[摘要]阿爾茨海默?。ˋD)是一種起病隱匿的進(jìn)行性發(fā)展的神經(jīng)退行性疾病。高血壓是神經(jīng)退行性癡呆發(fā)展的重要危險(xiǎn)因素。本文總結(jié)了中年高血壓、血壓變異性以及晚年低血壓如何加劇AD和癡呆癥風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的證據(jù),強(qiáng)調(diào)了高血壓引起AD風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的性別差異,另外還梳理了主要的降壓藥物對(duì)認(rèn)知障礙和AD病理學(xué)的影響。提示高血壓是認(rèn)知障礙及AD的重要可糾正因素,未來(lái)進(jìn)一步探索其作用機(jī)制及降壓藥物的認(rèn)知保護(hù)作用,將有助于降低AD的發(fā)病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。
[關(guān)鍵詞]高血壓;阿爾茨海默病;認(rèn)知障礙;降壓藥物
doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-7593.2023.06.020
AdvancementsintheUnderstandingofHypertensionandItsImplicationsinAlzheimer’sDisease:ProgressandInnovationsinAntihypertensiveTherapies
WangYue,WangDeguo**
DepartmentofPharmacology,theFirstAffiliatedHospitaltoWannanMedicalCollege(YijishanHospital),Wuhu241001
**Correspondingauthor:WangDeguo,email:wangdeguo@medmail.com.cn
[Abstract]Alzheimer'sdisease(AD),arelentlessneurodegenerativeaffliction,concealsitsonset,makingearlydetectionelusive.Hypertensionisapivotalriskfactorinthedevelopmentofneurodegenerativedementia.Thiscomprehensivereviewdelvesintothemountingbodyofevidenceconcerninghowhypertensioninmidlife,bloodpressurefluctuations,andlate-lifehypotensioncompoundthevulnerabilitytoADanddementia.Additionally,weshineaspotlightongender-specificdisparitiesinADriskattributedtohypertension.Furthermore,thisarticleundertakesameticulousexaminationoftheprofoundeffectsofmajorantihypertensivemedicationsoncognitivefunctionandthepathologicalunderpinningsofAD.Bysynthesizingthesefindings,weproposethathypertensionrepresentsamodifiablefactorofprofoundsignificanceintherealmofcognitiveimpairmentandAD.Inlookingahead,adeeperexplorationofthemechanismsthroughwhichhypertensioncontributestocognitivedecline,coupledwithaclearerunderstandingofthecognitiveprotectiveattributesofantihypertensivedrugs,holdsthepromiseofreducingtheloomingspecterofAD.
[Keywords]Hypertension;Alzheimer’sdisease;Cognitiveimpairment;Antihypertensivedrugs
