黎洪群 羅君 梁芳 劉燕 翁戀戀
【摘要】 目的:探究腔內(nèi)心電圖聯(lián)合超聲引導(dǎo)經(jīng)外周靜脈置入中心靜脈導(dǎo)管(PICC)技術(shù)尖端定位的應(yīng)用。方法:臨床研究對象選取2020年10月—2022年10月在九江市第一人民醫(yī)院PICC門診接受PICC置管的患者90例,按照隨機(jī)數(shù)字表法將其分為觀察組和對照組,每組45例。對照組采取腔內(nèi)心電圖定位下置管,觀察組在對照組基礎(chǔ)上聯(lián)合進(jìn)行超聲引導(dǎo)PICC下置管。觀察兩組穿刺成功率、PICC尖端位置、數(shù)字評分法(NRS)評分、患者滿意度及不良反應(yīng)發(fā)生情況。結(jié)果:觀察組一次性置管成功率(88.89%)顯著高于對照組(68.89%),且總置管成功率(97.78%)相對于對照組(86.67%)更高(P<0.05);觀察組PICC尖端定位到達(dá)最佳位置率(95.45%)相對于對照組(76.92%)更高(P<0.05)。觀察組NRS評分優(yōu)于對照組(P<0.05)。觀察組總滿意度(95.56%)相對于對照組(66.67%)更高(P<0.05)。觀察組不良反應(yīng)總發(fā)生率(4.44%)相對于對照組(20.00%)更低(P<0.05)。結(jié)論:針對接受PICC置管患者采取腔內(nèi)心電圖聯(lián)合超聲引導(dǎo)定位一方面有利于提高患者置管成功率,提高患者PICC尖端定位到達(dá)最佳位置率及降低患者疼痛程度;另一方面提高患者滿意度,降低患者不良反應(yīng)發(fā)生率。
【關(guān)鍵詞】 腔內(nèi)心電圖 超聲引導(dǎo) 外周靜脈 中心靜脈導(dǎo)管技術(shù)
Study on Application of Intracavitary Electrocardiogram Combined with Ultrasound-guided Peripherally Inserted Central Venous Catheter for Tip Positioning/LI Hongqun, LUO Jun, LIANG Fang, LIU Yan, WENG Lianlian. //Medical Innovation of China, 2024, 21(08): 0-093
[Abstract] Objective: To explore the application of intracavitary electrocardiogram combined with ultrasound-guided peripherally inserted central venous catheter (PICC) tip positioning. Method: The clinical research subjects selected 90 patients who received PICC catheterization at the PICC outpatient department of Jiujiang NO.1 People's Hospital from October 2020 to October 2022, were divided into observation group and control group according to the random number table method, with 45 patients in each group. The control group received catheterization guided by intracavitary electroencephalography, while the observation group received catheterization guided by ultrasound PICC in combination with the control group. The success rate of puncture, PICC tip positioning, numeric rating scale (NRS) score, patient satisfaction and the occurrence of adverse reactions in two groups were observed. Result: The success rate of single catheterization in the observation group (88.89%) was significantly higher than that in the control group (68.89%), and the total catheterization success rate (97.78%) was higher than that of the control group (86.67%) (P<0.05). Rate of PICC tip localization reaching the optimal position in the observation group (95.45%) was higher than that in the control group (76.92%) (P<0.05). The NRS score of the observation group was better than that of the control group (P<0.05). The overall satisfaction rate of the observation group (95.56%) was higher than that of the control group (66.67%) (P<0.05). The total incidence of adverse reactions in the observation group (4.44%) was lower than that in the control group (20.00%) (P<0.05). Conclusion: Adopting a combination of intracavitary electroencephalography and ultrasound-guided localization for patients undergoing PICC catheterization can improve the success rate of catheterization, increase the rate of achieving optimal PICC tip localization, and reduce patient pain; on the other hand, improving patient satisfaction and reducing the incidence of adverse reactions.
