腫等其他婦科疾病史;(5)有盆腹腔手術(shù)既往史。無脫組病例。依照患者的住院時(shí)間依次進(jìn)行排序編號(hào),由電腦隨機(jī)生成60個(gè)隨機(jī)號(hào)碼,根據(jù)信封法將其分為A組和B組,由第三方揭盲,每組30例。經(jīng)醫(yī)院倫理委員會(huì)審批通過,患者均知情同意。
1.2 方法 指導(dǎo)兩組患者以膀胱截石位進(jìn)行手術(shù),對(duì)患者外陰、陰道及宮頸處進(jìn)行兩次消毒,鋪蓋消毒手術(shù)巾,放置舉宮器。選用氣管插管進(jìn)行全身麻醉,氣腹氣體為CO2,氣壓控制13 mm Hg左右。
1.2.1 A組 采用經(jīng)臍單孔腹腔鏡下全子宮切除術(shù)治療。麻醉成功后,取自臍輪上方2 cm作縱切口,切口長(zhǎng)度在20 mm左右,臍部置入Port,外置手套,翻轉(zhuǎn)Port將手套包裹,依次構(gòu)建內(nèi)外環(huán)之間的手術(shù)操作通道。將手套中指、無名指及拇指遠(yuǎn)端橫向剪斷,并將Trocar插入指套內(nèi),再將Trocar用絲線套在指套合適位置固定,并將10 mm,30°的Olympus腹腔鏡、雙極電凝和5 mm分離鉗分別置入中指、無名指及拇指指套內(nèi)。探查盆腔情況,評(píng)估手術(shù)可行性,在舉宮器暴露子宮一側(cè)的術(shù)野下,電凝切除處理雙側(cè)圓韌帶、卵巢固有韌帶與輸卵管峽部,將膀胱反折腹膜、闊韌帶、后葉腹膜進(jìn)行銳性分離,下推膀胱直至宮頸外口下2 cm水平。取膀胱宮頸附著處下緣0.5 cm處,橫切陰道前壁黏膜兩端達(dá)宮頸兩側(cè),將膀胱鈍性上推。暴露后穹隆,將陰道后壁黏膜切開,將直腸推開,并剪斷直腸子宮反折腹膜。經(jīng)陰道端鉗夾、切斷、縫扎雙側(cè)骶、主韌帶、子宮血管及宮旁組織,將整個(gè)子宮標(biāo)本摘除,并采用1-0號(hào)可吸收線將后腹膜及陰道殘端進(jìn)行縫合處理。以上操作完畢,重建氣腹,檢查是否出現(xiàn)滲血,腹腔鏡下充分沖洗腹腔,放置引流管1枚,縫合穿刺孔,完成手術(shù)。
1.2.2 B組 采用經(jīng)陰道單孔腹腔鏡輔助陰式子宮切除術(shù)治療。麻醉成功后,陰道拉鉤將陰道充分撐開,將宮頸充分顯露,利用雙爪鉗于陰道外口將宮頸向上牽拉于外,并選擇宮頸上皮和陰道后壁結(jié)合處做環(huán)形切開,切口長(zhǎng)度在2 cm,將陰道壁從宮頸處剝離,腹膜外切開前穹隆,采用2-0可吸收縫線,以掛線的方式將腹腔鏡的Port固定并牽引置入陰道處,在10 cm通道處再放置10 mm,30°的Olympus腹腔鏡,逐步窺探盆腔各器官,暴露子宮一側(cè),電凝切除雙側(cè)圓韌帶、卵巢固有韌帶與輸卵管峽部,銳性分離膀胱反折腹膜和宮旁組織,下推膀胱,開始進(jìn)行陰式子宮切除術(shù)。將整個(gè)子宮標(biāo)本全部經(jīng)陰道切口取出,經(jīng)陰道選用1-0號(hào)可吸收線縫合陰道斷端。
1.3 觀察指標(biāo)與判定標(biāo)準(zhǔn) (1)比較兩組圍手術(shù)期指標(biāo)。包括術(shù)前準(zhǔn)備時(shí)間、手術(shù)時(shí)間、術(shù)中出血量、腹腔引流量、術(shù)后排氣時(shí)間及住院時(shí)間。(2)比較兩組疼痛評(píng)分。于術(shù)后1、3、7 d,采用視覺模擬疼痛評(píng)分(VAS)評(píng)估兩組患者切口主觀疼痛程度。(3)比較兩組并發(fā)癥發(fā)生情況。比較兩組腹腔感染、切口感染、切口出血、膀胱損傷及臟器穿刺孔漏發(fā)生情況。(4)比較兩組術(shù)后7 d鎮(zhèn)痛藥物使用情況、術(shù)后Hb下降水平。(5)比較兩組切口滿意度。選用切口美觀滿意度(CS)評(píng)分評(píng)估兩組患者的切口滿意度,涉及5項(xiàng)評(píng)價(jià)內(nèi)容,總評(píng)分為3~24分,得分越高,提示患者對(duì)手術(shù)切口瘢痕的滿意度越高[10];應(yīng)用體象障礙自評(píng)量表評(píng)分(BIS)評(píng)估兩組患者對(duì)自身身體意象的滿意度,涉及3項(xiàng)評(píng)價(jià)內(nèi)容,總評(píng)分為5~20分,得分越高,提示患者對(duì)自身身體意象的滿意度越高[11]。
