李泰平 肖紅
[摘要]目的:初步研究木犀草素對(duì)兔耳增生性瘢痕的抑制作用及可能機(jī)制。方法:9只新西蘭兔隨機(jī)分為空白組、生理鹽水對(duì)照組和藥物干預(yù)組,每組3只,生理鹽水對(duì)照組和藥物干預(yù)組建立兔耳增生性瘢痕模型,每只兔左右耳各3個(gè)直徑約0.7cm瘢痕創(chuàng)面,相距約1cm。生理鹽水對(duì)照組給予生理鹽水,藥物干預(yù)組給予木犀草素乳膏,瘢痕組織于給藥前和給藥后40d取材,Masson染色后顯微鏡下觀察各組瘢痕組織的病理變化,ELISA法檢測(cè)瘢痕組織中轉(zhuǎn)化生長(zhǎng)因子-β(TGF-β)、血小板衍化生長(zhǎng)因子(PDGF-BB)、結(jié)締組織生長(zhǎng)因子(CTGF)的含量,qRT-PCR和Western Blot法檢測(cè)TGF-β、Ⅰ型膠原蛋白(Collagen Ⅰ)和基質(zhì)金屬蛋白酶-2(MMP-2)的表達(dá)水平。結(jié)果:Masson染色顯示木犀草素干預(yù)后瘢痕組織中膠原沉積減少,膠原纖維致密且排列規(guī)則。與生理鹽水對(duì)照組相比,藥物干預(yù)組瘢痕組織中TGF-β、PDGF-BB、CTGF的表達(dá)明顯減少,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。此外,qRT-PCR和Western Blot結(jié)果顯示,與生理鹽水對(duì)照組相比,藥物干預(yù)組MMP-2表達(dá)升高,而Collagen Ⅰ表達(dá)水平明顯降低,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。結(jié)論:木犀草素能夠抑制兔耳增生性瘢痕的形成,其作用機(jī)制可能與抑制TGF-β、PDGF-BB、CTGF的分泌、上調(diào)MMP-2、減少Collagen Ⅰ的表達(dá)有關(guān)。
[關(guān)鍵詞]木犀草素;增生性瘢痕;兔耳模型;機(jī)制研究
[中圖分類號(hào)]R619+.6? ? [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼]A? ? [文章編號(hào)]1008-6455(2021)08-0091-04
Preliminary Study on the Inhibitory Mechanism of Luteolin on Hypertrophic Scar in Rabbit Ear
LI Tai-ping,XIAO Hong
(Neuro-Psychiatric Institute,Affiliated Brain Hospital,Nanjing Medical University,Nanjing 210029,Jiangsu,China)
Abstract: Objective? To reveal the inhibitory effect of luteolin and its mechanism on hypertrophic scar formation in rabbit ears. Methods? 9 New Zealand rabbits were randomly divided into 3 groups: the blank group, the normal saline control group and the drug intervention group, with 3 rabbits in each group. Hypertrophic scar model was established in rabbit ears in the normal saline control group and the drug intervention group. Before and forty days after treatment, the pathological changes of the scar tissues were examined, and the collagen fibers hyperplasia were observed with Masson staining. The expression levels of TGF-β, PDGF-BB, CTGF were quantified by ELISA. In addition, TGF-β, Collagen Ⅰand MMP-2 were separately detected by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) assay and Western Blot. Results? Masson staining showed that collagen deposition was significantly reduced after luteolin treatment, collagen fibers were also dense and arranged regularly. ELISA results indicated that the expression levels of TGF-β, PDGF-BB and CTGF were obviously reduced in the drug intervention group compared to the the normal saline control group, the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). In addition, the results of qRT-PCR and Western blot showed that compared with the normal saline control group, the expression of MMP-2 in the drug intervention group increased, while the expression level of Collagen Ⅰ decreased significantly (P<0.05). Conclusion? Luteolin could inhibit the formation of hypertrophic scar in rabbit ears, and its mechanism may be related to the inhibition of TGF-β、the secretion of PDGF-BB and CTGF was related to the up regulation of MMP-2 and the decrease of collagen Ⅰ expression in vivo.
