王彥 張福杰
摘要:丁型肝炎病毒(HDV)是一種乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)的衛(wèi)星病毒,需借助HBV包膜蛋白完成自身的組裝和復(fù)制,進(jìn)而建立新的感染。慢性HDV感染是病毒性肝炎最嚴(yán)重的形式,可加速疾病進(jìn)展,提高肝癌的發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn),HDV感染者迫切需要有效的抗病毒治療以緩解疾病進(jìn)展,但能夠用于抗HDV感染的治療藥物僅包括2020年7月歐洲藥品管理局有條件批準(zhǔn)的Bulevirtide以及之前推薦使用的干擾素。目前,針對(duì)病毒復(fù)制周期的幾種靶向抗病毒藥物正在研究中,且前期臨床試驗(yàn)結(jié)果表現(xiàn)良好。這意味著HDV的抗病毒藥物研發(fā)取得了重要突破,為丁型肝炎的治療帶來了希望。本文就目前丁型肝炎抗病毒藥物進(jìn)行簡(jiǎn)要綜述,并對(duì)相關(guān)的治療方案進(jìn)行了討論,為丁型肝炎的治療提供參考。
關(guān)鍵詞:δ肝炎病毒;? 病毒復(fù)制; 抗病毒藥; 藥物療法
基金項(xiàng)目:美國(guó)莊馬爾田基金會(huì)(2017-G14)
Research advances in antiviral drugs for the treatment of hepatitis D
WANG Yan, ZHANG Fujie. (Department of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100102, China)
Corresponding author:
ZHANG Fujie, treatment@chinaaids.cn (ORCID:0000-0001-6386-9879)
Abstract:
Hepatitis D virus (HDV) is a satellite virus of hepatitis B virus (HBV) and needs the help of HBV envelope protein to complete its own assembly and replication and then establish a new infection cycle. Chronic HDV infection is considered the most severe form of viral hepatitis, which can accelerate disease progression and increase the risk of liver cancer. Effective antiviral therapy is urgently needed to delay disease progression in patients with HDV infection, but Bulevirtide conditionally approved by European Medicines Agency in July 2020 and interferon previously recommended are the only drugs used for the treatment of HDV infection. At present, studies are being conducted for several antiviral drugs targeting viral replication cycle, and early clinical trials have obtained good results. This means that important breakthroughs have been made in the development of antiviral drugs, bringing hope for the treatment of hepatitis D. This article summarizes the current antiviral drugs for hepatitis D and discusses related treatment regimens, so as to provide a reference for the treatment of hepatitis D.