[Key words] Intracavitary electrocardiogram Ultrasound-guided Peripheral vein Central venous catheter technology
First-author's address: PICC Room, Jiujiang NO.1 People's Hospital, Jiujiang 332000, China
doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-4985.2024.08.020
經(jīng)外周靜脈置入中心靜脈導(dǎo)管(peripherally inserted central venous catheter,PICC)是從患者上臂貴要靜脈進(jìn)行穿刺,而導(dǎo)管直接到達(dá)上腔靜脈,防止化療藥物與外周靜脈發(fā)生直接接觸,上腔靜脈血流速度加快,從而迅速將化療藥物稀釋,降低甚至避免藥物引起血管刺激[1]。研究表明,PICC置管在臨床上被普遍運用于腫瘤等患者化療診治中,有利于對患者采取長期靜脈輸液[2]。近年來,PICC置管技術(shù)已經(jīng)廣泛運用于危重癥患者、腫瘤患者腸外營養(yǎng)及更多臨床靜脈化療中[3]。研究表明,PICC可減少患者由于反復(fù)進(jìn)行靜脈穿刺造成身體疼痛,操作方式簡潔[4]。但有臨床研究表明,PICC技術(shù)關(guān)鍵在于定位,若定位不精準(zhǔn)會造成一定不良反應(yīng)[5],例如感染、導(dǎo)管異位、導(dǎo)管堵塞及靜脈炎等。因此,針對PICC技術(shù)采取合理科學(xué)定位十分重要。腔內(nèi)心電圖是通過PICC導(dǎo)管尖端進(jìn)入上腔靜脈,然后按照P波變化來確定導(dǎo)管尖端具體位置,該方式為PICC尖端位置確定的傳統(tǒng)方式,但該方式仍存在不足和局限性,不可用于心律不齊及臟器疾病患者,且缺乏精準(zhǔn)性[6]。超聲引導(dǎo)下進(jìn)行PICC穿刺,通過高頻超聲探頭讓患者穿刺顯示清晰,對整個置管過程進(jìn)行監(jiān)督并實時關(guān)注[7]。研究表明,1997年美國首次提出并將其運用于臨床證實,可進(jìn)行視下穿刺,降低穿刺造成患者損傷,具有較高穿刺成功率,降低患者不適[8],但其定位效果仍未到達(dá)理想效果。因此,為彌補(bǔ)腔內(nèi)心電圖和超聲引導(dǎo)不足,本研究選取腔內(nèi)心電圖聯(lián)合超聲引導(dǎo)對九江市第一人民醫(yī)院90例患者,現(xiàn)報道如下。
1 資料與方法
1.1 一般資料
選取2020年10月—2022年10月在本院接受PICC置管的患者90例。納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):(1)臨床資料完整;(2)年齡>18歲;(3)符合使用PICC技術(shù)要求。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):(1)合并患有心、肝、腎等嚴(yán)重臟器障礙;(2)合并患有全身感染性疾?。唬?)合并患有精神疾病或認(rèn)知障礙無法自主配合;(4)凝血功能障礙。按照隨機(jī)數(shù)字表法將患者分為觀察組和對照組,各45例。上報至九江市第一人民醫(yī)院倫理委員會并通過批準(zhǔn)。家屬及患者知情同意并簽訂同意書。
1.2 方法
對照組在腔內(nèi)心電圖定位下置入導(dǎo)管,具體操作如下:對患者需要檢測的地方進(jìn)行乙醇消毒,并將監(jiān)護(hù)儀電極片貼在患者右鎖骨下、左鎖骨下及左腋中線與左肋下緣線連接處,測量患者置管長度。通過鱷魚夾與RA電極相連,導(dǎo)出腔內(nèi)的心電圖,觀察心電監(jiān)護(hù)上P波變化過程,全程保持消毒無菌環(huán)境對患者進(jìn)行穿刺操作。
觀察組在對照組基礎(chǔ)上使用超聲引導(dǎo)PICC對患者進(jìn)行穿刺,具體操作如下:??谱o(hù)士全程使用超聲探頭,對患者靜脈血管深度、直徑及走向等進(jìn)行觀測,在患者進(jìn)行穿刺皮膚處進(jìn)行標(biāo)記消毒,佩戴無菌手套,在探頭與置管部位均涂抹耦合劑,全程保持環(huán)境干凈無菌。使用穿刺針,刺入患者靜脈血管,當(dāng)穿刺針尾端出現(xiàn)回血即可將導(dǎo)絲送入,然后將穿刺針取出。對患者采取局部麻醉,按照導(dǎo)絲將置管鞘置入,使用擴(kuò)張器擴(kuò)皮,然后將導(dǎo)絲與擴(kuò)張器取出,送入導(dǎo)管,使用腔內(nèi)心電定位,觀察P波變化,確定導(dǎo)管位置后,則可退出導(dǎo)絲,修剪、固定導(dǎo)管。
1.3 觀察指標(biāo)與評價標(biāo)準(zhǔn)
