国产日韩欧美一区二区三区三州_亚洲少妇熟女av_久久久久亚洲av国产精品_波多野结衣网站一区二区_亚洲欧美色片在线91_国产亚洲精品精品国产优播av_日本一区二区三区波多野结衣 _久久国产av不卡

?

膠質(zhì)纖維酸性蛋白在腦損傷中作用的研究進(jìn)展

2024-04-30 17:59吳永萌馬寧李國(guó)婧陰懷清
關(guān)鍵詞:腦損傷綜述結(jié)構(gòu)

吳永萌 馬寧 李國(guó)婧 陰懷清

摘要 膠質(zhì)纖維酸性蛋白(GFAP)是成熟星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞的標(biāo)志。GFAP負(fù)責(zé)星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞的細(xì)胞結(jié)構(gòu)和機(jī)械強(qiáng)度,并支持其鄰近神經(jīng)元的生理功能和維持血腦屏障。通過反應(yīng)性星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞增生,GFAP參與腦損傷、神經(jīng)退行性疾病的病理生理學(xué)過程。綜述GFAP的結(jié)構(gòu)、功能、病理生理作用及其在腦損傷中的作用等方面的研究進(jìn)展,以促進(jìn)GFAP作為腦損傷生物標(biāo)志物的潛在臨床價(jià)值(包括支持性診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、監(jiān)測(cè)疾病進(jìn)展和提高預(yù)后準(zhǔn)確性等方面)的研究。

關(guān)鍵詞 腦損傷;膠質(zhì)纖維酸性蛋白;結(jié)構(gòu);功能;病理生理作用;綜述

doi:10.12102/j.issn.1672-1349.2024.05.015

基金項(xiàng)目 山西省自然基金項(xiàng)目(No.20210302124650)

作者單位 1.山西醫(yī)科大學(xué)(太原? 030001);2.山西醫(yī)科大學(xué)第一醫(yī)院(太原? 030001)

通訊作者 陰懷清,E-mail:yhq0351@163.com

引用信息 吳永萌,馬寧,李國(guó)婧,等.膠質(zhì)纖維酸性蛋白在腦損傷中作用的研究進(jìn)展[J].中西醫(yī)結(jié)合心腦血管病雜志,2024,22(5):852-856.

星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞占中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)細(xì)胞的30%~40%,與神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)中的其他細(xì)胞(包括神經(jīng)元)建立大量的相互作用[1]。膠質(zhì)纖維酸性蛋白(glial fibrillary acidic protein,GFAP)是星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞的標(biāo)志性中間纖維[2],在灰質(zhì)和白質(zhì)、小腦、腦室下區(qū)和顆粒下區(qū)的成熟星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞及視網(wǎng)膜中的Mueller細(xì)胞中表達(dá)[1]。腦特異性GFAP位于星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞中,在細(xì)胞損傷和死亡后釋放[3]。GFAP在成人腦損傷中表現(xiàn)出臨床預(yù)后潛力,包括創(chuàng)傷性腦損傷[4]、中風(fēng)[5]和神經(jīng)退行性疾?。?]。新生兒血清GFAP濃度升高與腦室周圍白質(zhì)損傷[7]、體外膜氧合后腦損傷及出生相關(guān)缺氧缺血性腦病出院時(shí)磁共振異常有關(guān)[8],可提高對(duì)新生兒腦病神經(jīng)發(fā)育結(jié)果的預(yù)測(cè)[9-11]?,F(xiàn)對(duì)GFAP的結(jié)構(gòu)、功能、病理生理作用及其在腦損傷中的作用等方面的研究進(jìn)展進(jìn)行綜述,促進(jìn)以GFAP作為腦損傷生物標(biāo)志物的潛在臨床價(jià)值(包括支持性診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、監(jiān)測(cè)疾病進(jìn)展和提高預(yù)后準(zhǔn)確性等方面)的研究。