Key words:Hepatitis Delta Virus;? Virus Replication; Antiviral Agents; Drug Therapy
Research funding:
John C. Martin Foundation (2017-G14)
20世紀(jì)70年代,Rizzetto 等在乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)感染者中發(fā)現(xiàn)了一種新的RNA病毒,命名為delta,后證實(shí)為丁型肝炎病毒(HDV)[1-2]。HDV是一種有缺陷的衛(wèi)星病毒,需借助HBV包膜蛋白完成病毒的組裝和復(fù)制,進(jìn)而建立新的感染[3]。目前認(rèn)為HDV的感染主要有兩種模式,即共同感染和重疊感染。不同感染模式的患者預(yù)后存在一定差異[4]。盡管HDV的致病機(jī)制尚不明確,但經(jīng)大量臨床隊(duì)列研究證實(shí),HDV感染能夠引起非常嚴(yán)重的肝損傷,加速肝臟疾病進(jìn)展,增加肝硬化、肝臟失代償、肝癌甚至死亡的發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[5-6]。目前認(rèn)為有效的抗病毒治療能夠?qū)Σ《緩?fù)制產(chǎn)生一定抑制作用,對(duì)于改善臨床預(yù)后具有重要意義[7]。本文將對(duì)HDV的復(fù)制周期以及抗病毒治療藥物的研發(fā)進(jìn)展作簡(jiǎn)要綜述。
1 HDV的感染模式
HDV的感染主要包括兩種模式[8-9],一種是HDV和HBV同時(shí)感染宿主,稱為共同感染;另一種是在乙型肝炎表面抗原(HBsAg)攜帶者或慢性HBV感染者中發(fā)生HDV感染,稱為重疊感染[4,8]。兩種感染模式的急性期和臨床表現(xiàn)具有顯著差異。HDV和HBV共同感染時(shí),會(huì)激發(fā)宿主較強(qiáng)的免疫應(yīng)答,感染者很少會(huì)進(jìn)展為慢性HDV感染(低于5%)[9],但急性共同感染較單獨(dú)HBV感染會(huì)導(dǎo)致更加嚴(yán)重的肝損傷,甚至?xí)?dǎo)致急性肝衰竭。而HDV的重疊感染很少出現(xiàn)自限性恢復(fù),超過80%的重疊感染會(huì)進(jìn)展為慢性HDV感染[10-11]。在重疊感染中,病毒學(xué)模式相對(duì)一致[8,12]。HDV病毒血癥出現(xiàn)較早,anti-HDV IgM和IgG反應(yīng)活躍。在重疊感染進(jìn)展為慢性感染過程中抗體滴度迅速升高,隨著病毒血癥的持續(xù)存在,二者維持在較高的滴度水平,而且在肝臟細(xì)胞內(nèi)能夠檢測(cè)到HDV抗原(HDAg)[8,12]。此外,在小鼠模型中發(fā)現(xiàn)HDV可以在無HBV的情況下感染細(xì)胞并復(fù)制基因組[13],隨后發(fā)生HBV感染時(shí),HDV完成病毒顆粒的組裝和釋放。在部分隊(duì)列中也發(fā)現(xiàn)患者未發(fā)生HBV感染[14],但可以檢測(cè)到HDAg,表明HDV存在單獨(dú)感染模式。盡管HDV感染會(huì)對(duì)HBV復(fù)制產(chǎn)生一定抑制作用,使HBV DNA滴度降低,但HDV感染可能改變肝細(xì)胞,誘導(dǎo)干擾素應(yīng)答基因,從而導(dǎo)致宿主的疾病,使感染者依然表現(xiàn)出更為嚴(yán)重的肝損傷[6,15]。由此可見,HDV可能具有獨(dú)特的肝臟侵害機(jī)制,靶向HDV感染開展抗病毒治療具有重要臨床意義。
