【摘 要】腦小血管?。╟erebral small vessel disease,CSVD)是導(dǎo)致卒中和癡呆的常見原因。而除了常見的小動(dòng)脈硬化性腦小血管病,非動(dòng)脈硬化性腦小血管病的防治也不容忽視,目前這類疾病尚缺乏特異的治療藥物,且機(jī)制未明、異質(zhì)性較強(qiáng),但臨床對(duì)癥治療方面已有部分證據(jù),在深入挖掘機(jī)制的同時(shí)也探索出潛在療法。現(xiàn)旨在對(duì)該領(lǐng)域治療進(jìn)展予以綜述。
【關(guān)鍵詞】腦小血管?。荒X淀粉樣血管病;伴皮質(zhì)下梗死和白質(zhì)腦病的常染色體顯性遺傳性腦動(dòng)脈??;卒中
【中圖分類號(hào)】R743.9 【文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼】A 【收稿日期】2024-01-28
腦小血管?。╟erebral small vessel disease,CSVD)是指各種病因影響腦內(nèi)小動(dòng)脈、微動(dòng)脈、毛細(xì)血管、微靜脈和小靜脈所致的一系列臨床、影像、病理綜合征[1]。CSVD根據(jù)病因可分為:小動(dòng)脈硬化性CSVD、散發(fā)或遺傳性腦淀粉樣血管病、其他遺傳性CSVD、炎性或免疫介導(dǎo)性CSVD、靜脈膠原化疾病和其他CSVD[2]。盡管大部分患者表現(xiàn)為小動(dòng)脈硬化性CSVD,但隨著磁共振影像(magnetic resonance imaging,MRI)診斷技術(shù)的進(jìn)展以及對(duì)CSVD認(rèn)識(shí)的提高,對(duì)除小動(dòng)脈硬化性之外的少見病因CSVD研究也逐漸增多。
總體而言,CSVD的治療相對(duì)有限,主要以控制血壓、抗栓治療等對(duì)癥治療方案為主。其他少見病因CSVD如腦淀粉樣血管?。╟erebral amyloid angiopathy,CAA)、伴皮質(zhì)下梗死和白質(zhì)腦病的常染色體顯性遺傳性腦動(dòng)脈?。╟erebral autosomaldominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy,CADASIL)由于病理機(jī)制不同于小動(dòng)脈硬化,因此不能直接照搬小動(dòng)脈硬化性CSVD的治療方案,對(duì)癥治療方案也需仔細(xì)評(píng)估缺血或出血風(fēng)險(xiǎn)等,該領(lǐng)域目前已涌現(xiàn)出大量研究。本文將對(duì)非動(dòng)脈硬化性CSVD(主要是CAA和CADASIL)的治療進(jìn)展進(jìn)行綜述。
1 CAA的治療
CAA是老年人常見的腦小血管疾病,其特征是淀粉樣蛋白β(amyloid β,Aβ)在腦膜和皮質(zhì)小血管壁內(nèi)沉積[3-4]。CAA的常見臨床表現(xiàn)為反復(fù)的腦葉出血、缺血性卒中、CAA相關(guān)炎癥(cerebral amyloid angiopathy-related inflammation,CAA-RI)等[5]。目前尚無有效的治療方法,對(duì)癥治療主要圍繞降低腦出血的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)及共病如房顫的管理等,而難點(diǎn)在于平衡缺血與出血的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)與收益。
1.1 CAA患者危險(xiǎn)因素管理
1.1.1 血壓管理
血壓管理對(duì)于降低CAA相關(guān)性腦出血的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)至關(guān)重要。PROGRESS試驗(yàn)發(fā)現(xiàn)腦葉性和深部腦出血患者血壓升高與腦出血復(fù)發(fā)相關(guān),且亞組分析顯示強(qiáng)化降壓治療使可能的CAA相關(guān)腦出血的相對(duì)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)降低[6]。