阿爾茨海默?。ˋlzheimer'sdisease,AD)是癡呆癥最常見(jiàn)的一種,主要病理表現(xiàn)為tau蛋白高度磷酸化、腦組織β淀粉樣蛋白(Amyloidbeta-protein,Aβ)沉積。其臨床表現(xiàn)為記憶和認(rèn)知障礙,語(yǔ)言交流、行為、判斷等能力下降[1]。其分子機(jī)制和風(fēng)險(xiǎn)因素不清。高血壓和動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化可加劇AD病理改變并增加AD風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。本文綜述血壓與AD的關(guān)系,重點(diǎn)梳理降低AD風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的降壓方案以便探索更好的防治策略。
1高血壓與AD的關(guān)系
高血壓是AD發(fā)展的重要危險(xiǎn)因素,中年高血壓尤其重要。檀香山-亞洲老齡研究表明,中年收縮壓(Systolicbloodpressure,SBP)升高與認(rèn)知功能障礙的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加有關(guān),中年SBPgt;140mmHg(1mmHg=0.133kPa)的老年患癡呆癥的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)高出1.77倍[2]。SBPgt;160mmHg與高AD風(fēng)險(xiǎn)有關(guān),但舒張壓(Diastolicbloodpressure,DBP)與AD風(fēng)險(xiǎn)無(wú)關(guān)[3]。WhitehallⅡ隊(duì)列研究也表明,中年(≥50歲)SBP≥130mmHg與AD高發(fā)病率有關(guān),但晚年高血壓及高DBP與AD發(fā)病率無(wú)關(guān)[4]。
晚年低血壓和DBP與AD和認(rèn)知障礙有關(guān),升高老年期DBP可降低癡呆風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[5]。在入組時(shí)有高血壓的患者中,平均動(dòng)脈壓降低與記憶下降和tau蛋白磷酸化有關(guān),提示高血壓者晚年低血壓更容易發(fā)生癡呆[6]。
SBP變異性較高者AD風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加[7]。高收縮壓變異與腦白質(zhì)完整性喪失相關(guān)。具有腦淀粉樣蛋白血管?。–erebralamyloidangiopathy,CAA)的血壓變異性患者執(zhí)行能力顯著降低[8]。
2高血壓引起AD風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的性別差異
女性是AD發(fā)展的第二大危險(xiǎn)因素,約三分之二的晚發(fā)性AD患者是女性。中年高血壓導(dǎo)致女性AD風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加65%,而在男性中并不明顯,成年中期高血壓女性的AD發(fā)病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)較血壓正常女性升高73%[9]。SBP升高與女性AD風(fēng)險(xiǎn)及記憶力衰退呈正相關(guān),DBP在正常范圍內(nèi)升高與男性AD風(fēng)險(xiǎn)降低呈正相關(guān)[10]。不同高血壓階段,男性癡呆風(fēng)險(xiǎn)低于女性;女性癡呆風(fēng)險(xiǎn)隨著高血壓進(jìn)展而增加,與中年高血壓程度呈正相關(guān)[10]。一項(xiàng)專(zhuān)門(mén)針對(duì)女性的隊(duì)列研究表明,SBP和脈壓升高與認(rèn)知減退風(fēng)險(xiǎn)顯著相關(guān)[11]。即女性高血壓增加了AD風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。
3高血壓致AD的分子機(jī)制