Key words: luteolin; hypertrophic scar; rabbit ear model; mechanism research
增生性瘢痕是創(chuàng)傷后愈合過程中,組織過度修復(fù)而導(dǎo)致的病理產(chǎn)物,其發(fā)生機(jī)制至今尚未完全明確。最新研究已表明成纖維細(xì)胞(Fibroblast,F(xiàn)B)凋亡的減少和過度增殖在增生性瘢痕形成進(jìn)程中起到非常重要的作用[1]。目前臨床治療主要采用整形外科手術(shù)、加壓、瘢痕內(nèi)激素注射、冷凍、激光和應(yīng)用硅制劑等療法,但效果均不太理想[2-3]。因此,抑制和治療增生性瘢痕的研究很有臨床意義。筆者前期研究發(fā)現(xiàn)加味小陷胸中藥配方顆粒能夠抑制兔耳增生性瘢痕的形成[4],該湯劑配方中的主要活性成分之一木犀草素是一種黃酮類中藥單體,存在于多種蔬菜和藥用植物中,具有多種藥理學(xué)作用,包括抗腫瘤、抗氧化、抗炎、保護(hù)神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)等[5]。目前關(guān)于木犀草素抑制增生性瘢痕的研究還未見報(bào)道,本實(shí)驗(yàn)初步探討了外用木犀草素乳膏對(duì)兔耳增生性瘢痕防治作用的機(jī)制,為其臨床應(yīng)用提供理論和實(shí)踐依據(jù)。
1? 材料和方法
1.1 藥品和試劑:木犀草素乳膏(20ml:1.5mg,批號(hào):20160131,處方組成見表1,木犀草素的結(jié)構(gòu)式和分子量見圖1)由安徽醫(yī)科大學(xué)湯繼輝教授提供,冷藏保存在避光的容器中。兔子轉(zhuǎn)化生長(zhǎng)因子β(Transforming growth factor-β,TGF-β)酶聯(lián)免疫分析試劑盒(批號(hào):0028093)、兔結(jié)締組織生長(zhǎng)因子(Connective tissue growth factor,CTGF)酶聯(lián)免疫分析試劑盒(批號(hào):027940)、兔血小板衍生生長(zhǎng)因子BB(Platelet-derived growth factor-BB,PDGF-BB)酶聯(lián)免疫分析試劑盒(批號(hào):0023006)均購(gòu)自南京迅貝生物科技有限公司。TGF-β(批號(hào):21898-1)、Collagen I(批號(hào):14695-1)、MMP-2(批號(hào):10373-2)多克隆抗體均購(gòu)自于美國(guó)Proteintech公司。QuantiFast SYBR? Green PCR Kit試劑盒(包含HotStart DNA Polymerase、SYBR Green I、dNTPs、Mg2+以及優(yōu)化的緩沖體系,批號(hào):204057)均購(gòu)自德國(guó)Qiagen公司。
1.2 主要實(shí)驗(yàn)儀器:光學(xué)顯微鏡(日本Olympus公司),超純水儀(美國(guó)Millpore公司),超低溫冰箱(日本Sanyo公司),多功能酶標(biāo)儀(美國(guó)Bio-Tek公司),電泳槽(美國(guó)Bio-Rad公司),核酸蛋白分析儀(美國(guó)Beckman公司),qRT-PCR儀(美國(guó)Bio-Rad公司),凝膠成像分析系統(tǒng)(美國(guó)Bio-Rad公司),以及手術(shù)器械、兔專用固定箱和動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)操作臺(tái)。
1.3 實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物:新西蘭大耳朵白兔,清潔級(jí),兔齡3~4個(gè)月,雌雄不限,共9只,體重(2.5±0.2)kg,購(gòu)自南京市江寧區(qū)青龍山動(dòng)物中心,許可證號(hào):SCXK(蘇)2012-0008,動(dòng)物合格證號(hào):NO.201603875。所有兔均混合分籠人工飼養(yǎng),環(huán)境溫度為20℃~22℃、相對(duì)濕度約為50%,人工混合飼料飼養(yǎng)1周后進(jìn)行實(shí)驗(yàn)。本實(shí)驗(yàn)按南京醫(yī)科大學(xué)動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)倫理要求操作,批準(zhǔn)編號(hào):IACUC-1601056。
1.4 實(shí)驗(yàn)方法