隊(duì)列研究發(fā)現(xiàn),收縮壓及舒張壓升高時(shí)腦葉出血復(fù)發(fā)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)明顯增加[7]。除了長期高血壓,血壓變異性也被證明與腦微出血(cerebral microbleeds,CMBs)和腦白質(zhì)高信號(hào)進(jìn)展以及全因死亡率相關(guān)[8]。有指南指出合并CAA的腦葉出血者,長期血壓目標(biāo)為lt;130/80 mmHg[9]。盡管強(qiáng)化降壓與標(biāo)準(zhǔn)降壓對(duì)于預(yù)防缺血性卒中復(fù)發(fā)孰優(yōu)孰劣尚無定論,降壓可降低包括高血壓和CAA相關(guān)的所有類型腦出血風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[10]。
1.1.2 血脂管理
積極的血脂管理是缺血性卒中的預(yù)防措施,但血脂管理和腦出血的關(guān)系尚存爭議。SPARCL研究以及薈萃分析表明缺血性卒中患者使用他汀類藥物后腦出血發(fā)生率增加[11-13],且LDL 水平lt;1.8 mmol/L 是該風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的標(biāo)志[14]。而另一項(xiàng)研究顯示他汀類藥物使用強(qiáng)度對(duì)腦出血無明顯影響[15];隊(duì)列研究分析表明,他汀類藥物的使用與深部腦出血有關(guān),但與腦葉出血無關(guān)[16]。而部分觀察性研究提示他汀類藥物可同時(shí)降低腦葉及非腦葉出血的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[17-18]。
考慮到他汀類藥物在CSVD中的潛在益處,目前的建議是對(duì)有明確適應(yīng)證的CAA患者進(jìn)行他汀類藥物治療。親水性他汀類(即瑞舒伐他汀、普伐他汀)可能比親脂性他汀類更安全,因其透過血腦屏障的能力有限[15]。腦出血風(fēng)險(xiǎn)高的患者可考慮使用依折麥布和PCSK9抑制劑進(jìn)行非他汀類降脂治療[19-21]。CAA患者選擇他汀治療需謹(jǐn)慎,建議使用低劑量他汀類藥物,并優(yōu)先選擇親水性或在腦出血方面安全性更高的藥物如依折麥布[21]。正在進(jìn)行的SATURN試驗(yàn)將評(píng)估他汀類藥物對(duì)腦葉出血幸存者的潛在益處/風(fēng)險(xiǎn),有望為CAA的降脂治療提供新證據(jù)。
1.2 CAA患者缺血性卒中的治療
1.2.1 靜脈溶栓
嚴(yán)格腦葉分布的CMBs對(duì)CAA具有良好的敏感性和特異性[22],是CAA的Boston 2.0診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)之一[23]。WAKE-UP研究事后分析并未發(fā)現(xiàn)阿替普酶對(duì)存在CMBs的急性缺血性卒中患者療效更差或帶來額外風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[24]。而薈萃分析顯示,與無或lt;10個(gè)CMBs患者相比,gt;10個(gè)CMBs患者靜脈溶栓(intravenous thrombolysis,IVT)后癥狀性腦出血風(fēng)險(xiǎn)明顯升高[25],且后者行IVT與較高的死亡率相關(guān)[26]。因此歐洲卒中組織不推薦對(duì)gt;10個(gè)CMBs的患者行IVT[27];而美國卒中協(xié)會(huì)認(rèn)為這類高CMBs負(fù)荷患者中的少部分,如80歲以上、梗死體積較大或入院至溶栓時(shí)間較長的患者行IVT可能才存在風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[28];中國指南對(duì)此暫無明確推薦意見。將CMBs作為IVT的禁忌證依然缺乏依據(jù)[25],不應(yīng)因存在少至中等數(shù)量CMBs而放棄IVT[26,29]。還需更多研究以確定CMBs負(fù)荷對(duì)IVT的影響或CAA患者進(jìn)行IVT的療效與風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。但為了評(píng)估CMBs而進(jìn)行MRI掃描,導(dǎo)致IVT延遲10 min以上可能會(huì)造成凈損害,因此美國卒中協(xié)會(huì)不建議IVT前進(jìn)行CMBs篩查[30]。
