黃小宇 張麗暉 王靜 秦俊楠 王越 王笛琨 張皓楠
摘要?心血管疾病在全世界人群中的發(fā)病率和死亡率均較高,同時(shí)炎癥和氧化應(yīng)激與心血管疾病發(fā)病密切相關(guān),炎癥生物標(biāo)志物在臨床及相關(guān)的研究中受到廣泛關(guān)注。近年來越來越多的研究表明,全身免疫炎癥指數(shù)可作為心血管疾病、腫瘤、腦血管疾病等的可靠標(biāo)志。本研究就全身免疫炎癥指數(shù)與心血管疾病的關(guān)系以及全身免疫炎癥指數(shù)作為心血管疾病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)預(yù)測(cè)因子的研究概況等進(jìn)行綜述。
關(guān)鍵詞?心血管疾??;全身免疫炎癥指數(shù);炎癥生物標(biāo)志物;綜述
doi:10.12102/j.issn.1672-1349.2024.07.018
基金項(xiàng)目?山西省回國留學(xué)人員科研資助項(xiàng)目(No.2020-179)
作者單位?山西醫(yī)科大學(xué)第三醫(yī)院,山西白求恩醫(yī)院,山西醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)院,同濟(jì)山西醫(yī)院(太原030032)
通訊作者?張麗暉,E-mail:13485385229@163.com
引用信息?黃小宇,張麗暉,王靜,等.全身免疫炎癥指數(shù)與心血管疾病相關(guān)性的研究進(jìn)展[J].中西醫(yī)結(jié)合心腦血管病雜志,2024,22(7):1266-1269.
全身免疫炎癥指數(shù)(systemic immune-inflammation index,SII)作為一種新型的炎癥標(biāo)志物,因其方便易得而受到廣泛關(guān)注,計(jì)算公式為中性粒細(xì)胞計(jì)數(shù)×血小板計(jì)數(shù)/淋巴細(xì)胞計(jì)數(shù),可以相對(duì)全面地反映宿主體內(nèi)炎癥和免疫之間的平衡狀態(tài)[1];該標(biāo)志物最初由Hu等[1]提出,在癌癥領(lǐng)域比其他炎性因子如中性粒細(xì)胞與淋巴細(xì)胞比(neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio,NLR)和血小板與淋巴細(xì)胞比(platelet to lymphocyte ratio,PLR)具有更高的預(yù)測(cè)價(jià)值[2-3]。研究表明,免疫與炎癥伴隨整個(gè)心血管疾?。╟ardiovascular diseases,CVD)的始末,在CVD的發(fā)生發(fā)展中扮演著重要的角色,構(gòu)成免疫系統(tǒng)的白細(xì)胞,如淋巴細(xì)胞、中性粒細(xì)胞、單核細(xì)胞和巨噬細(xì)胞,在CVD中發(fā)揮不同的作用。中性粒細(xì)胞是先天免疫系統(tǒng)中重要的吞噬細(xì)胞,是抵御病原體入侵的第一道防線,通過識(shí)別各種病原體,引起細(xì)胞信號(hào)的變化,改變心臟及血管功能。淋巴細(xì)胞是適應(yīng)性免疫系統(tǒng)中重要的特異性免疫應(yīng)答細(xì)胞,在某些固有免疫細(xì)胞和分子參與下,參與免疫系統(tǒng)的調(diào)節(jié)途徑,完成細(xì)胞免疫及體液免疫應(yīng)答。除了對(duì)感染的防御作用外,其在許多CVD的病理生理學(xué)中也發(fā)揮著獨(dú)特的作用。而血小板為連接炎癥和血栓形成兩種病理過程的關(guān)鍵介質(zhì)。一方面,血小板是心血管損傷后止血的主要效應(yīng)分子;另一方面,血小板的活化在致病性血栓形成中起主要作用,并參與許多CVD的發(fā)病機(jī)制。近年來,越來越多的研究探索了一些低成本、有效、可重復(fù)的炎癥和免疫指標(biāo),如NLR和PLR,結(jié)果表明這些聯(lián)合標(biāo)志物比單細(xì)胞計(jì)數(shù)能更好地預(yù)測(cè)CVD的預(yù)后。有研究表明,SII可能與CVD病人的預(yù)后和死亡率相關(guān)[4]。
1?SII與動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化