2 HDV的病毒復(fù)制
HDV為單股環(huán)形負(fù)鏈RNA病毒,外殼為嗜肝病毒的包膜蛋白,內(nèi)核為HDV RNA和HDAg。HDAg有兩種特異性的形式,分別為27 kD的L-HDAg和24 kD的S-HDAg,在HDV RNA的復(fù)制和病毒顆粒組裝中發(fā)揮重要的調(diào)節(jié)作用[3]。? HDV感染細(xì)胞的主要過程如圖1所示,病毒顆粒首先附著在硫酸肝素蛋白多糖[3,16],然后與?;悄懰徕c共轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)多肽(NTCP)結(jié)合,經(jīng)過膜融合過程,將HDV的核糖核蛋白釋放到胞漿中,然后轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)入細(xì)胞核,以滾環(huán)復(fù)制的機(jī)制進(jìn)行RNA的復(fù)制,合成新的基因組RNA[17-18]。 HDV基因組及反義基因組含有多個(gè)開放閱讀框,能夠用于蛋白的合成[4]。病毒復(fù)制過程中,L-HDAg和S-HDAg也能夠轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)至細(xì)胞核調(diào)節(jié)病毒的復(fù)制,或者連接到病毒基因組,形成核糖核蛋白轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)到胞漿中[3]。部分L-HDAg被異戊烯化(法尼基化)修飾,通過與HBsAg相互作用形成核糖核蛋白包膜而后由內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)-高爾基體途徑分泌至胞外,完成病毒的感染復(fù)制[16]。目前,針對(duì)HDV復(fù)制過程中的關(guān)鍵步驟,如病毒的進(jìn)入、L-HDAg的修飾等[16],已開發(fā)多種靶向藥物并開展臨床試驗(yàn),為抗HDV感染的治療帶來了希望。
3 HDV抗病毒治療藥物
HDV感染會(huì)引起最為嚴(yán)重的肝損傷,急需有效的抗病毒藥物和治療方案遏制疾病進(jìn)展。前期干擾素被廣泛推薦用于抗HBV和HDV感染的治療[19],但存在藥物副作用和治療后病毒反彈等問題[20]。近幾年HDV靶向藥物的研發(fā)成果顯著,開展了多項(xiàng)抗HDV感染的藥物臨床試驗(yàn)(表1),2020年7月歐洲藥品管理局有條件批準(zhǔn)了進(jìn)入抑制劑Bulevirtide用于丁型肝炎的治療[21]。此外,針對(duì)HDV復(fù)制過程的其他靶向藥物和增強(qiáng)免疫系統(tǒng)的聯(lián)合治療方案也正在開展藥物臨床試驗(yàn)。
3.1 干擾素治療 干擾素具有廣譜的抗病毒活性,可以分為Ⅰ型、Ⅱ型和Ⅲ型三類。其中Ⅰ型和Ⅲ型干擾素用于開發(fā)慢性丁型肝炎的抗病毒治療。目前常用的IFNα或PEG-IFNα屬于Ⅰ型干擾素,國(guó)內(nèi)外已開展多項(xiàng)臨床試驗(yàn)。在兩項(xiàng)較大的前瞻性臨床試驗(yàn)[22-23]中,僅有20%~30%的患者會(huì)出現(xiàn)持續(xù)性病毒學(xué)應(yīng)答,且耐受性差,伴隨出現(xiàn)嚴(yán)重不良反應(yīng),聯(lián)合核苷類似物治療時(shí),亦沒有顯著提高患者的病毒學(xué)反應(yīng)。當(dāng)抗病毒治療結(jié)束后,高達(dá)
50%的HDV RNA陰性患者出現(xiàn)感染復(fù)發(fā)的情況[24]。盡管如此,從近期一項(xiàng)長(zhǎng)期隨訪的臨床試驗(yàn)[7]中能夠發(fā)現(xiàn),PEG-IFNα治療顯著抑制或降低HDV RNA的水平,與改善臨床長(zhǎng)期預(yù)后相關(guān)。因此選擇IFNα或PEG-IFNα進(jìn)行抗HDV感染治療,需要在可能發(fā)生的不良事件(流感癥狀、貧血和血小板減少等)與臨床治療效果之間進(jìn)行權(quán)衡[2,6]。目前新型長(zhǎng)效型干擾素Ropeginterferon alfa-2b治療慢性丁型肝炎的臨床試驗(yàn)正在開展(表1)。
