溫雅 屈兆宇 魯景楠 陰瑋靈 黃曉旗
摘要:目的 結(jié)合ALT和肝臟硬度值水平分組,探討磁敏感加權(quán)成像(SWI)的肝肌信號強度比(LMR)及血清標志物診斷慢性乙型肝炎纖維化嚴重程度的價值。方法 回顧性收集2018年10月—2021年9月就診于延安大學附屬醫(yī)院的慢性乙型肝炎患者255例,將患者分為嚴重肝纖維化(SLF)組77例與非SLF組178例,SLF組定義為ALT水平在正常范圍內(nèi)且肝臟硬度大于9.0 kPa,或ALT水平高于正常值上限1~5倍且肝臟硬度大于12.0 kPa的患者。在SWI序列下測量肝臟的平均SWI值(SWIliver)及豎脊肌信號強度并計算LMR。正態(tài)分布的計量資料2組間比較采用t檢驗,非正態(tài)分布的計量資料2組間比較采用Mann-Whitney U檢驗。計數(shù)資料組間比較采用χ2檢驗。利用二元Logistic回歸分析SLF的影響因素。采用受試者工作特征(ROC)曲線分析LMR及其聯(lián)合血清學的診斷效能,使用DeLong檢驗比較不同AUC的差異。結(jié)果 SLF組較非SLF組的ALT(Z=-3.569, P<0.001)、AST(Z=-5.495, P<0.001)、透明質(zhì)酸(HA)(Z=-6.746, P<0.001)、層粘連蛋白(LN)(Z=-5.459, P<0.001)、Ⅳ型膠原(Ⅳ-C)(Z=-8.470, P<0.001)、Ⅲ型前膠原(PCⅢ)(Z=-6.326, P<0.001)、APRI(Z=-9.004, P<0.001)、FIB-4(Z=-8.357, P<0.001)高,較非SLF組的PTA(t=10.088, P<0.001)、PLT(t=9.163, P<0.001)、SWIliver(t=2.347, P=0.02)、LMR×10(Z=-4.447, P<0.001)低。PTA、HA、Ⅳ-C、LMR×10為發(fā)生SLF的獨立影響因素(P值均<0.05)。LMR×10診斷SLF的ROC曲線下面積(AUC)為0.675(95%CI:0.614~0.732),高于SWIliver的0.594(95%CI:0.531~0.655)(Z=3.984, P<0.001),PTA+HA+Ⅳ-C+LMR×10(AUC=0.937, 95%CI:0.896~0.966)的診斷效能優(yōu)于PTA+HA+Ⅳ-C(AUC=0.905, 95%CI:0.858~0.941)(Z=2.228, P=0.026)。結(jié)論 LMR及血清標志物可較準確區(qū)分SLF,LMR為一項定量、客觀的影像學指標,優(yōu)于SWIliver,并可提升血清學標志物對臨床判定SLF的診斷效能。
關(guān)鍵詞:乙型肝炎,? 慢性; 肝硬化; 磁共振成像; 生物標記; 肝肌比; 診斷
基金項目:延安市科學技術(shù)研究發(fā)展計劃項目(2018KS-11)
Value of liver-muscle signal intensity and serum markers in diagnosis of chronic hepatitis B liver fibrosis
WEN Ya, QU Zhaoyu, LU Jingnan, YIN Weiling, HUANG Xiaoqi. (Department of Medical Imaging, Affiliated Hospital of Yanan University, Yanan, Shaanxi 716000, China)
Corresponding author:
HUANG Xiaoqi, 344653354@qq.com (ORCID:0000-0003-1365-759X)
Abstract:
Objective To investigate the value of liver/muscle ratio (LMR) on susceptibility-weighted imaging (SWI) and serum markers in the diagnosis of the severity of chronic hepatitis B liver fibrosis after grouping based on alanine aminotransferase (ALT) level. Methods A retrospective analysis was performed for 255 patients with chronic hepatitis B who attended Affiliated