動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化是一種全身慢性炎癥性血管疾病,血栓形成、氧化應(yīng)激和內(nèi)皮損傷可能是其潛在的致病機(jī)制[5]。研究表明,在動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化的發(fā)展過程中,免疫和炎癥反應(yīng)之間有著深刻的聯(lián)系[5-6]。中性粒細(xì)胞可以通過激活巨噬細(xì)胞、促進(jìn)單核細(xì)胞招募和細(xì)胞毒性加速動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化的各個(gè)階段,淋巴細(xì)胞則調(diào)節(jié)炎癥反應(yīng),具有抗動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化的作用[7-8]。也有證據(jù)表明,在白細(xì)胞侵襲動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化斑塊之前,血小板黏附在血管壁上,促進(jìn)白細(xì)胞聚集并啟動(dòng)動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化進(jìn)程[9-10]。Liu等[11]發(fā)現(xiàn),與NLR、PLR和C反應(yīng)蛋白相比,SII對(duì)冠狀動(dòng)脈疾病的發(fā)生及嚴(yán)重程度有更好的預(yù)測(cè)能力。有調(diào)查顯示,SII在血流動(dòng)力學(xué)上比NLR或PLR能更好地預(yù)測(cè)嚴(yán)重的冠狀動(dòng)脈阻塞[12]。Zhang等[13]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),術(shù)前SII有助于預(yù)測(cè)非心臟手術(shù)病人圍術(shù)期缺血性腦卒中的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),提示醫(yī)生可以根據(jù)SII水平制定更合理的圍術(shù)期預(yù)防和治療方案。Yang等[14]研究顯示,較高的SII評(píng)分(≥694.3)會(huì)增加心源性死亡、非致命性心肌梗死發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn),并與其獨(dú)立相關(guān)。此外,與常規(guī)危險(xiǎn)因素相比,SII顯著提高了冠心病病人心肌梗死、心源性死亡的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)分層。在冠狀動(dòng)脈介入治療后,SII對(duì)冠心病病人的主要心血管事件發(fā)生的預(yù)測(cè)能力優(yōu)于傳統(tǒng)的危險(xiǎn)因素。
2?SII與心力衰竭
心力衰竭是機(jī)體心臟結(jié)構(gòu)或功能性疾病導(dǎo)致心室充盈和(或)射血功能受損,致使心排血量不能滿足機(jī)體組織代謝需要而出現(xiàn)一系列器官組織灌注不足表現(xiàn)的一種臨床綜合征。研究報(bào)道,心力衰竭病人的淋巴細(xì)胞計(jì)數(shù)低于正常人群,淋巴細(xì)胞減少是慢性和晚期心力衰竭病人低生存期的獨(dú)立預(yù)測(cè)因素[15-16]。其機(jī)制可能為循環(huán)中的淋巴細(xì)胞被吸引到心臟組織中,導(dǎo)致其再分配。而后淋巴細(xì)胞減少與腎素-血管緊張素-醛固酮激素和腎上腺素能神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)的激活有關(guān),這可對(duì)淋巴細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生促凋亡作用[15]。此外,血小板與白細(xì)胞及其亞型(中性粒細(xì)胞、淋巴細(xì)胞等)相互作用,誘導(dǎo)單核細(xì)胞黏附和運(yùn)輸,釋放炎性因子腫瘤壞死因子-α(TNF-α)和白細(xì)胞介素-1(IL-1),共同促進(jìn)心力衰竭的局部炎癥和纖維化[17]。