PEG-IFNλ屬于Ⅲ型干擾素,其與Ⅲ型IFN受體結(jié)合,導(dǎo)致Jak-STAT信號(hào)通路的激活[25]。由于Ⅲ型干擾素受體主要在肝細(xì)胞中表達(dá),造血細(xì)胞和中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)細(xì)胞中表達(dá)較少,因此,與IFNα治療相比,產(chǎn)生的副作用較少,具有良好的開發(fā)前景[26]。在LIMT HDV研究[27]中顯示,慢性HDV感染者接受PEG-IFNλ單藥治療48周后,50%的患者能夠達(dá)到HDV RNA下降2 log10以上或HDV RNA陰性,治療結(jié)束隨訪24周后,有36%的患者仍具有持續(xù)的病毒學(xué)應(yīng)答,除高膽紅素血癥、肝酶指標(biāo)升高和流感樣癥狀外,其他不良事件較少。當(dāng)PEG-IFNλ聯(lián)合Lonafarnib和Ritonavir開展治療時(shí)[28],24周后96%的患者HDV RNA水平下降2 log10以上,50%的患者HDV RNA水平低于檢測(cè)下限或無法檢測(cè)到,且安全性良好。目前PEG-IFNλ的三期臨床試驗(yàn)正在開展(表1)。
3.2 進(jìn)入抑制劑治療 NTCP是HBV和HDV進(jìn)入肝細(xì)胞并建立感染的關(guān)鍵受體,靶向NTCP對(duì)于破壞病毒建立感染具有非常重要的作用[3]。目前經(jīng)美國(guó)食品藥品監(jiān)督管理局批準(zhǔn)的NTCP代謝功能抑制類藥物包括Irbesartan、Ezetimibe、Ritonavir和環(huán)孢素A等[29-30]。這些藥物經(jīng)體外細(xì)胞模型證實(shí)能夠有效阻斷HDV的感染或抑制HBsAg與NTCP的結(jié)合,但在臨床隊(duì)列中抗病毒治療效果有待證實(shí)[29-30]。一項(xiàng)2期臨床試驗(yàn)[31]顯示,Ezetimibe(10 mg/d)作為單一療法,治療12周后并不能有效抑制患者的病毒載量,可能需要聯(lián)合其他靶向藥物或宿主免疫刺激藥物才能實(shí)現(xiàn)有效的抗病毒治療。
近期開發(fā)的靶向進(jìn)入抑制劑主要包括Bulevirtide及其前體藥物Myrcludex B[16],該類藥物是一種阻斷HBsAg preS1結(jié)構(gòu)域與NTCP結(jié)合的小肽,進(jìn)而阻止HDV建立感染,保護(hù)尚未感染的細(xì)胞,從而實(shí)現(xiàn)抗病毒功能。經(jīng)Ⅰb/Ⅱa期研究[32]初步顯示,治療24周時(shí),Myrcludex B或 PEG-IFNα-2a或其聯(lián)合治療的隊(duì)列人群 HDV RNA顯著下降。與單藥治療相比,聯(lián)合治療組的病毒學(xué)反應(yīng)更好,治療過程中也未發(fā)生嚴(yán)重不良事件,表明Myrcludex B耐受性良好,同時(shí)證實(shí)Myrcludex B和PEG-IFNα-2a對(duì)HDV有較強(qiáng)的協(xié)同作用。Ⅱ期臨床試驗(yàn)顯示Bulevirtide耐受性良好,不良事件主要為輕度和短暫性中性粒細(xì)胞減少、血小板減少及嗜酸性粒細(xì)胞增多等[33]。但Bulevirtide的抗病毒效果呈現(xiàn)出劑量依賴,Bulevirtide與PEG-IFNα聯(lián)合用藥具有顯著的協(xié)同抗病毒作用[34-35]。2020年7月Bulevirtide已獲得歐盟批準(zhǔn)作為單一療法或與核苷(酸)類似物聯(lián)合用藥,用于慢性HDV感染者抗病毒治療,但推薦治療使用時(shí)間尚未確定[21]。目前Bulevirtide正在全球多地慢性HDV感染者中開展抗病毒治療的Ⅲ期研究(表1)。