1.2.2 血管內(nèi)取栓
比較有無CAA病變的急性缺血性卒中患者血管內(nèi)取栓(endovascular thrombectomy,EVT)結(jié)果的研究發(fā)現(xiàn):EVT對(duì)很可能或可能的CAA患者有益,盡管EVT后CAA患者長期預(yù)后較非CAA患者差,但EVT誘導(dǎo)的再灌注可能不會(huì)增加CAA患者短期腦出血風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[31]。對(duì)于輕至中度CMBs負(fù)荷患者,EVT增加了其獲得良好預(yù)后的可能性[31]。1項(xiàng)研究表明CMBs的負(fù)擔(dān)與EVT后癥狀性腦出血、再通率或功能結(jié)局無關(guān)[32]。因此不應(yīng)因懷疑CAA而拒絕EVT。
1.2.3 抗血小板聚集治療
TIA或缺血性卒中患者如合并CMBs,將同時(shí)增加缺血和出血性卒中的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),而缺血性卒中絕對(duì)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)更高[25]。微出血國際協(xié)作網(wǎng)絡(luò)的數(shù)據(jù)分析也表明,即使CMBs≥10個(gè)或呈嚴(yán)格腦葉分布,缺血性卒中的絕對(duì)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)仍超過腦出血[33]。指南指出在需要抗血小板或抗凝治療的缺血性卒中或TIA患者中,CMBs的存在不妨礙抗血栓治療[9]。然而目前尚缺乏證據(jù)支持。NAVIGATE-ESUS試驗(yàn)的探索性分析發(fā)現(xiàn)不明原因栓塞性卒中患者CMBs的存在似乎不影響抗血栓治療后腦出血復(fù)發(fā)[34]。PICASSO研究發(fā)現(xiàn)在缺血性卒中伴CMBs患者中,西洛他唑相關(guān)腦出血的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)低于阿司匹林[35],提示西洛他唑可能是腦出血高風(fēng)險(xiǎn)患者的更佳選擇。
既往傾向避免對(duì)腦出血幸存者使用抗血栓藥物,而RESTART研究表明,抗血栓藥物相關(guān)腦出血后重啟抗血小板治療可能是安全的[36],但RESTART只涵蓋了少數(shù)可能的CAA患者。隊(duì)列研究提示腦出血后重啟抗血小板治療不僅可降低缺血性卒中復(fù)發(fā),也減少了出血性卒中事件[37-38]。另外2項(xiàng)研究也顯示腦出血后使用抗血小板藥物與腦出血復(fù)發(fā)無關(guān)[39-40]。目前大多數(shù)研究結(jié)果表明,無論腦出血前是否使用抗血小板藥物,腦出血后重啟抗血小板均可降低缺血性事件的發(fā)生,而不增加腦出血的復(fù)發(fā)[41-42]。因此指南指出腦葉出血伴可能的CAA 患者的二級(jí)預(yù)防可考慮抗血小板治療[9]。由CAA引起的腦出血后抗血小板能否獲益還需更多證據(jù)[43],腦出血后是否以及何時(shí)重啟抗血小板治療尚無定論,RESTART-France、ASPIRING研究有望為此提供高水平證據(jù)。
1.3 CAA患者出血性卒中的治療
薈萃分析顯示,CAA相關(guān)腦出血的年發(fā)病率為7.4%,而非CAA相關(guān)腦出血的年發(fā)病率為1.1%,合并CMBs會(huì)增加腦出血的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[44]。CAA相關(guān)腦出血患者的急性期處理與其他原因引起的自發(fā)性腦出血類似,應(yīng)遵循現(xiàn)行腦出血指南,重點(diǎn)在于控制腦水腫、降低血壓和糾正凝血功能障礙以及必要時(shí)外科手術(shù)治療[45-46]。
1.4 CAA患者合并房顫的治療