Kandis等[18]研究表明,失代償性心力衰竭病人的平均血小板體積顯著增加,入院時(shí)的平均血小板體積與在院和6個(gè)月的死亡率獨(dú)立相關(guān)。Tang等[19]研究結(jié)果證實(shí),SII可以作為充血性心力衰竭短期預(yù)后不良的獨(dú)立生物標(biāo)志物,SII與30 d和90 d死亡率之間存在線性關(guān)系,SII水平越高,30 d和90 d的死亡率和在院死亡率也越高,主要心血管不良事件的發(fā)生率也越高。與氨基末端腦鈉肽前體(NT-proBNP)、細(xì)胞因子等預(yù)后指標(biāo)相比,SII可以有效篩查高危病人,指導(dǎo)個(gè)體化治療方案的制定。更重要的是,高水平的SII與高的短期死亡率獨(dú)立相關(guān)的結(jié)論在傾向得分匹配前后仍然存在,這也提高了SII作為充血性心力衰竭預(yù)后標(biāo)志物的可靠性。Yuan等[20]研究表明,SII可作為心力衰竭危重病人預(yù)后的預(yù)測(cè)因子。入院時(shí)SII值較高的病人住院時(shí)間較長(zhǎng),全因死亡的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)較高。在相同的隨訪時(shí)間內(nèi),包括入院后30、60、180、365 d的死亡率隨訪,心力衰竭病人的死亡風(fēng)險(xiǎn)隨著入院時(shí)SII值的增加而增加。此外,SII對(duì)長(zhǎng)期預(yù)后的預(yù)測(cè)價(jià)值大于對(duì)短期預(yù)后的預(yù)測(cè)價(jià)值。
3?SII與心律失常
機(jī)體心臟搏動(dòng)的頻率、節(jié)律、起源部位、傳導(dǎo)速度或搏動(dòng)次序的異常被稱為心律失常。心房顫動(dòng)(atrial fibrillation,AF)是最常見的心律失常。心房組織的改變,如纖維化、白細(xì)胞浸潤(rùn)和氧化損傷可能導(dǎo)致電和結(jié)構(gòu)重塑,從而促進(jìn)心房顫動(dòng)的復(fù)發(fā)[21]。有證據(jù)表明,急性炎癥的改變是心房顫動(dòng)復(fù)發(fā)的必要條件[22]。Luo[23]研究顯示射頻消融術(shù)后1 d SII升高,之后顯著下降,然而在消融失敗的病人中,SII再次升高,這一研究支持炎癥性改變促進(jìn)了心房顫動(dòng)的復(fù)發(fā)。盡管炎癥并不是觸發(fā)心房顫動(dòng)復(fù)發(fā)的唯一因素,但靶向局部炎癥治療卻是預(yù)防心房顫動(dòng)復(fù)發(fā)的一種治療方法[24]。術(shù)后心房顫動(dòng)(postoperative atrial fibrillation,PoAF)是心血管手術(shù)后最常見的心律失常并發(fā)癥。Bagci等[25]研究了SII對(duì)ST段抬高心肌梗死病人新發(fā)心房顫動(dòng)的預(yù)測(cè)能力,發(fā)現(xiàn)SII對(duì)ST段抬高型心肌梗死后的新發(fā)心房顫動(dòng)有一定預(yù)測(cè)價(jià)值。Topal等[26]通過受試者工作特征(ROC)曲線分析發(fā)現(xiàn)SII的臨界值為706.7×103/mm?可預(yù)測(cè)術(shù)后新發(fā)心房顫動(dòng),敏感度為86.6%,特異性為29.3%。Selcuk等[27]研究顯示,SII是接受孤立性冠狀動(dòng)脈旁路移植術(shù)(coronary artery bypass grafting,CABG)的病人PoAF發(fā)生的獨(dú)立預(yù)測(cè)因子,與NLR或PLR相比,SII對(duì)PoAF的預(yù)測(cè)能力更強(qiáng)。ROC曲線評(píng)估顯示,SII水平檢測(cè)PoAF的最佳值為>807.8,敏感度為60.8%,特異性為80.9%,ROC曲線下面積(AUC)為0.710 7,同時(shí)SII在檢測(cè)PoAF時(shí)的AUC值遠(yuǎn)高于NLR和PLR的AUC值,其研究發(fā)現(xiàn)PoAF病人SII明顯高于沒有PoAF病人。
4?SII與高血壓