1 GFAP的結(jié)構(gòu)

GFAP是一種主要存在于星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞中,長(zhǎng)度為8~12 nm的Ⅲ型中間纖維結(jié)構(gòu)蛋白[12-14],人GFAP基因于1989年克?。?5],該基因定位于染色體17q21,由9個(gè)外顯子[16]和8個(gè)內(nèi)含子組成,分布在約10 kb的DNA上,產(chǎn)生約3 kb的成熟mRNA[17],以編碼432個(gè)氨基酸組成的GFAP[1]。主要異構(gòu)體GFAP-α在中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞和神經(jīng)元中高度表達(dá),GFAP-β、γ、ε、κ和ζ異構(gòu)體在中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)神經(jīng)元和神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)外的組織和細(xì)胞類型中表達(dá)[18]。GFAP和其他Ⅲ型中間絲蛋白具有相同的結(jié)構(gòu)特性[2],其單體均由氨基末端“頭”、中央螺旋“桿”和羧基末端“尾”域組成[17]。頭部和尾部結(jié)構(gòu)域無特定結(jié)構(gòu),高度保守的桿狀結(jié)構(gòu)域包含4個(gè)主要α-螺旋片段[19]。

2 GFAP的功能

2.1 一般功能

GFAP在中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)中有重要作用,如細(xì)胞通信、血腦屏障形成[20],這些作用的實(shí)現(xiàn)主要基于其細(xì)胞骨架和支架的功能。

2.1.1 細(xì)胞骨架與形態(tài)指標(biāo)

GFAP是星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞中細(xì)胞和細(xì)胞核的支撐系統(tǒng)或“支架”[21],功能之一是為與其他細(xì)胞或細(xì)胞外基質(zhì)接觸的質(zhì)膜提供機(jī)械支持,且GFAP的表達(dá)對(duì)大腦正常組織及血腦屏障完整性至關(guān)重要。

2.1.2 細(xì)胞間連接和通信

GFAP與其他細(xì)胞骨架蛋白和橋粒共同作用,參與形成細(xì)胞間連接,并錨定細(xì)胞-基質(zhì)連接,促進(jìn)細(xì)胞間通信,以響應(yīng)細(xì)胞信號(hào)和內(nèi)環(huán)境變化[22]。

2.1.3 分子相互作用平臺(tái)

GFAP與功能分子共定位,甚至發(fā)生分子結(jié)合,還可作為細(xì)胞功能蛋白及酶和其底物之間相互作用的平臺(tái)[22]。

2.1.4 參與細(xì)胞分裂

GFAP調(diào)控細(xì)絲裝配,參與星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞分裂過程,表現(xiàn)為GFAP頭域磷酸化及GFAP在有絲分裂過程中向子細(xì)胞分離部位遷移[23]。

2.2 參與突觸外神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)傳遞

星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞是細(xì)胞外神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)、有機(jī)陰離子和其他神經(jīng)活性物質(zhì)的主要來源之一[22]。GFAP調(diào)控星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞囊泡運(yùn)輸,通過胞吐作用、囊泡循環(huán)和溶酶介導(dǎo)的自噬釋放不同遞質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)體的運(yùn)動(dòng)[23]。因此,GFAP在遞質(zhì)動(dòng)態(tài)平衡中發(fā)揮著關(guān)鍵作用,這些轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)體有助于清除突觸間隙的神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)以保護(hù)神經(jīng)元免受神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)過剩的影響[24]。

2.3 導(dǎo)向作用

GFAP的導(dǎo)向作用包括一個(gè)彈性細(xì)胞骨架網(wǎng)絡(luò),該網(wǎng)絡(luò)與GFAP的重組、運(yùn)輸和膜蛋白回收機(jī)制結(jié)合,并為星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞中功能蛋白的運(yùn)輸和定位提供指南[22]。

3 GFAP的生理病理作用

腦損傷發(fā)生時(shí),星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞被激活,GFAP上調(diào)。作為星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞特有的結(jié)構(gòu)蛋白,GFAP為星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞提供穩(wěn)定性,從而影響其形狀和運(yùn)動(dòng)[25]。因此,GFAP認(rèn)為是多種神經(jīng)病理?xiàng)l件下反應(yīng)性星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞的生物標(biāo)志物。循環(huán)中GFAP水平升高可能與神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)疾病有關(guān),包括創(chuàng)傷性腦損傷[26]、脊髓損傷[1]、缺氧缺血性腦?。?7]、急性缺血性腦卒中[28-29]、顱內(nèi)及蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔出血[30]、多發(fā)性硬化[31]、阿爾茨海默病[32-33]、癲癇[34]、Alexander?。?5]、抑郁癥[36]、神經(jīng)炎癥[37]、糖尿病酮癥酸中毒[38]、帕金森?。?9]和視神經(jīng)脊髓炎譜系障礙[40]。GFAP是較多中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)疾病中腦損傷的潛在生物標(biāo)志物。