Hospital of Yanan University from October 2018 to September 2021, and the patients were divided into severe liver fibrosis group (SLF group) and non-severe liver fibrosis group (non-SLF group). The SLF group was defined as liver stiffness measurement (LSM) >9.0 kPa and ALT level within the normal range or LSM >12.0 kPa and ALT level greater than 1-5 times of the upper limit of normal. LMR was calculated by measuring the mean SWI value of the liver (SWIliver) and the signal intensity of the erector spinae. The t-test was used for comparison of normally distributed continuous data between two groups, and the Mann-Whitney U test was used for comparison of non-normally distributed continuous data between two group; the chi-square test was used for comparison of categorical data between two groups. The binary logistic regression analysis was used to investigate the influencing factors for SLF. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to analyze the diagnostic performance of LMR and its combination with serum markers, and the DeLong test was used to compare the difference in the area under the ROC curve (AUC). Results Compared with the non-SLF group, the SLF group had significantly higher ALT (Z=-3.569, P<0.001), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) (Z=-5.495, P<0.001), hyaluronic acid (HA) (Z=-6.746, P<0.001), laminin (LN) (Z=-5.459, P<0.001), type Ⅳ collagen (Ⅳ-C)(Z=-8.470, P<0.001), type Ⅲ procollagen (PCⅢ) (Z=-6.326, P<0.001), aspartate aminotransferase-to-platelet ratio index (Z=-9.004, P<0.001), and FIB-4 (Z=-8.357, P<0.001) and significantly lower prothrombin time activity (PTA) (t=10.088, P<0.001), platelet count (t=9.163, P<0.001), SWIliver (t=2.347, P=0.02), and LMR×10 (Z=-4.447, P<0.001). PTA, HA, Ⅳ-C, and LMR×10 were independent influencing factors for SLF. LMR×10 had an AUC of 0.675 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.614-0.732) in the diagnosis of SLF, which was significantly higher than that of SWIliver