腦是高血壓引起器官損傷的早期靶點(diǎn),高血壓影響腦血管結(jié)構(gòu)和功能,可表現(xiàn)為認(rèn)知功能下降、卒中和亞臨床腦血管異常。AD小鼠模型顯示高血壓樣病理?yè)p害,高SBP的AD小鼠腦血管內(nèi)皮擴(kuò)張功能受損。高血壓降低AD小鼠腦內(nèi)皮屏障功能,減少內(nèi)皮緊密連接蛋白如Occludin,ZO-1和Claudin-5的表達(dá),導(dǎo)致腦血流量(Cerebralbloodflow,CBF)細(xì)胞損傷、血腦屏障(Bloodbrainbarrier,BBB)通透性增加,腦細(xì)胞的穩(wěn)定性被破壞[12]。AD模型3xTg小鼠經(jīng)手術(shù)誘導(dǎo)其高血壓后,Aβ、淀粉樣斑塊負(fù)荷和磷酸化tau蛋白水平升高,BBB滲漏、小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞激活,海馬依賴性學(xué)習(xí)和記憶受損[13]。高血壓可加速AD的發(fā)病,控制血壓對(duì)于延緩AD的發(fā)生有一定幫助。
4降壓藥物對(duì)AD的影響
4.1腎上腺素受體拮抗劑對(duì)AD的影響
靶向腎上腺素能系統(tǒng)的降壓藥物如α1-腎上腺素受體(Alpha1-adrenergicreceptor,α1-AR)拮抗劑可改善AD和認(rèn)知障礙。哌唑嗪和烏拉地爾可減輕Aβ介導(dǎo)的腦血管收縮,減輕炎癥反應(yīng),改善AD模型APP23小鼠的認(rèn)知和記憶[14]。
β-受體拮抗劑對(duì)AD和認(rèn)知的影響尚未明確。普萘洛爾能夠減輕AD模型Tg2576小鼠的認(rèn)知障礙,降低海馬Aβ42沉積和tau蛋白磷酸化[15]。β1腎上腺素受體(Beta1-adrenergicreceptor,β1-AR)選擇性拮抗劑萘必洛爾可減少AD模型Tg2576小鼠腦Aβ沉積[16]。與低通透性的β-AR(如阿替洛爾,比索洛爾和索他洛爾)相比,中樞高通透性的β-AR(普萘洛爾與卡維地洛)可進(jìn)一步降低AD風(fēng)險(xiǎn),降低Aβ沉積[17]。但也有研究顯示,β-AR可增加血管性癡呆風(fēng)險(xiǎn),如引起淀粉樣前體蛋白(Amyloidprecursorprotein,APP)過(guò)表達(dá),小鼠認(rèn)知、學(xué)習(xí)和記憶受損,增加小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞的突觸吞噬[18]。選擇性β3-AR激動(dòng)劑CL-316,CL-243可改善3XTG-AD模型小鼠的記憶,不影響海馬的tau蛋白表達(dá),使不溶性Aβ42/Aβ40比率降低27%[19]。因此,仍需進(jìn)一步明確β腎上腺素能藥物對(duì)AD的影響。
4.2血管緊張素轉(zhuǎn)換酶抑制劑及血管緊張素Ⅱ受體拮抗劑對(duì)AD的影響
血管緊張素轉(zhuǎn)換酶抑制劑(Angiotensinconvertingenzymeinhibitors,ACEI)可改善AD??ㄍ衅绽蓽p少AD模型Tg2576小鼠Aβ斑塊沉積,降低海馬氧化應(yīng)激及神經(jīng)退行性變[20]。減少體外培養(yǎng)小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞中促炎介質(zhì)釋放,如誘導(dǎo)型一氧化氮合酶(Inductiblenitricoxidesynthase,iNOS)和腫瘤壞死因子α(Tumornecrosisfactoralpha,TNF-α)[21]。減少AD模型5xFAD小鼠Aβ沉積和小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞標(biāo)志物CD11b表達(dá)[22]。卡托普利可挽救Aβ42轉(zhuǎn)基因果蠅模型的記憶缺陷,卻不改善表達(dá)tau蛋白的果蠅記憶,表明ACEI可能通過(guò)靶向Aβ起作用[23]。果蠅神經(jīng)元中過(guò)表達(dá)APP和APP切割酶(Beta-siteAPP-cleavingenzyme,BACE)形成AD模型,賴諾普利可改善其學(xué)習(xí)和記憶缺陷,并降低了反應(yīng)活性氧(Reactiveoxygenspecies,ROS)水平[24]。但也有研究報(bào)道,卡托普利可導(dǎo)致APP轉(zhuǎn)基因小鼠腦Aβ沉積增加,ACE缺乏的轉(zhuǎn)基因AD小鼠Aβ42沉積和神經(jīng)元凋亡增加[25]。
血管緊張素Ⅱ受體拮抗劑(AngiotensinⅡreceptorblockers,ARB)也可改善AD。纈沙坦可減少鋁誘導(dǎo)大鼠模型的Aβ沉積,改善空間學(xué)習(xí)能力和認(rèn)知功能[26]。替米沙坦減少AD模型5xFAD小鼠的神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞激活,氯沙坦保護(hù)AD模型APP小鼠的認(rèn)知功能,維持腦血管功能[27]。氯沙坦緩解Aβ42果蠅的腦細(xì)胞死亡并逆轉(zhuǎn)記憶缺陷,卻無(wú)法挽救表達(dá)tau蛋白的果蠅腦細(xì)胞死亡,提示ARB也是通過(guò)靶向Aβ起作用[23]。
