□明 艷

閱讀和寫(xiě)作是高考重點(diǎn)考查的題型，其中閱讀題要求學(xué)生有一定的詞匯語(yǔ)法基礎(chǔ)，能讀懂長(zhǎng)難句，能理解篇章段落的主旨大意，并且對(duì)相關(guān)主題的背景文化知識(shí)有所了解。學(xué)生在解題時(shí)，可以從題干出發(fā)，根據(jù)題干預(yù)測(cè)篇章大意，然后按照順序逐個(gè)解題。在解題過(guò)程中先定位信息源，然后對(duì)信息源進(jìn)行分析、比較、推理、概括，找到與正確選項(xiàng)之間的對(duì)應(yīng)關(guān)系。如果考生了解干擾項(xiàng)的特點(diǎn)，那么對(duì)于精準(zhǔn)快速解題會(huì)起到很好的作用。下面以2023年高考真題為例，對(duì)閱讀理解題干擾項(xiàng)的特點(diǎn)作出分析。

一、無(wú)中生有

例1.（2023年全國(guó)新課標(biāo)I卷，C篇）

The second part of this book takes a closer look at some ideas that will help you cultivate (培養(yǎng)) a sustainable digital minimalism lifestyle. In these chapters, I examine issues such as the importance of solitude (獨(dú)處) and the necessity of cultivating highquality leisure to replace the time most now spent on mindless device use. Each chapter concludes with a collection of practices, which are designed to help you act on the big ideas of the chapter. You can view these practices as a toolbox meant to aid your efforts to build a minimalist lifestyle that works for your particular circumstances.

31. What does the author suggest readers do with the practices offered in part two？

A.Use them as needed.

B.Recommend them to friends.

C.Evaluate their effects.

D.Identify the ideas behind them.

【分析】本題的正確答案是A項(xiàng)，use them as needed和原文最后一句“You can view these practices as a toolbox meant to aid your efforts to build a minimalist lifestyle that works for your particular circumstances”對(duì)應(yīng)，是最后一句的概括性同義替換。干擾項(xiàng)B和C沒(méi)有提到，即“無(wú)中生有”；干擾項(xiàng)D的意思是 “發(fā)現(xiàn)這些做法背后的理念”，作者建議做的是根據(jù)章節(jié)中的實(shí)際做法去操作，根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二句“Each chapter concludes with a collection of practices, which are designed to help you act on the big ideas of the chapter. ”可知這些做法是實(shí)際操作層面而不是理論層面的。

例2.（2023年1月浙江卷，D篇）

Solar developers want to put up panels as quickly and cheaply as possible, so they haven’t given much thought to what they put under them.Often, they’ll end up filling the area with small stones and using chemicals to control weeds. The result is that many communities, especially in farming regions, see solar farms as destroyers of the soil.

32.What do solar developers often ignore？

A.The decline in the demand for solar energy.

B.The negative impact of installing solar panels.

C.The rising labor cost of building solar farms.

D.The most recent advances in solar technology.

【分析】本題的正確答案是B 項(xiàng)，題干的ignore與原文的haven’t given much thought to形成了對(duì)應(yīng)性同義替換。干擾項(xiàng)C和D文中沒(méi)有提到，即“無(wú)中生有”；干擾項(xiàng)A 與原文提到的“...and it has to grow even faster to meet climate goals.”相反，形成了“正反混淆”。

二、正反混淆

例3.（2023年全國(guó)新課標(biāo)I卷，D篇）

But a new study led by Joaquin Navajas offered an interesting twist (轉(zhuǎn)折) on this classic phenomenon. The key finding of the study was that when crowds were further divided into smaller groups that were allowed to have a discussion, the averages from these groups were more accurate than those from an equal number of independent individuals. For instance, the average obtained from the estimates of four discussion groups of five was significantly more accurate than the average obtained from 20 independent individuals.