(AUC=0.594, 95%CI: 0.531-0.655) (Z=3.984, P<0.001). PTA+HA+Ⅳ-C+LMR×10 and PTA+HA+Ⅳ-C had an AUC of 0.937 (95%CI: 0.896-0.966) and 0.905 (95%CI: 0.858-0.941), respectively, suggesting that PTA+HA+Ⅳ-C+LMR×10 had a better diagnostic performance than PTA+HA+Ⅳ-C (Z=2.228, P=0.026). Conclusion LMR and serum markers can accurately distinguish SLF after grouping based on ALT level. LMR is a quantitative and objective imaging indicator and is better than SWIliver, and it can also improve the diagnostic performance of serum markers for SLF in clinical practice.
Key words:
Hepatitis B, Chronic; Liver Cirrhosis; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Biomarkers; Liver Muscle Ratio; Diagnosis
Research funding:
Science and Technology Research and Development Project of Yanan (2018KS-11)
全球約有2.57億人感染HBV,持續(xù)病毒感染會導致肝纖維化、肝硬化和腫瘤發(fā)生[1],肝纖維化是慢性肝病從輕度肝炎發(fā)展到失代償期肝硬化的中間階段[2]。準確評估肝纖維化程度,有助于確定最佳治療方案,從而盡可能延緩肝纖維化進展。雖然肝活檢是評估肝纖維化分期的“金標準”,但作為一項侵入性檢查,存在并發(fā)癥[2]和取樣代表性欠佳的問題。
瞬時彈性成像測量的肝臟硬度(liver stiffness measure,LSM)作為無創(chuàng)檢查已被指南廣泛推薦評估肝纖維化[1-4],但LSM在炎癥下會過高評估纖維化分期[5-6],為了控制炎癥對LSM的誤判,本文參考既往研究[7],并根據(jù)歐洲肝病學會指南[4],以ALT是否升高來控制炎癥對肝纖維化的影響。有研究[8]發(fā)現(xiàn)磁敏感加權(quán)成像(susceptibility weighted imaging, SWI)下肝肌信號強度比(liver to muscle signal intensity ratio, LMR)具有鑒別健康對照與慢性纖維化的價值,但在嚴重纖維化與輕中度纖維化間并未發(fā)現(xiàn)差異。HA、Ⅳ-C、LN、PCⅢ為肝纖維化的血清學標志物[9],本研究旨在控制炎癥的影響因素下,探討影像學及血清學在區(qū)分慢性乙型肝炎人群中嚴重肝纖維化(severe liver fibrosis, SLF)的診斷價值,并探討LMR可否提高血清學診斷效能,更有效的輔助臨床診斷。
1 資料與方法
1.1 研究對象 回顧性收集2018年10月—2021年9月就診于本院的慢性乙型肝炎患者資料。納入標準:(1)年齡>18歲;(2)HBsAg陽性連續(xù)>6個月;(3)LSM及磁共振SWI序列資料完整。排除標準:(1)肝癌或肝轉(zhuǎn)移瘤;(2)其他非乙型肝炎導致的慢性肝??;(3)ALT>正常值上限5倍(200 U/L);(4)磁共振圖像存在嚴重偽影者。根據(jù)歐洲肝病學會指南[4],將SLF定義為:ALT水平正常的患者,LSM>9.0 kPa,或ALT水平為正常值上限1~5倍的患者,LSM>12.0 kPa。將ALT水平正常,LSM<9 kPa的患者,或ALT水平在40~200 U/L,LSM<12.0 kPa的患者定義為非SLF。
1.2 血清學檢測 收集患者入院時的體質(zhì)量指數(shù)(BMI)、血小板計數(shù)(PLT)、血漿凝血酶原活動度(PTA)、AST、ALT、透明質(zhì)酸(HA)、層粘連蛋白(LN)、Ⅳ型膠原(Ⅳ-C)、Ⅲ型前膠原(PCⅢ)。根據(jù)公式計算AST和PLT比率指數(shù)(APRI)和FIB-4。APRI=(AST/AST的正常值上限)/PLT×100;FIB-4=(年齡×AST)/(PLT×ALT1/2)[3]。