1.4.1 兔耳腹創(chuàng)面造模:將兔固定于專用固定箱,戊巴比妥耳緣靜脈麻醉后,在兔耳腹側(cè)沿長(zhǎng)軸避開血管,制作直徑為0.7cm圓形創(chuàng)面,完整切除全層皮膚,徹底刮除軟骨膜,保留軟骨,創(chuàng)面不予任何處理,任其自然愈合(見圖2B)。每只兔左右耳腹側(cè)各制備3個(gè)創(chuàng)面,各創(chuàng)面間距約為1.0cm。術(shù)后自由進(jìn)食、飲水,1周內(nèi)注意觀察防止結(jié)痂造成兔子撕咬感染。若術(shù)后發(fā)現(xiàn)創(chuàng)面感染,局部及時(shí)給予碘伏消毒。待創(chuàng)面結(jié)痂后,碘酊消毒后將痂皮揭除,創(chuàng)面自然愈合,所有兔耳患區(qū)上皮化完成后兔耳增生性瘢痕模型建立。
1.4.2 分組與給藥:配制的木犀草素乳膏濃度為75μg/ml,張麗宏等[6]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)木犀草素在濃度20μM時(shí)對(duì)UVB照射成纖維細(xì)胞Ⅰ型膠原表達(dá)的逆轉(zhuǎn)作用最強(qiáng),等量換算濃度約為5.7μg/ml。周宵楠等[7]應(yīng)用木犀草素體外抗炎結(jié)果顯示木犀草素的藥物安全范圍為≤8μg/ml,因此本實(shí)驗(yàn)用藥濃度設(shè)為7.5μg/ml,給藥量約0.2ml。
3只兔為空白組(不做任何處理),6只兔創(chuàng)面完全上皮化后隨機(jī)分為生理鹽水對(duì)照組和藥物干預(yù)組(給予木犀草素乳膏7.5μg/ml外涂約0.2ml治療,每個(gè)創(chuàng)面約1.5μg木犀草素的用藥量,一天兩次,見圖2C),每組3只兔、6只耳朵、18個(gè)創(chuàng)面。于術(shù)后第32天開始給藥,共給藥40d,分別在給藥前和給藥后40d取樣本組織,觀察各組瘢痕組織的外觀形態(tài)變化,切取各組瘢痕組織,將所取組織從頂部均分為兩份,一半作Masson染色,另一半作分子生物學(xué)檢測(cè)。
1.4.3 ELISA實(shí)驗(yàn):按照ELISA試劑盒說明書要求檢測(cè)兔耳組織中TGF-β、PDGF-BB、CTGF的含量。每50mg瘢痕組織中加入1ml PBS(pH=7.4),勻漿后4℃離心(12 000r/min)10min后收集上清液。取上清液與相應(yīng)的免疫試劑孵育30min,洗滌孔5次。最后將底物溶液孵育30min,在450nm波長(zhǎng)下測(cè)定其吸光度。
1.4.4 Western Blot實(shí)驗(yàn):兔耳瘢痕組織生理鹽水洗凈后粉碎成粉末。應(yīng)用radioimmunoprecipitation assay(RIPA)裂解緩沖液提取蛋白后,加入phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride (PMSF),0℃下孵育30min,然后離心(12 000r/min,4℃,20min),收集上層清液。蛋白電泳使用十二烷基硫酸鈉-聚丙烯酰胺凝膠進(jìn)行,用5%脫脂牛奶稀釋兔抗體溶液后置搖床搖1h。加入一抗(anti-TGF-β,anti-Collagen Ⅰ,anti-MMP-2,anti-β-actin)4℃孵育過夜。取出PVDF膜Tris Buffered saline Tween (TBST)洗凈后加入用5%脫脂牛奶稀釋后的二抗溶液,孵育1h,用TBST洗滌3次后使用ECL混合溶液曝光,Molecular Imager Gel DocXR成像。
1.4.5 qRT-PCR實(shí)驗(yàn):應(yīng)用實(shí)時(shí)熒光定量PCR檢測(cè)TGF-β、Collagen Ⅰ和MMP-2表達(dá)。按照試劑說明書提取各組細(xì)胞總RNA。引物設(shè)計(jì)原始序列來自Primer Bank (https://pga.mgh.harvard.edu/primerbank/index.html),序列為:TGF-β:正向引物5'-CTCCCGTGGCTTCTAGTGC-3',反向引物5'-GCCTTAGTTTGGACAGGATCTG-3';Collagen Ⅰ:正向引物5'-GCTCCTCTTAGGGGCCACT-3',反向引物5'-CCACGTCTCACCATTGGGG-3';MMP-2:正向引物5'-TGTGTCTTCCCCTTCACTTTTC-3',反向引物5'-CATCATCGTAGTTGGTTGTGGT-3';β-actin:正向引物5'-TGACATCAAGAAGGTGGTGA-3',反向引物5'-TCATACCAGGAAATGAGCT-3',均由武漢谷歌生物科技有限公司提供。采用β-actin作為內(nèi)參,根據(jù)每個(gè)樣本擴(kuò)增曲線的Ct值進(jìn)行相對(duì)定量,對(duì)照組設(shè)為1,n為擴(kuò)增反應(yīng)的循環(huán)次數(shù),△Ctn=Ct目的基因(n)-Ct內(nèi)參基因(n),△△CTn=△Ctn-△Ct1,采用2-△△CT方法對(duì)數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行分析[8-9]。