1.4 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理 采用SPSS 20.0軟件對(duì)所得數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)分析,計(jì)量資料用(x±s)表示,組間比較采用獨(dú)立樣本t檢驗(yàn),組內(nèi)比較采用配對(duì)t檢驗(yàn);計(jì)數(shù)資料以率(%)表示,比較采用字2檢驗(yàn)。以P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 兩組一般資料比較 兩組一般資料比較,差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),具有可比性,見表1。
2.2 兩組圍手術(shù)期指標(biāo)比較 兩組術(shù)前準(zhǔn)備時(shí)間、術(shù)中出血量、腹腔引流量及術(shù)后排氣時(shí)間比較,差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);B組手術(shù)時(shí)間和住院時(shí)間均短于A組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。見表2。
2.3 兩組術(shù)后1、3、7 d的VAS評(píng)分比較 術(shù)后1、3 d,B組VAS評(píng)分均低于A組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);術(shù)后7 d,B組VAS評(píng)分低于A組,但差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。術(shù)后3、7 d,兩組VAS評(píng)分均低于術(shù)后1 d,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),術(shù)后7 d,兩組VAS評(píng)分均低于術(shù)后3 d,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。見表3。
2.4 兩組圍手術(shù)期并發(fā)癥發(fā)生情況比較 A組并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率低于對(duì)照組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(字2=4.043,P<0.05),見表4。
2.5 兩組術(shù)后7 d鎮(zhèn)痛藥物使用情況、術(shù)后Hb下降水平及切口滿意度評(píng)分對(duì)比 兩組術(shù)后7 d鎮(zhèn)痛藥物使用情況、術(shù)后Hb下降水平及切口滿意度評(píng)分比較,差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),見表5。
本研究結(jié)果顯示,兩組術(shù)前準(zhǔn)備時(shí)間、術(shù)中出血量、腹腔引流量及術(shù)后排氣時(shí)間比較,差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);B組手術(shù)時(shí)間和住院時(shí)間均短于A組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。術(shù)后1、3 d,B組VAS評(píng)分均低于A組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);術(shù)后7 d,B組VAS評(píng)分低于A組,但差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.06)。術(shù)后3、7 d,兩組VAS評(píng)分均低于術(shù)后1 d,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),術(shù)后7 d,兩組VAS評(píng)分均低于術(shù)后3 d,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。分析其原因,經(jīng)陰道入路的單孔腹腔鏡下子宮切除術(shù)無須進(jìn)行切開臍孔及縫合共兩項(xiàng)術(shù)中操作,加之手術(shù)醫(yī)師在置入單孔入路平臺(tái)的操作技術(shù)相對(duì)嫻熟,手術(shù)效率較高,能縮短術(shù)中時(shí)間[12]。而經(jīng)陰道入路的單孔腹腔鏡技術(shù)減輕術(shù)后疼痛原因可能為:(1)由于術(shù)中以使用切口套為主,單孔腹腔鏡置入陰道,無須過度拉伸陰道壁以擴(kuò)大術(shù)野面積,從而避免術(shù)中陰道組織牽拉損傷所造成疼痛感;(2)無需作腹部切口,以最大程度減少對(duì)組織的損傷程度和疼痛不適感;(3)經(jīng)陰道入路的單孔腹腔鏡可貼近陰道壁切口開展手術(shù)操作,能有效避免術(shù)后氣腹所造成的疼痛不適感,能降低術(shù)后腸粘連、腸梗阻風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。因此,患者術(shù)后疼痛感減輕,更利于患者術(shù)后早期康復(fù)出院[13]。