1.3 超聲彈性成像檢查 使用AIXPLORER超聲工作站進行瞬時彈性成像檢查。囑患者檢查前空腹6 h,用10次測量的中位數(shù)代表LSM[3]。
1.4 MRI檢查 使用3.0T聯(lián)影磁共振成像系統(tǒng),型號uMR 770, 囑患者檢查前空腹6 h,掃描時受試者呈仰臥位,使用腹部線圈,SWI序列參數(shù)為TR 120 ms,TE 10 ms,反轉(zhuǎn)角30°,層厚6 mm,間距20 mm。
1.5 圖像分析 在PACS系統(tǒng)中測量肝臟SWI信號強度,在同一平面中肝左葉內(nèi)外段、肝右葉前后段放置4個圓形感興趣區(qū),大小為(102.35±7.35)mm2,避開血管、膽管、肝內(nèi)良性占位,計算肝臟的平均SWI值(SWIliver)。同層面測量右側(cè)豎脊肌的值,計算肝肌比(LMR)=SWIliver/SWI豎脊肌,為了放大不同纖維化程度LMR的差異,將LMR×10。由3位低年資醫(yī)師測量,意見不統(tǒng)一時由高年資醫(yī)師判定測量值(圖1)。
1.6 統(tǒng)計學方法 使用SPSS 26.0及MedCalc軟件進行統(tǒng)計學分析。正態(tài)分布的計量資料以x±s表示,2組間比較采用t檢驗,非正態(tài)分布的計量資料以M(P25~P75)表示,2組間比較采用Mann-Whitney U檢驗。計數(shù)資料2組間比較采用χ2檢驗。利用二元Logistic回歸分析SLF的影響因素。繪制受試者工作特征(ROC)曲線,計算曲線下面積(AUC),使用DeLong檢驗比較不同AUC的差異。P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計學意義。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 不同程度肝纖維化的基本特征 共收集255例患者,其中男153例,女102例,平均(48.22±0.69)歲,平均BMI為(23.86±0.21)kg/m2。非SLF組178例,LSM為5.60(4.50~6.93)kPa,SLF組有77例,LSM分布為16.20(11.85~21.30) kPa。SLF組較非SLF組ALT、AST、HA、LN、Ⅳ-C、PCⅢ、APRI、FIB-4升高,PTA、PLT降低(P值均<0.001),SLF組的SWIliver、LMR×10較非SLF組降低(P值均<0.05)(表1)。兩組間SWIliver的均值差為-17.6,兩組間LMR×10的均值差為-8.64 (圖2)。
2.3 LMR、血清學聯(lián)合LMR診斷SLF的效能 繪制SWI、LMR、PTA+HA+Ⅳ-C、PTA+HA+Ⅳ-C+LMR×10診斷SLF的ROC曲線。SWIliver的AUC為0.594(95%CI:0.531~0.655),LMR的AUC為0.675(95%CI:0.614~0.732),截斷值為0.79,敏感度為64.94%,特異度為61.80%。DeLong檢驗結(jié)果顯示,LMR×10與SWIliver的AUC有統(tǒng)計學差異(Z=3.984, P<0.001)。PTA+HA+Ⅳ-C的AUC為0.905(95%CI:0.858~0.941),PTA+HA+Ⅳ-C+LMR×10的AUC為0.937(95%CI:0.896~0.966),敏感度為86.15%,特異度為86.18%,DeLong檢驗結(jié)果顯示,加入LMR后, 二者AUC有統(tǒng)計學差異(Z=2.228, P=0.026)(表3,圖3)。
3 討論
肝纖維化是慢性肝病肝臟組織的主要結(jié)構(gòu)改變,纖維化范圍及嚴重程度與發(fā)生肝硬化和肝臟相關(guān)并發(fā)癥的風險密切相關(guān),故準確評估肝纖維化程度在臨床診療中有良好的指導作用[4]。非侵入性檢查可全
面評估肝臟,尤其當纖維化分布不均勻時,瞬時彈性成像的LSM已常規(guī)應用評估肝纖維化程度[1-4,10]。但在相同病理纖維化分級下,觀察到慢性乙型肝炎人群中LSM隨著肝臟炎癥的嚴重程度而逐漸增加[5]。Huang等[6]通過對比病理評分發(fā)現(xiàn)ALT水平≥5倍
正常值上限、肝臟炎癥活動度>2與LSM誤診肝纖維化分期相關(guān),故肝臟炎癥狀態(tài)會高估LSM值,肝臟炎癥是常伴隨狀態(tài),但鮮有研究在慢性乙型肝炎人群中控制肝臟炎癥的情況下評價纖維化程度,本文根據(jù)歐洲肝病學會指南[4],以ALT是否升高來控制炎癥對肝纖維化的影響后,再根據(jù)LSM分組,探討在此分類下LMR、血清學標志物、血清學聯(lián)合模型診斷肝纖維化嚴重程度的價值。