33. Navajas’ study found that the average accuracy could increase even if ____________.

A.the crowds were relatively small

B.there were occasional underestimates

C.individuals did not communicate

D.estimates were not fully independent

【分析】本題的正確答案是D，與段落中“the averages from these groups were more accurate than those from an equal number of independent individuals”形成了對(duì)應(yīng)性同義替換，即小組討論結(jié)果比獨(dú)立個(gè)人的準(zhǔn)確值要高。干擾項(xiàng)A的意思是“群體數(shù)量變得相對(duì)小”，而原文沒(méi)有提到群體總數(shù)的變化，這個(gè)選項(xiàng)干擾性很大，因?yàn)榭忌鷷?huì)以為分成小組就是群體總數(shù)變小了。干擾項(xiàng)B的意思是“有偶而的低估”，這個(gè)選項(xiàng)只是拿第二段中的一個(gè)“低估”概念混淆考生。干擾項(xiàng)C的意思是“個(gè)人之間不交流”，正好與“分小組討論更準(zhǔn)確”相反，即使用了“正反混淆”。

例4.（2023年全國(guó)乙卷，C篇）

What comes into your mind when you think of British food? Probably fish and chips, or a Sunday dinner of meat and two vegetables. But is British food really so uninteresting? Even though Britain has a reputation for less-than-impressive cuisine,it is producing more top class chefs who appear frequently on our television screens and whose recipe books frequently top the best seller lists.

28. What do people usually think of British food？

A.It is simple and plain.

B.It is rich in nutrition.

C.It lacks authentic tastes.

D.It deserves a high reputation.

【分析】本題的正確答案是A，對(duì)應(yīng)首段前兩句，形成了概括性同義替換，人們通常認(rèn)為英國(guó)飲食簡(jiǎn)單。干擾項(xiàng)B和C都沒(méi)有提到，屬于“無(wú)中生有”；干擾項(xiàng)D與原文的Britain has a reputation for less-than-impressive cuisine形成“正反混淆”，原文說(shuō)英國(guó)食物以不好知名，而D說(shuō)英國(guó)食物應(yīng)得一個(gè)很高的聲譽(yù)。

三、偏離中心

例5.（2023年全國(guó)新課標(biāo)I卷，B篇）

“Ecological design” is the name John gives to what he does. “Life on Earth is kind of a box of spare parts for the inventor,” he says. “You put organisms in new relationships and observe what’s happening. Then you let these new systems develop their own ways to self-repair.”

27. What is the basis for John’s work？

A.Nature can repair itself.

B.Organisms need water to survive.

C.Life on Earth is diverse.

D.Most tiny creatures live in groups.

【分析】本題的正確答案是A，根據(jù)原文“Then you let these new systems develop their own ways to self-repair.”可知約翰工作的基礎(chǔ)是大自然有自愈功能。干擾項(xiàng)B的意思是“有機(jī)體需要水存活”，原文中并未提及。干擾項(xiàng)C的意思是“地球上的生命是多樣的”，這個(gè)陳述本身沒(méi)有錯(cuò)誤，但是卻與題干的問(wèn)題偏離了，屬于“偏離中心”。干擾項(xiàng)D的意思是“大部分小生物群居生存”，原文并未提及。

例6.（2023年1月浙江卷，B篇）

I experience this when I started switching to a zero waste lifestyle five years ago, as I was living with my parents, and I continue to experience this with my husband, as he is not completely zero waste like me.

27. What is the text mainly about？

A.How to get on well with other family members.

B.How to have one’s own personal space at home.

C.How to live a zero waste lifestyle in a household.

D.How to control the budget when buying groceries.

【分析】本題的正確答案是C。文章講述了在家庭環(huán)境下如何過(guò)零浪費(fèi)的生活方式。干擾項(xiàng)ABD都與原文有一定的關(guān)聯(lián)性，但是都以偏蓋全了。

四、信息錯(cuò)位

例7.（2023年全國(guó)新課標(biāo)II卷，B篇）

Turning soil, pulling weeds, and harvesting cabbage sound like tough work for middle and high school kids. And at first it is, says Abby Jaramillo,who with another teacher started Urban Sprouts, a school garden program at four low-income schools.The program aims to help students develop science skills, environmental awareness, and healthy lifestyle.

27. What can be a suitable title for the text？

A.Rescuing School Gardens

B.Experiencing Country Life

C.Growing Vegetable Lovers

D.Changing Local Landscape

【分析】本題正確答案是C。根據(jù)文中講到的兩位老師開(kāi)辦的Urban Sprouts項(xiàng)目，不僅幫助孩子們提高了飲食營(yíng)養(yǎng)，而且也激發(fā)了孩子們對(duì)園藝的興趣，還幫助了有特殊需求的孩子們。正確選項(xiàng)的growing一詞雙關(guān)，第一個(gè)意思是increasing，變多了的；第二個(gè)意思是“培養(yǎng)，使更成功”的意思。A信息錯(cuò)位，school gardens沒(méi)問(wèn)題，錯(cuò)在rescuing“拯救”這個(gè)詞上；B把范圍擴(kuò)大了，偏離了文章的中心；D沒(méi)有提到。