任何中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)的病理反應(yīng)中,星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞的防御功能均表現(xiàn)為反應(yīng)性星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞增生[41],即由中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)損傷引發(fā)的星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞多成分和復(fù)雜的重塑,其特征是GFAP表達(dá)增加,可促進(jìn)大量神經(jīng)保護(hù)和促炎因子相關(guān)的星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞生化和生理的深刻變化,是細(xì)胞病理生理學(xué)的重要組成部分,GFAP抑制常加重神經(jīng)病理變化[42]。

盡管反應(yīng)性星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞增生是基因表達(dá)和細(xì)胞變化的漸進(jìn)性變化的精細(xì)分級(jí)連續(xù)體,但出于描述和分類的目的,分為3個(gè)類別[24]。1)輕度至中度反應(yīng)性星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞增生:少量或不增生的星狀膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞;GFAP表達(dá)增高,細(xì)胞體及突起肥大均只在個(gè)別星狀膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞區(qū)出現(xiàn),鄰近星狀膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞的突起無明顯混合、交疊或缺失。輕度或中度反應(yīng)性星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞增生通常與輕度非穿透性和非挫傷性損傷、彌漫性先天免疫活化(病毒感染、系統(tǒng)細(xì)菌感染)及距離中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)局灶性病變距離較遠(yuǎn)有關(guān)。上述形態(tài)和機(jī)能變化是可逆的[43]。2)嚴(yán)重彌漫性反應(yīng)性星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞增生:星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞增殖,導(dǎo)致突起顯著延長(zhǎng),超出單個(gè)星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞原有結(jié)構(gòu)域,GFAP表達(dá)上調(diào),細(xì)胞體和突起明顯肥大。相鄰星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞突起混合和重疊,個(gè)別星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞結(jié)構(gòu)域模糊和破壞。此變化導(dǎo)致組織結(jié)構(gòu)長(zhǎng)期重組,未形成致密屏障。嚴(yán)重的彌漫性反應(yīng)性星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞增生通常發(fā)生在嚴(yán)重的局灶性病變、感染或?qū)β陨窠?jīng)退行性病變有反應(yīng)的區(qū)域周圍。3)嚴(yán)重的反應(yīng)性星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞增生伴致密的膠質(zhì)瘢痕形成:包括與較輕形式相關(guān)的變化,如GFAP顯著上調(diào)及明顯的細(xì)胞體和突起肥大。膠質(zhì)瘢痕的形成表現(xiàn)為反應(yīng)性星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞突起明顯重疊,單個(gè)星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞區(qū)域消失,星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞增殖及致密、狹窄的膠質(zhì)瘢痕明顯形成。病因包括穿透性創(chuàng)傷、嚴(yán)重挫傷、侵襲性感染或膿腫形成、腫瘤、慢性神經(jīng)變性、系統(tǒng)性炎癥損害。

從功能角度分析,反應(yīng)性星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞增生的目的[42]:1)增加對(duì)損傷應(yīng)激神經(jīng)元的神經(jīng)保護(hù)和營(yíng)養(yǎng)支持;2)將受損區(qū)域與中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)組織其余部分隔離;3)重建受損血腦屏障;4)在某些情況下,可能促進(jìn)受損區(qū)域周圍腦回路重塑。一般認(rèn)為,一定程度的腦損傷后膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞增生可能有利于腦損傷后的恢復(fù)過程,過度的膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞增殖及其相關(guān)的神經(jīng)炎癥反應(yīng)對(duì)腦結(jié)構(gòu)和功能的恢復(fù)產(chǎn)生負(fù)面影響[2]。