3.3 異戊烯化(法尼基化)抑制劑治療 L-HDAg的異戊烯化修飾是HDV病毒顆粒組裝成熟的關(guān)鍵步驟,抑制該修飾將破壞病毒的組裝,進(jìn)而降低功能性HDV病毒顆粒的釋放,是潛在的有效干預(yù)靶點(diǎn)[3,36]。目前研發(fā)的主要靶向藥物為法尼基轉(zhuǎn)移酶抑制劑Lonafarnib,已經(jīng)開展了階段Ⅰ和Ⅱ期的臨床研究。2A期臨床試驗(yàn)[37]顯示,治療28天后,低劑量組(100 mg)HDV RNA水平降低0.73 log10,高劑量組(200 mg)降低1.54 log10,呈現(xiàn)劑量依賴性。不良事件主要包括胃腸道副作用,如腹瀉和惡心,以及體質(zhì)量下降等[37]。在LOWR HDV-1研究[38]中,更高劑量的Lonafarnib(300 mg)更能降低HDV病毒載量,同時(shí)會(huì)增加胃腸道相關(guān)的不良事件發(fā)生頻率。當(dāng)?shù)蛣┝浚?00 mg)Lonafarnib聯(lián)合Ritonavir或PEG-IFNα治療時(shí),抗病毒反應(yīng)效果更好,并且副作用較?。?8,38]。在優(yōu)化治療方案中,三重聯(lián)合治療方案獲得了最佳的病毒學(xué)應(yīng)答,在治療結(jié)束時(shí)8/9的患者HDV RNA降低了2 log10及以上[39]。由此可見,盡管Lonafarnib單獨(dú)治療能夠顯著降低HDV病毒載量,但聯(lián)合Ritonavir或PEG-IFNα以及三種藥物聯(lián)合可以減少Lonafarnib的劑量,在保持抗病毒療效的同時(shí)減少胃腸道副作用[28,37-39]。目前Lonafarnib的三期臨床試驗(yàn)正在開展(表1)。
3.4 核酸聚合物 核酸聚合物能夠抑制HBsAg包被的病毒顆粒組裝和釋放,因此也是一種潛在的抗HDV和HBV感染的方法[40]。REP 2139是首個(gè)開展藥物臨床試驗(yàn)用于HDV治療的核酸聚合物[41]。12例患者經(jīng)REP 2139單藥治療15周,隨后REP 2139降低劑量聯(lián)合PEG-IFNα治療15周,然后PEG-IFNα單獨(dú)治療33周,研究[41]結(jié)果顯示,在治療和隨訪期間HBsAg水平顯著下降,REP 2139單獨(dú)治療期,63.6%的患者HBsAg降低,隨訪期間有90.9%患者呈現(xiàn)下降趨勢(shì)。11例患者中有7例表現(xiàn)為HDV RNA陰性,實(shí)現(xiàn)HDV功能治愈。在這些患者中,3例表現(xiàn)出持續(xù)的HBV病毒學(xué)抑制,4例實(shí)現(xiàn)HBsAg血清學(xué)轉(zhuǎn)化。持續(xù)隨訪3.5年后[42],僅2例病毒學(xué)反彈的患者出現(xiàn)ALT輕微升高,沒有觀察到其他安全性或耐受性問題。REP 2139表現(xiàn)出良好的可耐受性,與PEG-IFNα聯(lián)合的治療方案為HDV功能治愈、HBV病毒學(xué)控制/功能治愈和HBsAg血清學(xué)轉(zhuǎn)化提供了選擇。
3.5 RNA干擾療法 RNA干擾療法利用小干擾RNA分子(siRNA)靶向沉默病毒共價(jià)閉合環(huán)狀DNA的RNA轉(zhuǎn)錄本,從而抑制病毒蛋白的產(chǎn)生。因此推測(cè)siRNA能夠清除HBsAg,進(jìn)而抑制HDV的感染。ARC-520是第一種靶向HBV轉(zhuǎn)錄本的RNA干擾療法,已在HBV單感染患者中開展臨床試驗(yàn)[43],聯(lián)合核苷(酸)類似物,高劑量組(2 mg/kg)ARC-520能夠顯著降低患者HBsAg水平,治療結(jié)束后仍可維持對(duì)HBV的抑制療效。僅觀察到2例可能與研究藥物有關(guān)的發(fā)熱,表明ARC-520耐受性良好[43]。