CAA合并房顫(atrial fibrillation,AF)因高出血風(fēng)險(xiǎn)存在抗凝困境,迄今尚無CAA 合并AF 患者抗凝治療的RCT 研究。雖然與華法林相比,新型口服抗凝劑(novel oral anticoagulants,NOACs)出血風(fēng)險(xiǎn)較低[47],但該益處還未在腦出血高風(fēng)險(xiǎn)患者中驗(yàn)證。觀察性研究顯示腦出血后恢復(fù)抗凝與腦出血復(fù)發(fā)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)升高無關(guān)[48],在腦葉出血或影像學(xué)診斷的CAA患者也是如此[49]。但SoSTART試驗(yàn)未能證明抗凝不劣于非抗凝治療[50]。在APACHE-AF試驗(yàn)中,阿哌沙班治療組缺血性卒中發(fā)生率無改變,但復(fù)發(fā)性腦出血更多[51]。目前英國指南指出CAA合并AF的腦葉性出血患者可考慮口服抗凝治療[9],對(duì)于出血風(fēng)險(xiǎn)相對(duì)低的患者給予NOACs,出血風(fēng)險(xiǎn)高的患者給予低劑量抗凝劑[52-53]。ASPIRE、ENRICH-AF、STATICH、NASPAF-ICH 和PRESTIGE-AF 試驗(yàn)即將提供更多證據(jù)。
盡管左心耳封堵術(shù)(left atrial appendage occlusion,LAAO)術(shù)后也需短期抗凝,但避免了長期抗凝風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。LAAO與NOACs相比療效優(yōu)劣仍存爭議,但薈萃分析表明LAAO比華法林出血風(fēng)險(xiǎn)低[54]。LAAO可能更適于腦出血風(fēng)險(xiǎn)高的患者,STROKE-CLOSE和A3ICH試驗(yàn)將在癥狀性腦出血患者中進(jìn)行驗(yàn)證。與NOACs相比,高CMBs負(fù)擔(dān)的患者是否能從LAAO獲益也值得探索。此外,無須術(shù)后抗凝的療法如心外膜左心耳夾閉術(shù)也逐漸成熟[55]。對(duì)于AF伴腦出血高復(fù)發(fā)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的CAA患者,美國AF指南指出LAAO可能是抗凝的替代方案[56]。
1.5 CAA-RI的處理
針對(duì)CAA-RI有研究顯示,單獨(dú)高劑量糖皮質(zhì)激素或聯(lián)合免疫抑制劑可減輕CAA-RI的癥狀和影像學(xué)異常,且可改善預(yù)后[57]。目前建議使用大劑量糖皮質(zhì)激素沖擊療法,如果對(duì)激素反應(yīng)較差或?yàn)轭A(yù)防復(fù)發(fā),可給予免疫抑制劑[58]。目前尚無研究對(duì)免疫抑制藥物種類、劑量和療程的推薦。此外,CAA是Aβ清除紊亂相關(guān)的疾病而CAA-RI是人體清除Aβ的免疫反應(yīng),因此也需確定過度的免疫抑制是否會(huì)對(duì)長期預(yù)后產(chǎn)生不利影響。
1.6 CAA潛在的新興療法
目前CAA尚無證實(shí)的疾病修飾療法。CAA潛在新興療法主要圍繞降低疾病不同階段的Aβ沉積,包括增加Aβ清除、減少Aβ產(chǎn)生,這與阿爾茨海默?。ˋlzheimner's disease,AD)藥物研發(fā)有相同之處[59-60]。但CAA可能會(huì)增加抗Aβ治療后發(fā)生Aβ相關(guān)影像學(xué)異常的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[61],且在晚期的CAA患者,從受損的血管壁移除Aβ 可能會(huì)增加血管出血的風(fēng)險(xiǎn) [62]。針對(duì)CAA的1項(xiàng)抗Aβ單克隆抗體免疫治療試驗(yàn)結(jié)果為陰性[63],短期內(nèi)血管功能反而惡化[63],因此對(duì)于CAA免疫治療有效性存疑。減少Aβ產(chǎn)生的反義寡核苷酸療法對(duì)癥狀前遺傳性CAA突變攜帶者可能會(huì)有效,但在AD中的試驗(yàn)由于認(rèn)知惡化而終止[64]。其次,需評(píng)估是否可通過非侵入性感覺刺激或促進(jìn)健康睡眠來增強(qiáng)CAA患者血管舒張以加強(qiáng)對(duì)Aβ的清除。最后,Aβ可能通過激活膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞,導(dǎo)致促炎物質(zhì)的產(chǎn)生而使大腦處于慢性炎癥狀態(tài),米諾環(huán)素抗炎治療的BATMAN試驗(yàn)正在進(jìn)行[65]。