反應(yīng)性星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞增生的正面效應(yīng):形成屏障,限制病變并防止其擴(kuò)散[44];減少白細(xì)胞浸潤(rùn),促進(jìn)血腦屏障修復(fù)[45];限制腦卒中和神經(jīng)創(chuàng)傷中的神經(jīng)元損失[46];減少損傷后神經(jīng)元突觸的損失[47];限制神經(jīng)退行性變,減緩神經(jīng)退行性疾病的發(fā)展[48]。負(fù)面效應(yīng):限制損傷后突觸再生[49];限制軸突再生[50];限制脊髓損傷后再生和功能恢復(fù)[51];限制神經(jīng)移植物和神經(jīng)干/祖細(xì)胞的整合[52]。

4 GFAP在腦損傷中的作用

GFAP基因功能獲得性突變引起相關(guān)蛋白在星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞高水平表達(dá),并沉積形成蛋白聚集體,常導(dǎo)致Alexander病,這是一種以星形細(xì)胞包涵體為特征的致命神經(jīng)退行性疾病[53]。GFAP缺失小鼠出現(xiàn)了與腦白質(zhì)丟失相關(guān)的腦積水、異常的髓鞘形成、腦白質(zhì)血運(yùn)不良、血腦屏障結(jié)構(gòu)和功能受損、星形細(xì)胞結(jié)構(gòu)和功能異常[54]。因此,GFAP的表達(dá)對(duì)正常白質(zhì)結(jié)構(gòu)和血腦屏障完整性是必不可少的,其缺失導(dǎo)致遲發(fā)性中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)髓鞘障礙[22]。盡管GFAP缺失小鼠和野生型小鼠海馬體超微結(jié)構(gòu)相同,實(shí)驗(yàn)發(fā)現(xiàn)大鼠海馬長(zhǎng)時(shí)程顯著增強(qiáng)[55]。研究小腦時(shí),實(shí)驗(yàn)發(fā)現(xiàn)長(zhǎng)期抑郁在突變體中比野生型要弱得多,在前額葉皮質(zhì)被針刺傷后,GFAP缺失型小鼠膠質(zhì)瘢痕形成[56]。這可能是由于反應(yīng)性星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞增生期間發(fā)生的波形蛋白上調(diào)所致,缺乏GFAP和波形蛋白的星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞形成發(fā)育不良的膠質(zhì)瘢痕。由此可見GFAP對(duì)誘導(dǎo)反應(yīng)性星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞增生并非是必需的[54]。GFAP缺失的星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞在β-淀粉樣肽沉積邊緣的突起組織不佳,未形成屏障[57],說明GFAP可能是成熟星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞抑制大腦中某些類型的高度炎癥性病變必需的。GFAP在提供抗張強(qiáng)度方面可能發(fā)揮著與角蛋白類似的作用,由于GFAP通過其包裹的末端為血管系統(tǒng)提供結(jié)構(gòu)完整性以應(yīng)對(duì)在物理創(chuàng)傷中類似于搖晃嬰兒綜合征的剪切力[54],即GFAP缺失小鼠對(duì)血管剪切高度敏感。在GFAP基因缺失小鼠中風(fēng)模型中,實(shí)驗(yàn)發(fā)現(xiàn)GFAP相關(guān)的調(diào)節(jié)血流功能障礙,表現(xiàn)為短暫的頸動(dòng)脈阻斷導(dǎo)致的局部腦血流量較低,再灌注期間顱內(nèi)壓較高,從而導(dǎo)致腦梗死體積增加,這些結(jié)果表明GFAP缺失小鼠對(duì)腦缺血的易感性較高[58],提示GFAP在局灶性腦缺血部分再灌注后缺血性腦損傷的過程中發(fā)揮著重要作用。GFAP缺失小鼠對(duì)脊髓損傷和腦缺血的抵抗力較低,且在神經(jīng)損傷后出現(xiàn)了神經(jīng)病行為和特殊的形態(tài)分子重排[59]。目前認(rèn)為GFAP在中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)中的作用包括抑制成熟腦中神經(jīng)元的增殖和軸突延伸,形成物理屏障以隔離受損組織,參與小腦運(yùn)動(dòng)學(xué)習(xí),控制中樞血流,促進(jìn)血腦屏障,支持髓鞘形成,并提供機(jī)械強(qiáng)度。