高血壓是死亡的一個(gè)重要危險(xiǎn)因素,由于其無癥狀的性質(zhì),可能診斷較晚。Xu等[28]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),在高血壓或糖尿病病人中,SII和心血管疾病之間存在更強(qiáng)的正相關(guān)關(guān)系,這可能與糖尿病或高血壓病人的長(zhǎng)期炎癥引起的內(nèi)皮功能障礙、炎癥浸潤(rùn)和血管重塑有關(guān)。大多數(shù)高血壓病人在第1次入院時(shí)可能會(huì)出現(xiàn)無癥狀的器官損傷(asymptomatic organ damage,AOD)。由高血壓引起的心臟和血管組織損傷引起的動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化可導(dǎo)致AOD[29]。AOD達(dá)到臨界水平會(huì)導(dǎo)致不可逆的器官功能障礙[30]。考慮到炎癥在高血壓中的作用,SII可以很容易地通過血液參數(shù)進(jìn)行評(píng)估,可以成為一種有效的預(yù)后篩查工具。有研究顯示,在新診斷的初治高血壓病人中,高SII值是AOD發(fā)生和嚴(yán)重程度的獨(dú)立預(yù)測(cè)因素[31]。血壓節(jié)律在一天中呈現(xiàn)雙峰一谷現(xiàn)象,而非杓型血壓模式,無論血壓水平是正常的還是高于正常的范圍,對(duì)心血管風(fēng)險(xiǎn)均有不利影響[32],其可能是由于內(nèi)皮損傷。Barhoumi等[33]在一項(xiàng)動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)中發(fā)現(xiàn),調(diào)節(jié)性T淋巴細(xì)胞能抑制血壓升高和血管緊張素-Ⅱ介導(dǎo)的血管損傷。Kaya等[34]認(rèn)為與非杓型高血壓病人相比,杓型高血壓病人的血小板活化增加。Cirakcioglu等[35]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),高血壓病人SII與頸動(dòng)脈內(nèi)膜-中膜厚度有顯著關(guān)系。此外,Saylik等[36]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),在初治高血壓病人中,晨峰血壓急劇升高的病人,SII水平更高。Akyüz等[37]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),非杓型高血壓組SII水平較高,通過多元邏輯回歸分析得出較高的SII水平是非杓型高血壓的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素。SII可能有助于建立一種早期治療方法,以減少心血管事件風(fēng)險(xiǎn)較高的非杓型高血壓病人的并發(fā)癥。左心室肥厚(left ventricular hypertrophy,LVH)病人的SII水平高于正常心室形態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)的病人,同PLR和NLR相比,對(duì)LVH的預(yù)測(cè)更強(qiáng)[38]。SII可以幫助研究人員篩查存在LVH的高危人群,并通過調(diào)節(jié)高血壓為L(zhǎng)VH提供新的預(yù)防策略。
5?小結(jié)與展望
SII可作為一項(xiàng)簡(jiǎn)單、檢測(cè)便捷、費(fèi)用低廉、結(jié)果相對(duì)穩(wěn)定、可行性與重復(fù)性好的炎癥生物指標(biāo)用于預(yù)測(cè)心血管疾病的發(fā)病及預(yù)后風(fēng)險(xiǎn),其與臨床上常見的心血管疾病的相關(guān)性仍需大規(guī)模多中心的研究進(jìn)一步證實(shí)。此外,SII與一些相對(duì)少見的心血管疾病如心肌炎、心肌橋、X綜合征等是否具有相關(guān)性也值得研究,因而可以全面地了解SII在心血管疾病中的意義;同時(shí)不同民族及區(qū)域人群的SII值是否存在差異尚無定論,仍需進(jìn)一步研究證實(shí)。
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(收稿日期:2023-02-15)
(本文編輯王麗)