1.5 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析:使用SAS軟件(9.0版)進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)分析。計(jì)量資料以x?±s表示,組間差異比較采用t檢驗(yàn)。P<0.05為差異具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義;P<0.01為差異極顯著。
2? 結(jié)果
2.1 兔耳瘢痕組織外觀:兔耳創(chuàng)面于術(shù)后約30d完全愈合并完成上皮化。給藥40d后,生理鹽水對(duì)照組瘢痕增厚明顯,相比鄰近皮膚中間突出明顯,顏色也呈暗紅色;藥物干預(yù)組瘢痕增厚不明顯,質(zhì)軟平滑,顏色與鄰近皮膚也較接近。見圖3。
2.2 Masson染色結(jié)果:通過組織切片Masson染色觀察,與生理鹽水對(duì)照組相比,藥物干預(yù)組的膠原纖維致密,排列規(guī)則。與空白組相比,生理鹽水對(duì)照組和藥物干預(yù)組微血管數(shù)目均明顯減少。見圖4。
2.3 ELISA、qRT-PCR和Western Blot檢測(cè)結(jié)果:ELISA結(jié)果顯示,與空白組比較,生理鹽水對(duì)照組兔耳瘢痕組織中TGF-β、PDGF-BB、CTGF的含量明顯升高,而藥物干預(yù)組瘢痕組織中上述因子的含量顯著降低,見圖5。qRT-PCR和Western Blot檢測(cè)結(jié)果顯示,與空白組比較,生理鹽水對(duì)照組中TGF-β、Collagen Ⅰ的mRNA和蛋白表達(dá)顯著升高,MMP-2的mRNA和蛋白的表達(dá)明顯降低;與生理鹽水對(duì)照組相比,藥物干預(yù)組TGF-β、Collagen Ⅰ的mRNA和蛋白表達(dá)顯著降低,而MMP-2的mRNA和蛋白表達(dá)明顯升高。因此,木犀草素能夠促進(jìn)MMP-2的表達(dá),而抑制瘢痕組織中TGF-β、Collagen Ⅰ的表達(dá)。見圖6~7。
3? 討論
皮膚組織損傷后在愈合過程中由于過度修復(fù)造成的增生性瘢痕始終是臨床上一大難題。傷口愈合是一個(gè)復(fù)雜的過程,涉及炎癥反應(yīng)、細(xì)胞增殖、基質(zhì)沉積和組織重塑等,其中TGF-β、PDGF-BB、CTGF等細(xì)胞因子在瘢痕形成過程中發(fā)揮著非常重要的作用[10]。本研究發(fā)現(xiàn)兔耳瘢痕組織中TGF-β、PDGF-BB和CTGF含量明顯升高,證實(shí)增生性瘢痕的形成與上述三種生長(zhǎng)因子密切相關(guān),也與相關(guān)研究結(jié)論一致[11-13]。傷口愈合時(shí)組織軟化過程中膠原降解與MMP-2等密切相關(guān),MMP-2活性的增加可導(dǎo)致Ⅰ型膠原蛋白的減少[14-15]。TGF-β還可通過上調(diào)MMP-2、TIMP-1和TIMP-2等路徑影響纖維化進(jìn)程,進(jìn)而進(jìn)一步分解Ⅰ型膠原[16]。既往研究表明,5,7,3',4'羥基取代的黃酮類化合物包括木犀草素、槲皮素、楊梅素等,可明顯降低膠原蛋白的表達(dá),還可通過與激活素受體樣激酶5(ALK5)結(jié)合,選擇性地下調(diào)TGF-β/Smads信號(hào)通路中Smad2/3的磷酸化水平并降低ALK5催化活性,進(jìn)而抑制成纖維細(xì)胞的增殖[17]。在本研究中,木犀草素是否通過MMPs/Collagen和(或)TGF-β/Smads信號(hào)通路發(fā)揮抑制瘢痕形成還需實(shí)驗(yàn)進(jìn)一步證實(shí)。
總之,木犀草素是一種很有前途的抗瘢痕藥,發(fā)現(xiàn)能顯著抑制兔耳增生性瘢痕組織中TGF-β、PDGF-BB和CTGF的分泌,可上調(diào)MMP-2、降低I型膠原的表達(dá),其調(diào)控的具體機(jī)制還需進(jìn)一步研究。
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[收稿日期]2020-11-12
本文引用格式:李泰平,肖紅.木犀草素對(duì)兔耳增生性瘢痕抑制作用機(jī)制的初步研究[J].中國(guó)美容醫(yī)學(xué),2021,30(8):91-94.