GFAP在中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)外的表達(dá)較低,其水平升高的主要原因是機(jī)械性腦損傷和局部死亡后星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞的激活[60]。有研究顯示,腦損傷的理想生物標(biāo)志物是腦組織特異性的,在神經(jīng)損傷后立即釋放入血[61],并準(zhǔn)確反映損傷的位置和程度[62]。GFAP在星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞死亡后被釋放到血液中,因此其是預(yù)測(cè)新生兒腦損傷的合適生物標(biāo)志物[63]。GFAP可作為兒童和成人的診斷和預(yù)后工具[30,64-65],且與新生兒異常的腦成像對(duì)應(yīng)[62],可預(yù)測(cè)新生兒缺氧缺血性腦病、早產(chǎn)兒相關(guān)性顱內(nèi)出血、新生兒冠心病腦損傷、體外膜氧合和新生兒先天性心臟病修復(fù)期間體外循環(huán)的神經(jīng)發(fā)育結(jié)果[66]。因此,GFAP水平可反映新生兒顱腦損傷后臨床的嚴(yán)重程度和顱內(nèi)病變程度。2018年美國(guó)食品藥物管理局授權(quán)進(jìn)行GFAP的血液檢測(cè),用于臨床診斷腦損傷[1]。

5 小結(jié)與展望

GFAP的異常調(diào)控和表達(dá)在較多腦部疾病發(fā)展中發(fā)揮關(guān)鍵作用,這些與GFAP相關(guān)的疾病通常是可治愈的。今后研究可能側(cè)重于GFAP表達(dá)和功能的調(diào)控,通過提出關(guān)鍵干預(yù)靶點(diǎn),對(duì)控制星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞相關(guān)腦疾病至關(guān)重要。臨床證據(jù)表明,GFAP是最有研究?jī)r(jià)值的生物標(biāo)志物之一,在神經(jīng)損傷和其他可能的神經(jīng)疾病方面具有診斷及治療作用。較好地了解GFAP在疾病中的功能可提高不同治療方案的可能性,這些治療方案可能靶向保存星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞功能及其對(duì)神經(jīng)元的穩(wěn)態(tài)支持。

參考文獻(xiàn):

[1] ABDELHAK A,F(xiàn)OSCHI M,ABU-RUMEILEH S,et al.Blood GFAP as an emerging biomarker in brain and spinal cord disorders[J].Nature Reviews Neurology,2022,18(3):158-172.

[2] YANG Z H,WANG K K W.Glial fibrillary acidic protein:from intermediate filament assembly and gliosis to neurobiomarker[J].Trends in Neurosciences,2015,38(6):364-374.

[3] ZETTERBERG H,BLENNOW K.Fluid biomarkers for mild traumatic brain injury and related conditions[J].Nature Reviews Neurology,2016,12(10):563-574.

[4] LEI J,GAO G Y,F(xiàn)ENG J F,et al.Glial fibrillary acidic protein as a biomarker in severe traumatic brain injury patients:a prospective cohort study[J].Critical Care,2015,19:362.

[5] PUSPITASARI V,GUNAWAN P Y,WIRADARMA H D,et al.Glial fibrillary acidic protein serum level as a predictor of clinical outcome in ischemic stroke[J].Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences,2019,7(9):1471-1474.

[6] CHMIELEWSKA N,SZYNDLER J,MAKOWSKA K,et al.Looking for novel,brain-derived,peripheral biomarkers of neurological disorders[J].Neurologia i Neurochirurgia Polska,2018,52(3):318-325.

[7] STEWART A,TEKES A,HUISMAN T A,et al.Glial fibrillary acidic protein as a biomarker for periventricular white matter injury[J].American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology,2013,209(1):27.e1-27.e7.

[8] GRAHAM E M,MARTIN R H,ATZ A M,et al.Association of intraoperative circulating-brain injury biomarker and neurodevelopmental outcomes at 1 year among neonates who have undergone cardiac surgery[J].The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery,2019,157(5):1996-2002.

[9] YANG Z H,XU H Y,SURA L,et al.Combined GFAP,NFL,Tau,and UCH-L1 panel increases prediction of outcomes in neonatal encephalopathy[J].Pediatric Research,2023,93(5):1199-1207.