替米沙坦比鈣通道阻滯劑更能降低高血壓合并AD患者的白細(xì)胞介素-1β和TNF-α水平,改善其簡(jiǎn)易精神狀態(tài)檢查量表(Mini-mentalstateexamination,MMSE)和阿爾茨海默病評(píng)定量表-認(rèn)知評(píng)分(Alzheimer’sdiseaseassessmentscale-cognitivesubscale,ADAS-Cog)[28]。與其他類(lèi)降壓藥物相比,ARB和鈣通道阻滯劑均可顯著降低癡呆風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[29]。ACEI使高血壓患癡呆癥的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)降低26%,服用ARB將風(fēng)險(xiǎn)降低40%[30]。血管緊張素Ⅱ受體2(AngiotensinⅡtype2receptor,AT2R)可降低45%的癡呆發(fā)病率,但聯(lián)用ACEI較單用ACEI僅降低20%[31],提示ACEI削弱了AT2R刺激的保護(hù)效應(yīng)。
4.3利尿劑降低AD的患病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)
數(shù)據(jù)挖掘分析顯示,降壓治療總體降低了AD發(fā)病風(fēng)險(xiǎn),但輕度認(rèn)知功能障礙(Mildcognitiveimpairment,MCI)患者只有服用利尿劑才能降低AD風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[32]。一項(xiàng)分析涉及15項(xiàng)縱向研究(52599人)的數(shù)據(jù)表明,利尿劑較其他降壓藥降低癡呆和AD風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的效果更加顯著[33]。一項(xiàng)納入6537例參與者的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),袢利尿劑可降低癡呆癥的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[34]。利尿劑和ARB聯(lián)合使用可降低AD風(fēng)險(xiǎn),噻嗪類(lèi)和保鉀利尿劑降低AD風(fēng)險(xiǎn)最顯著[35]。
4.4碳酸酐酶抑制劑降低AD風(fēng)險(xiǎn)
碳酸酐酶抑制劑(Carbonicanhydraseinhibitors,CAI),如甲唑胺(Methazolamide,MTZ)和乙酰唑胺(Acetazolamide,ATZ)是潛在的AD治療藥。CAI通過(guò)預(yù)防Aβ介導(dǎo)的線粒體功能障礙和細(xì)胞死亡治療AD和CAA。MTZ抑制體外神經(jīng)元和神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞DNA片段化,抑制線粒體細(xì)胞色素C的釋放以及半胱天冬氨酸蛋白酶9和半胱天冬氨酸蛋白酶3的激活。體內(nèi)研究也證明MTZ可減少海馬注射Aβ小鼠的腦神經(jīng)元凋亡[36]。由于CAI還增加血管活性,因此CAI將是治療AD合并高血壓的理想藥物。
5小結(jié)
高血壓尤其是中年高血壓對(duì)AD及認(rèn)知有重要影響。高血壓可導(dǎo)致腦壓力自體調(diào)節(jié)的喪失、BBB通透性增加、微出血和外周免疫細(xì)胞浸潤(rùn)增加,引起神經(jīng)炎癥和氧化應(yīng)激,還能阻礙血管周?chē)鶤β的清除,腦低灌注、缺氧和營(yíng)養(yǎng)缺乏。女性是AD發(fā)展的第二大危險(xiǎn)因素,因此,需要考慮心血管危險(xiǎn)因素、AD風(fēng)險(xiǎn)和tau/Aβ病理學(xué)之間的性別差異。不同類(lèi)型降壓藥物對(duì)AD風(fēng)險(xiǎn)和病理影響不同。未來(lái)的研究還需繼續(xù)探索高血壓如何影響Aβ和tau蛋白相關(guān)AD病理及其致認(rèn)知障礙的機(jī)制,以及哪些藥物能有效降低中年高血壓進(jìn)而降低AD的發(fā)病率。
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(2023-04-11收稿)