除此之外,該公司還研發(fā)出升級(jí)后的siRNA,即JNJ-3989也能夠用于HBV感染的治療,一項(xiàng)Ⅱa期研究[44]顯示,40例患者每月接受不同劑量的JNJ-3989聯(lián)合核苷酸類似物治療3個(gè)月,治療期間HBsAg水平迅速下降,39例患者HBsAg較基線下降1.0 log10,56%的患者在末次給藥后9個(gè)月內(nèi)HBsAg持續(xù)下降,其不良事件多為注射部位反應(yīng)。該研究表明 JNJ-3989短期治療也可持續(xù)抑制HBsAg。目前JNJ-3989在HBV/HDV合并感染的患者中安全性和有效性的Ⅱ期臨床試驗(yàn)正在進(jìn)行(表1)。盡管siRNA 對(duì)于改善感染者HBsAg水平表現(xiàn)良好,但臨床試驗(yàn)中仍需采用與核苷酸類似物聯(lián)合的治療方案。
3.6 中藥治療 早期研究[45-46]顯示,中藥單獨(dú)或中藥與IFNα聯(lián)合用藥對(duì)HBV/HDV重疊感染者具有一定收益,如小柴胡湯治療方案和IFNα配伍活血化瘀保肝中草藥治療[46]。86例HDV抗體陽(yáng)性的乙型慢性活動(dòng)性肝炎患者隨機(jī)分為3組,分別應(yīng)用小柴胡湯、聯(lián)苯雙酯和小柴胡湯與聯(lián)苯雙酯聯(lián)合治療,經(jīng)過3個(gè)月的治療后,小柴胡湯能夠使90.9%的患者ALT水平恢復(fù)正常,HBsAg均有不同程度的下降,表現(xiàn)出良好的治療效果[46]。不僅如此,IFNα配伍活血化瘀保肝中草藥治療HBV/HDV重疊感染者[45],1個(gè)月后患者ALT水平全部恢復(fù)正常,療程結(jié)束后HBeAg陰轉(zhuǎn)率為65%, HBV DNA檢出率也顯著下降,表明IFNα配伍活血化瘀中草藥的治療方法成果顯著。由于該研究方案以葡萄糖、維生素C和氨基酸等常規(guī)保肝藥為對(duì)照,因此,治療方案中IFNα可能主要起到抗病毒作用,而活血化瘀類中草藥主要功能可能是改善肝臟微循環(huán),促進(jìn)肝細(xì)胞再生,調(diào)節(jié)免疫功能等[45]。由此可見,抗病毒治療藥物與免疫調(diào)節(jié)藥物聯(lián)合用藥對(duì)HBV/HDV重疊感染者肝功能的恢復(fù)具有顯著療效。
4 小結(jié)與展望
盡管乙型肝炎疫苗的實(shí)施能夠有效降低HDV的感染率[47],但由于移民遷移、HIV感染以及靜脈吸毒等風(fēng)險(xiǎn)因素[48-50],使全球部分地區(qū)HDV的感染率仍處于較高水平[51-52]。預(yù)計(jì)全球HDV感染者有4 800萬~7 400萬[51-54]。15%的慢性丁型肝炎患者會(huì)在1~2年發(fā)展成肝硬化[55],70%~80%的患者在5~10年發(fā)展成肝硬化,30年后肝硬化發(fā)生的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)提高到77%[4,53,55]。對(duì)慢性丁型肝炎患者實(shí)施有效的抗病毒治療迫在眉睫。
隨著研究的深入,HDV病毒復(fù)制及其致病機(jī)制漸趨明朗,為靶向藥物的研發(fā)提供了堅(jiān)實(shí)基礎(chǔ)。2020年進(jìn)入抑制劑Lonafarnib的獲批,給更多新藥研發(fā)提供了動(dòng)力,也為丁型肝炎患者的抗病毒治療帶來了希望。由目前開展的藥物臨床研究可以看出,靶向藥物聯(lián)合干擾素,靶向藥物聯(lián)合核苷酸類似物,以及三種藥物聯(lián)合治療,可協(xié)同提高抗病毒活性,降低單藥的毒副作用,避免可能出現(xiàn)的耐藥問題,對(duì)臨床抗病毒治療更有意義。
利益沖突聲明:所有作者均聲明不存在利益沖突。
作者貢獻(xiàn)聲明:王彥負(fù)責(zé)查閱和收集資料,撰寫論文;張福杰負(fù)責(zé)擬定寫作思路,指導(dǎo)撰寫文章并最后定稿。
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收稿日期:
2022-10-08;錄用日期:2022-11-08
本文編輯:葛俊