[10] CHALAK L F,SNCHEZ P J,ADAMS-HUET B,et al.Biomarkers for severity of neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy and outcomes in newborns receiving hypothermia therapy[J].The Journal of Pediatrics,2014,164(3):468-474.

[11] HANSEN J H,KISSNER L,CHITADZE G,et al.Glial fibrillary acid protein and cerebral oxygenation in neonates undergoing cardiac surgery[J].The Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgeon,2019,67(S4):e11-e18.

[12] PETZOLD A.Glial fibrillary acidic protein is a body fluid biomarker for glial pathology in human disease[J].Brain Research,2015,1600:17-31.

[13] JURGA A M,PALECZNA M,KADLUCZKA J,et al.Beyond the GFAP-astrocyte protein markers in the brain[J].Biomolecules,2021,11(9):1361.

[14] MESSING A,BRENNER M.GFAP at 50[J].ASN Neuro,2020,12:1759091420949680.

[15] REEVES S A,HELMAN L J,ALLISON A,et al.Molecular cloning and primary structure of human glial fibrillary acidic protein[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,1989,86(13):5178-5182.

[16] KAMPHUIS W,MAMBER C,MOETON M,et al.GFAP isoforms in adult mouse brain with a focus on neurogenic astrocytes and reactive astrogliosis in mouse models of Alzheimer disease[J].PLoS One,2012,7(8):e42823.

[17] MIDDELDORP J,HOL E M.GFAP in health and disease[J].Progress in Neurobiology,2011,93(3):421-443.

[18] GANNE A,BALASUBRAMANIAM M,GRIFFIN W S T,et al.Glial fibrillary acidic protein:a biomarker and drug target for Alzheimer′s disease[J].Pharmaceutics,2022,14(7):1354.

[19] VIEDMA-POYATOS ,PABLO Y D,PEKNY M,et al.The cysteine residue of glial fibrillary acidic protein is a critical target for lipoxidation and required for efficient network organization[J].Free Radical Biology & Medicine,2018,120:380-394.

[20] FORREST S L,KIM J H,CROCKFORD D R,et al.Distribution patterns of astrocyte populations in the human cortex[J].Neurochemical Research,2023,48(4):1222-1232.

[21] YANG Z H,ARJA R D,ZHU T,et al.Characterization of calpain and caspase-6-generated glial fibrillary acidic protein breakdown products following traumatic brain injury and astroglial cell injury[J].International Journal of Molecular Sciences,2022,23(16):8960.

[22] LI D Y,LIU X Y,LIU T M,et al.Neurochemical regulation of the expression and function of glial fibrillary acidic protein in astrocytes[J].Glia,2020,68(5):878-897.

[23] MCKEON A,BENARROCH E E.Glial fibrillary acid protein:functions and involvement in disease[J].Neurology,2018,90(20):925-930.

[24] SOFRONIEW M V,VINTERS H V.Astrocytes:biology and pathology[J].Acta Neuropathologica,2010,119(1):7-35.

[25] ALVAREZ M,TRENT E,GONCALVES B S,et al.Cognitive dysfunction associated with COVID-19:prognostic role of circulating biomarkers and microRNAs[J].Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience,2022,14:1020092.

[26] NEWCOMBE V F J,ASHTON N J,POSTI J P,et al.Post-acute blood biomarkers and disease progression in traumatic brain injury[J].Brain,2022,145(6):2064-2076.

[27] LAGEBRANT A,LANG M,NIELSEN N,et al.Brain injury markers in blood predict signs of hypoxic ischaemic encephalopathy on head computed tomography after cardiac arrest[J].Resuscitation,2023,184:109668.

[28] GKANTZIOS A,TSIPTSIOS D,KARATZETZOU S,et al.Stroke and emerging blood biomarkers:a clinical prospective[J].Neurology International,2022,14(4):784-803.

[29] AMALIA L.Glial fibrillary acidic protein(GFAP):neuroinflammation biomarker in acute ischemic stroke[J].Journal of Inflammation Research,2021,14:7501-7506.

[30] GYLDENHOLM T,HVAS C L,HVAS A M,et al.Serum glial fibrillary acidic protein(GFAP) predicts outcome after intracerebral and subarachnoid hemorrhage[J].Neurological Sciences,2022,43(10):6011-6019.