磁共振的SWI敏感反應磁化率信息的改變[11]。肝纖維化可造成肝細胞退化、壞死,致肝臟轉(zhuǎn)化鐵的功能降低,造成細胞內(nèi)沉積鐵蛋白,網(wǎng)狀內(nèi)皮系統(tǒng)沉積含鐵血黃素,從而因順磁性造成SWI信號減低[12]。肝實質(zhì)最易受鐵質(zhì)沉積影響而肌肉很少受累,且肝臟信號強度通常比肌肉信號強,通過簡單的視覺評估就能發(fā)現(xiàn)肝臟信號的輕微下降[13],另一方面肝臟與肌肉的信號比可排除患者的個體差異,本文結(jié)果表明LMR×10的AUC高于SWI,表明LMR具有更佳的診斷效能。有學者[12]在兔肝纖維化模型證實LMR與肝纖維化的分期呈負相關(guān)。在一項乙型肝炎占比5%的臨床研究[14]中發(fā)現(xiàn)LMR和肝纖維化呈強相關(guān)(r=-0.81),和炎癥(r=-0.52)、鐵質(zhì)沉積(r=-0.37)呈中度相關(guān),肝臟纖維化及鐵質(zhì)沉積這兩個因素解釋了69% LMR值的變化。有研究[15]表明肝臟特異性對比劑肝膽期的LMR在診斷SLF的AUC為0.70,敏感度為43.3%,本文LMR的敏感度為64.94%,且SWI序列無需注射造影劑。程渝等[8]發(fā)現(xiàn)LMR在區(qū)分健康對照與明顯纖維化(S2~S4期)、肝硬化(S4期)與S0~S3期有差異,但并未區(qū)分SLF。本文在慢性乙型肝炎人群中發(fā)現(xiàn)SLF組的SWIliver及LMR值較低,LMR×10的OR值為0.39(95%CI: 0.25~0.59),LMR每增加0.1個單位,SLF的風險降低了61%,表明控制炎癥狀態(tài)下LMR可有效區(qū)分SLF。
APRI和FIB-4是常規(guī)的血清學聯(lián)合模型[16],中國肝纖維化指南[3]推薦FIB-4<1.45排除病理分級≥F3,F(xiàn)IB-4≥3.25診斷病理分級≥F3,本文非SLF組FIB-4中位數(shù)為1.42,SLF組中位數(shù)為3.70,與指南相符,在此分類下血清學模型也可較好的區(qū)分SLF,間接表明該分組適用于國內(nèi)人群。PTA反應肝臟凝血因子的合成功能及肝臟儲備功能[9],本文結(jié)果顯示SLF組PTA較非SLF組低,OR為0.93(95%CI:0.90~0.97),PTA每增加一個單位,SLF的風險降低7%。
慢性肝病導致的肝纖維化為肝臟細胞外基質(zhì)膠原、蛋白多糖等病理性沉積[2-3],HA反映肝內(nèi)皮細胞功能,血清PCⅢ含量反映Ⅲ型膠原代謝的活性,Ⅳ-C是基底膜的主要成分[17],均為纖維化特異性血清學標志物。本文SLF組中HA、PCⅢ、Ⅳ-C、LN均比非SLF組高,HA的OR為1.01(95%CI:1.00~1.01),Ⅳ-C的OR為1.04(95%CI:1.02~1.06),表明HA、Ⅳ-C每升高一個單位,SLF的風險也隨之增加。聯(lián)合PTA、HA、Ⅳ-C、LMR×10診斷SLF的AUC達0.937,敏感度為86.15%,特異度為86.18%,高于PTA+HA+Ⅳ-C的AUC,表明在控制炎癥狀態(tài)分類下LMR可提升血清學標志物的診斷效能,具有一定的臨床價值。
本文尚有以下局限性:未用病理結(jié)果作為診斷標準,故無法探討LMR在鑒別輕度肝纖維化(F1)、進展期肝纖維化(F2~F3)、肝硬化(F4)之間的有效性。本文為單中心回顧性研究,不同設備的LMR截斷值可略有不同,需進一步行前瞻性多中心研究探討LMR診斷纖維化嚴重程度的效能。
綜上所述,根據(jù)ALT水平進行分組下LMR及血清學可較準確區(qū)分SLF,LMR作為一項非侵入式檢查在診斷SLF中具有一定的價值,并可提升血清學標志物的診斷效能,臨床工作中根據(jù)此分類利用LMR及血清學標志物可輔助醫(yī)師評判慢性乙型肝炎纖維化嚴重程度。
利益沖突聲明:本研究不存在研究者、倫理委員會成員、受試者監(jiān)護人以及與公開研究果有關(guān)的利益沖突。
作者貢獻聲明:溫雅、黃曉旗對研究的思路及設計有關(guān)鍵貢獻;屈兆宇、魯景楠參與了研究數(shù)據(jù)的獲取分析解釋過程;溫雅、陰瑋靈、黃曉旗參與起草并修改文章關(guān)鍵內(nèi)容。
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收稿日期:
2022-08-01;錄用日期:2022-09-06
本文編輯:朱晶