2 遺傳性CSVD的治療
遺傳性腦小血管?。╤ereditary cerebral small vessel disease,hCSVD)包括CADASIL、伴皮質(zhì)下梗死及白質(zhì)腦病的常染色體隱性遺傳腦動(dòng)脈病(cerebral autosomal recessive arteriopathywith subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy,CARASIL)、HTRA1相關(guān)顯性遺傳性腦小血管病、膠原蛋白4A1/2相關(guān)腦小動(dòng)脈病、視網(wǎng)膜血管病變伴白質(zhì)腦病和系統(tǒng)性表現(xiàn)、顯性遺傳性腦淀粉樣血管病和Fabry病等,其臨床和遺傳特征呈明顯異質(zhì)性。目前仍缺乏相關(guān)特效治療藥物,以對(duì)癥治療為主。
2.1 CADASIL的治療
CADASIL是由NOTCH3基因突變所致的成人最常見的遺傳性腦小血管病,癥狀多為偏頭痛、反復(fù)卒中發(fā)作、認(rèn)知功能障礙等,治療主要集中在管理血管危險(xiǎn)因素及緩解癥狀[66]。
2.1.1 CADASIL患者危險(xiǎn)因素管理
觀察性研究表明,吸煙和高血壓均與CADASIL卒中風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加相關(guān)[67]。因此指南均建議嚴(yán)格控制心血管危險(xiǎn)因素,特別是血壓管理和戒煙[68]。此外,不同類別的抗高血壓藥物可能對(duì)CADASIL患者的微血管功能有不同影響,與阿替洛爾相比,氨氯地平和氯沙坦對(duì)CADASIL患者腦血管反應(yīng)性有所改善[69]。針對(duì)血管舒張功能障礙的試驗(yàn)中,阿托伐他汀和作為一氧化氮合成輔助因子的沙丙蝶呤對(duì)CADASIL 患者血流動(dòng)力學(xué)無任何改善[70-71]。
2.1.2 CADASIL患者卒中的治療
CADASIL中是否應(yīng)用抗血小板藥物尚不明確[72]。歐洲指南建議CADASIL患者避免服用抗血小板藥物進(jìn)行卒中一級(jí)預(yù)防,但在卒中或TIA后可使用單一而非雙重抗血小板藥物治療[68]。盡管尚無CADASIL 患者抗血小板治療安全性或有效性的高質(zhì)量證據(jù),但有研究表明使用低劑量阿司匹林行腦血管病二級(jí)預(yù)防的出血風(fēng)險(xiǎn)較低[73]。CMBs的存在并非卒中或TIA后抗血小板治療的禁忌證[73]。關(guān)于CADASIL患者IVT的數(shù)據(jù)很少,病例報(bào)告表明CADASIL患者行IVT可能是安全的[74]。需更多研究評(píng)估CADASIL患者急性卒中IVT及EVT的安全性及有效性[75]。CADASIL患者抗凝治療的適應(yīng)證尚不明確,對(duì)于伴有AF或其他抗凝指征的患者,口服抗凝并非禁忌,LAAO可能是替代長期抗凝的合理選擇[68,73]。
2.1.3 CADASIL患者偏頭痛的治療
CADASIL患者偏頭痛發(fā)作時(shí)可使用常規(guī)非甾體類鎮(zhèn)痛藥[76]。乙酰唑胺對(duì)CADASIL患者偏頭痛有一定療效[77],且可改善血管反應(yīng)性[78]。因CADASIL患者存在腦缺血風(fēng)險(xiǎn),應(yīng)盡量避免使用曲普坦類及麥角類血管收縮性藥物,但也有研究顯示曲普坦類藥物治療頭痛是安全的[79]。此外,洛美利嗪可能還有預(yù)防CADASIL患者卒中發(fā)作的作用[80]。
2.1.4 CADASIL患者認(rèn)知障礙的治療
膽堿能缺乏可能與血管性認(rèn)知障礙密切相關(guān),但研究顯示多奈哌齊對(duì)CADASIL患者的認(rèn)知評(píng)分無明顯改善,僅次要終點(diǎn)執(zhí)行功能有差異[81]。
2.1.5 CADASIL潛在的新興療法