[31] HEIMFARTH L,PASSOS F R S,MONTEIRO B S,et al.Serum glial fibrillary acidic protein is a body fluid biomarker:a valuable prognostic for neurological disease-a systematic review[J].International Immunopharmacology,2022,107:108624.

[32] ELAHI F M,CASALETTO K B,JOIE R L,et al.Plasma biomarkers of astrocytic and neuronal dysfunction in early- and late-onset Alzheimer′s disease[J].Alzheimer′s & Dementia,2020,16(4):681-695.

[33] TEUNISSEN C E,VERBERK I M W,THIJSSEN E H,et al.Blood-based biomarkers for Alzheimer′s disease:towards clinical implementation[J].The Lancet Neurology,2022,21(1):66-77.

[34] DIETRICK B,MOLLOY E,MASSARO A N,et al.Plasma and cerebrospinal fluid candidate biomarkers of neonatal encephalopathy severity and neurodevelopmental outcomes[J].The Journal of Pediatrics,2020,226:71-79.

[35] MESSING A.Refining the concept of GFAP toxicity in Alexander disease[J].Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders,2019,11(1):27.

[36] STEINACKER P,AL SHWEIKI M R,OECKL P,et al.Glial fibrillary acidic protein as blood biomarker for differential diagnosis and severity of major depressive disorder[J].Journal of Psychiatric Research,2021,144:54-58.

[37] MCKEON A.Glial fibrillary acidic protein immunoglobulin G in CSF:a biomarker of severe but reversible encephalitis[J].Neurology,2022,98(6):221-222.

[38] ATL G,ANK A,ACAR S,et al.Brain injury markers:S100 calcium-binding protein B,neuron-specific enolase and glial fibrillary acidic protein in children with diabetic ketoacidosis[J].Pediatric Diabetes,2018,19(5):1000-1006.

[39] GSCHMACK E,MONORANU C M,MAROUF H,et al.Plasma autoantibodies to glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) react with brain areas according to Braak staging of Parkinson′s disease[J].Journal of Neural Transmission,2022,129(5/6):545-555.

[40] KIM H,LEE E J,LIM Y M,et al.Glial fibrillary acidic protein in blood as a disease biomarker of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders[J].Frontiers in Neurology,2022,13:865730.

[41] PEKNY M,PEKNA M.Astrocyte reactivity and reactive astrogliosis:costs and benefits[J].Physiological Reviews,2014,94(4):1077-1098.

[42] PEKNY M,PEKNA M,MESSING A,et al.Astrocytes:a central element in neurological diseases[J].Acta Neuropathologica,2016,131(3):323-345.

[43] MAGAKI S D,WILLIAMS C K,VINTERS H V.Glial function(and dysfunction) in the normal & ischemic brain[J].Neuropharmacology,2018,134:218-225.

[44] BRENNAN F H,GORDON R,LAO H W,et al.The complement receptor C5aR controls acute inflammation and astrogliosis following spinal cord injury[J].The Journal of Neuroscience,2015,35(16):6517-6531.

[45] BARDEHLE S,KRGER M,BUGGENTHIN F,et al.Live imaging of astrocyte responses to acute injury reveals selective juxtavascular proliferation[J].Nature Neuroscience,2013,16(5):580-586.

[46] PABLO Y D,NILSSON M,PEKNA M,et al.Intermediate filaments are important for astrocyte response to oxidative stress induced by oxygen-glucose deprivation and reperfusion[J].Histochemistry and Cell Biology,2013,140(1):81-91.

[47] WINTER C G,SAOTOME Y,LEVISON S W,et al.A role for ciliary neurotrophic factor as an inducer of reactive gliosis,the glial response to central nervous system injury[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,1995,92(13):5865-5869.

[48] KRAFT A W,HU X Y,YOON H,et al.Attenuating astrocyte activation accelerates plaque pathogenesis in APP/PS1 mice[J].FASEB Journal,2013,27(1):187-198.

[49] PEKNY M,PEKNA M.Reactive gliosis in the pathogenesis of CNS diseases[J].Biochimica et Biophysica Acta,2016,1862(3):483-491.

[50] ORRE M,KAMPHUIS W,OSBORN L M,et al.Acute isolation and transcriptome characterization of cortical astrocytes and microglia from young and aged mice[J].Neurobiology of Aging,2014,35(1):1-14.