另外,A組并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率低于對(duì)照組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(字2=4.043,P<0.05)。分析原因在于:(1)經(jīng)陰道單孔腹腔鏡技術(shù)存在操作空間受限、器械間相互干擾所致空間不適感及專用器械缺乏等缺點(diǎn),造成縫合操作難度大,費(fèi)時(shí)費(fèi)力,加上插入Port時(shí),若稍微操作不甚則極易引發(fā)臟器穿刺孔漏、術(shù)后腹腔膿腫、膀胱損傷、大網(wǎng)膜血管出血等并發(fā)癥;(2)經(jīng)陰道入路的單孔腹腔鏡技術(shù)需要醫(yī)師精準(zhǔn)、嫻熟、高效的單孔腹腔鏡操作技術(shù),臨床需提高醫(yī)師立體空間定位感、方向感和腹腔鏡技術(shù)水平,以降低術(shù)后并發(fā)癥風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[14-16]。而經(jīng)臍單孔腹腔鏡技術(shù)則利用經(jīng)臍部套裝帶1個(gè)操作孔的腹腔鏡并置入超聲刀,能拓展手術(shù)范圍,陰道壁切口較臍孔切口更大,能避免器械間碰撞,且陰道內(nèi)將舉宮器置入可獲取良好術(shù)野以便手術(shù)精準(zhǔn)、高效操作,且術(shù)中縫合部位較少,陰道斷端相對(duì)固定降低縫合難度,且手術(shù)切除標(biāo)本可經(jīng)陰道取出,無須另辟切口取出,從而經(jīng)臍單孔腹腔鏡技術(shù)所致術(shù)后并發(fā)癥風(fēng)險(xiǎn)相對(duì)較低,且手術(shù)瘢痕臍部皺褶部位無手術(shù)瘢痕,切口美容效果良好[17-18]。本研究結(jié)果顯示,兩組術(shù)后7 d鎮(zhèn)痛藥物使用情況、術(shù)后Hb下降水平及切口滿意度評(píng)分比較,差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。
此外,單孔腹腔鏡技術(shù)仍需注意以下事項(xiàng):(1)術(shù)前應(yīng)嚴(yán)格執(zhí)行腸道準(zhǔn)備,以避免因過于充盈、脹氣腸管造成盆腔術(shù)野受限,同時(shí),術(shù)中時(shí)刻注意術(shù)者與手術(shù)醫(yī)師的配合,以確保拓寬術(shù)野和手術(shù)操作空間;(2)術(shù)中嚴(yán)格止血,以保障離斷組織無活性性活血,特別是子宮動(dòng)、靜脈后創(chuàng)面止血尤為重要,以避免創(chuàng)面出血造成術(shù)野和手術(shù)操作空間縮小,降低因術(shù)中操作不甚所致再次出血風(fēng)險(xiǎn);(3)切勿孔道單一,盡量保證器械和光源不在同軸水平,以避免器械本身遮擋刀頭等尖端,最大程度提高操作精確度[19-22]。
綜上所述,經(jīng)臍或經(jīng)陰道入路的單孔腹腔鏡下子宮切除術(shù)均具有術(shù)中創(chuàng)傷小、術(shù)中出血量小、術(shù)后恢復(fù)快、減少術(shù)后鎮(zhèn)痛劑使用量和術(shù)后無瘢痕等優(yōu)點(diǎn),但經(jīng)陰道入路技術(shù)能明顯縮短手術(shù)時(shí)間和住院時(shí)間,并減輕患者術(shù)后疼痛程度,而經(jīng)臍入路技術(shù)則能減少術(shù)后并發(fā)癥,臨床需結(jié)合兩種術(shù)式優(yōu)缺點(diǎn),嚴(yán)格遵守手術(shù)適應(yīng)證,合理選擇合適術(shù)式,以提高手術(shù)成功率和安全性。
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(收稿日期:2020-09-10) (本文編輯:張明瀾)
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