迄今仍無針對(duì)CADASIL發(fā)病機(jī)制的疾病修飾療法。對(duì)CADASIL 小鼠給予針對(duì)NOTCH3胞外段異常沉積的抗體顯示出腦血管功能改善[82];給予CADASIL小鼠干細(xì)胞因子和粒細(xì)胞集落刺激因子可減少缺血導(dǎo)致的神經(jīng)元丟失并改善認(rèn)知功能[83-84];反義寡核苷酸介導(dǎo)特定NOTCH3外顯子跳躍可從NOTCH3蛋白中排除突變的表皮生長因子重復(fù)序列[85],CADASIL患者偶然自發(fā)的外顯子跳躍可減輕NOTCH3胞外段的沉積,也側(cè)面驗(yàn)證了該療法[86]。
2.2 其他遺傳性CSVD的治療
Fabry病是GLA基因突變所致的X染色體連鎖的溶酶體貯積病,全身多系統(tǒng)受累,累及神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)可發(fā)生卒中[87],該病是唯一有特異性療法的hCSVD,α-半乳糖苷酶替代療法已使用多年,但其預(yù)防腦血管并發(fā)癥的長期有效性尚未被證實(shí)[87]。CARASIL是HTRA1基因純合或復(fù)合雜合突變引起的常染色體隱性hCSVD,目前主要是為患者提供遺傳咨詢及對(duì)癥支持治療,抗栓藥物在其中的作用仍不清楚。研究表明坎地沙坦可減輕CARASIL小鼠細(xì)胞外基質(zhì)蛋白的積累并改善血管功能,但坎地沙坦是否能延緩疾病進(jìn)展仍有待探索[88]。
3 炎性或免疫介導(dǎo)性CSVD的治療
原發(fā)性中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)血管炎(primary angiitis of thecentral nervous system,PACNS)是一種主要累及腦實(shí)質(zhì)、脊髓和軟腦膜中小血管的中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)免疫炎性疾病。目前尚無統(tǒng)一的治療方案,指南建議使用糖皮質(zhì)激素聯(lián)合免疫抑制劑,選擇何種免疫抑制劑尚無定論,少數(shù)輕癥患者可考慮單用糖皮質(zhì)激素[89],建議誘導(dǎo)治療后未出現(xiàn)復(fù)發(fā)者繼續(xù)維持治療至少2年[89]。初步證據(jù)表明,糖皮質(zhì)激素和環(huán)磷酰胺無效或環(huán)磷酰胺禁忌時(shí),利妥昔單抗可誘導(dǎo)緩解[90]。對(duì)于合并缺血性卒中的PACNS患者,目前缺乏抗栓藥物、IVT、EVT的應(yīng)用證據(jù),指南指出在無禁忌證的情況下以上療法可能是安全的[89]。對(duì)于繼發(fā)性腦血管炎,應(yīng)治療其基礎(chǔ)疾病,中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)受累提示預(yù)后較差[91]。
此外,目前對(duì)腦靜脈膠原病認(rèn)識(shí)尚淺,尚無有效治療證據(jù)。對(duì)于其他CSVD,如放射后CSVD可遵循放射性腦損傷治療原則:藥物治療包括糖皮質(zhì)激素,貝伐珠單抗,以及神經(jīng)節(jié)苷脂、依達(dá)拉奉等腦保護(hù)藥;高壓氧療;激光間質(zhì)熱療及手術(shù)[92]。
4 結(jié)語
非動(dòng)脈硬化性CSVD的異質(zhì)性很大,需根據(jù)患者臨床病理特征進(jìn)行個(gè)性化評(píng)估及治療。且非動(dòng)脈硬化性CSVD的發(fā)病機(jī)制目前尚不完全清楚,因此缺少特異性療法。期盼未來有更多高質(zhì)量、針對(duì)性的隨機(jī)對(duì)照研究來探尋其治療方案以突破非動(dòng)脈硬化性CSVD臨床治療困境。
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(責(zé)任編輯:曾 玲)
基金項(xiàng)目:科技創(chuàng)新2030重大資助項(xiàng)目(編號(hào):2021ZD0201806);國家自然科學(xué)基金資助項(xiàng)目(編號(hào):82271221);上海市醫(yī)苑新星杰出青年醫(yī)師計(jì)劃資助項(xiàng)目(編號(hào):20224Z0033)。