[51] ZAMANIAN J L,XU L J,F(xiàn)OO L C,et al.Genomic analysis of reactive astrogliosis[J].The Journal of Neuroscience,2012,32(18):6391-6410.

[52] WILHELMSSON U,BUSHONG E A,PRICE D L,et al.Redefining the concept of reactive astrocytes as cells that remain within their unique domains upon reaction to injury[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,2006,103(46):17513-17518.

[53] HAGEMANN T L.Alexander disease:models,mechanisms,and medicine[J].Current Opinion in Neurobiology,2022,72:140-147.

[54] BRENNER M.Role of GFAP in CNS injuries[J].Neuroscience Letters,2014,565:7-13.

[55] MCCALL M A,GREGG R G,BEHRINGER R R,et al.Targeted deletion in astrocyte intermediate filament(GFAP) alters neuronal physiology[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,1996,93(13):6361-6366.

[56] SHIBUKI K,GOMI H,CHEN L,et al.Deficient cerebellar long-term depression,impaired eyeblink conditioning,and normal motor coordination in GFAP mutant mice[J].Neuron,1996,16(3):587-599.

[57] XU K,MALOUF A T,MESSING A,et al.Glial fibrillary acidic protein is necessary for mature astrocytes to react to beta-amyloid[J].Glia,1999,25(4):390-403.

[58] NAWASHIRO H,BRENNER M,F(xiàn)UKUI S,et al.High susceptibility to cerebral ischemia in GFAP-null mice[J].Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism,2000,20(7):1040-1044.

[59] LUCA C D,VIRTUOSO A,KORAI S A,et al.Altered spinal homeostasis and maladaptive plasticity in GFAP null mice following peripheral nerve injury[J].Cells,2022,11(7):1224.

[60] WU L,AI M L,F(xiàn)ENG Q,et al.Serum glial fibrillary acidic protein and ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase-L1 for diagnosis of sepsis-associated encephalopathy and outcome prognostication[J].Journal of Critical Care,2019,52:172-179.

[61] WANG K K,YANG Z H,ZHU T,et al.An update on diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers for traumatic brain injury[J].Expert Review of Molecular Diagnostics,2018,18(2):165-180.

[62] BRUNETTI M A,JENNINGS J M,EASLEY R B,et al.Glial fibrillary acidic protein in children with congenital heart disease undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass[J].Cardiology in the Young,2014,24(4):623-631.

[63] ENNEN C S,HUISMAN T A,SAVAGE W J,et al.Glial fibrillary acidic protein as a biomarker for neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy treated with whole-body cooling[J].American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology,2011,205(3):251.e1-251.e7.

[64] CASTAO-LEON A M,SNCHEZ CARABIAS C,HILARIO A,et al.Serum assessment of traumatic axonal injury:the correlation of GFAP,t-Tau,UCH-L1,and NfL levels with diffusion tensor imaging metrics and its prognosis utility[J].Journal of Neurosurgery,2023,138(2):454-464.

[65] PAPA,ROSENTHAL K,COOK L,et al.Concussion severity and functional outcome using biomarkers in children and youth involved in organized sports,recreational activities and non-sport related incidents[J].Brain Injury,2022,36(8):939-947.

[66] MCKENNEY S L,MANSOURI F F,EVERETT A D,et al.Glial fibrillary acidic protein as a biomarker for brain injury in neonatal CHD[J].Cardiology in the Young,2016,26(7):1282-1289.

(收稿日期:2023-03-02)

(本文編輯薛妮)

猜你喜歡
腦損傷綜述結(jié)構(gòu)
《形而上學(xué)》△卷的結(jié)構(gòu)和位置
論結(jié)構(gòu)
腦損傷 與其逃避不如面對(duì)
SEBS改性瀝青綜述
NBA新賽季綜述
論《日出》的結(jié)構(gòu)
JOURNAL OF FUNCTIONAL POLYMERS
認(rèn)知行為療法治療創(chuàng)傷性腦損傷后抑郁
創(chuàng)新治理結(jié)構(gòu)促進(jìn)中小企業(yè)持續(xù)成長(zhǎng)
綜述