(1)觀察記錄兩組置管次數(shù)及置管成功率。(2)對兩組PICC尖端定位情況進(jìn)行觀察,主要包括:頸內(nèi)靜脈、腋靜脈、上腔靜脈中下1/3段、右心房入口、右心房內(nèi)位置,以及到達(dá)上腔靜脈的下1/3處最佳位置的置入率。(3)使用數(shù)字評分法(NRS)對患者進(jìn)行置管側(cè)上肢出現(xiàn)疼痛程度進(jìn)行評估,分值為0~10分,0分表示無痛;1~3分為輕度疼痛;4~6分表示中度疼痛;7~10分表重度疼痛[9]。(4)采取本院自制滿意度調(diào)查問卷,主要分為非常滿意、滿意及不滿意三個檔次,讓患者對整個置管過程進(jìn)行評價??倽M意度=(非常滿意+滿意)例數(shù)/總例數(shù)×100%。(5)對兩組不良反應(yīng),如導(dǎo)管移位、導(dǎo)管堵塞、感染及靜脈炎情況進(jìn)行分析觀察。
1.4 統(tǒng)計學(xué)處理
使用SPSS 21.0統(tǒng)計軟件進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)分析,計數(shù)資料以率(%)表示,使用字2檢驗進(jìn)行比較;等級資料采用秩和檢驗;計量資料以(x±s)表示,兩組間比較采用t檢驗。以P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 兩組基線資料對比
對照組45例,男22例,女23例;平均年齡(48.19±2.15)歲;觀察組45例,男24例,女21例;平均年齡(47.55±1.85)歲。兩組性別、年齡比較,差異均無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P>0.05),具有可比性。
2.2 兩組置管成功率對比
觀察組一次性置管成功率(88.89%)顯著高于對照組(68.89%),且總置管成功率(97.78%)相對于對照組(86.67%)更高(P<0.05),見表1。
2.3 兩組PICC尖端定位情況對比
觀察組PICC尖端定位上腔靜脈中下1/3段到達(dá)最佳位置率(95.45%)相對于對照組(76.92%)更高(P<0.05),見表2。
2.4 兩組NRS評分對比
觀察組NRS評分優(yōu)于對照組(Z=10.128,P=0.018),見表3。
2.5 兩組滿意度對比
觀察組總滿意度(95.56%)相對于對照組(66.67%)更高(字2=12.256,P=0.001),見表4。
2.6 兩組不良反應(yīng)情況發(fā)生對比
觀察組不良反應(yīng)總發(fā)生率(4.44%)相對于對照組(20.00%)更低(字2=5.075,P=0.024),見表5。
3 討論
近年來PICC在臨床上應(yīng)用越來越廣泛,對需要長期靜脈給藥的患者應(yīng)用較為便利,有著逐漸增加的趨勢[10-12]。PICC置管技術(shù)最重要的是PICC尖端的定位[13-14]。傳統(tǒng)的定位技術(shù)是通過超聲引導(dǎo)下進(jìn)行定位,可能會受到血管分叉彎曲、靜脈瓣、置管時靜脈痙攣及血管行程長等因素的影響,不能在置管過程中隨時調(diào)整導(dǎo)管尖端位置,容易引起置管過深或過淺,導(dǎo)管異位等現(xiàn)象,難以保證首次穿刺的成功率[15-16]。若導(dǎo)管過深,會對患者心內(nèi)膜造成摩擦,可能引起心律失常、心內(nèi)膜炎等并發(fā)癥,嚴(yán)重者甚至造成患者死亡[17-18]。若導(dǎo)管過淺又會導(dǎo)致靜脈壓升高,導(dǎo)致血液回流,從而引起堵管的發(fā)生,藥物濃度過高時還會引起靜脈穿孔、靜脈炎、局部皮膚感染等,甚至引發(fā)靜脈血栓的形成,使導(dǎo)管失去價值,拖延患者的治療時間[19-20]。如何提高PICC導(dǎo)管的尖端定位率,提高首次穿刺的成功率尤為關(guān)鍵。腔內(nèi)心電圖定位技術(shù)是近年來出現(xiàn)的新技術(shù),其能有效提高PICC尖端定位過程,提高首次穿刺的成功率[21]。本文對本院PICC置管患者進(jìn)行研究,結(jié)果顯示,觀察組一次性置管成功率(88.89%)顯著高于對照組(68.89%),且總置管成功率(97.78%)相對于對照組(86.67%)更高(P<0.05);觀察組患者PICC尖端定位到達(dá)最佳位置率(95.45%)相對于對照組(76.92%)更高(P<0.05)。究其原因:觀察組患者采取腔內(nèi)心電圖聯(lián)合超聲引導(dǎo)方式,通過PICC導(dǎo)管尖端進(jìn)入上腔靜脈,檢測患者導(dǎo)管尖端具體位置,并通過超聲引導(dǎo)對整個過程進(jìn)行監(jiān)督,采取可視下穿刺,提高尖端最佳率。有研究表明,針對經(jīng)外周靜脈置入PICC技術(shù)關(guān)鍵在于定位[22],觀察組患者通過提高定位準(zhǔn)確率,從而提升整個置管成功率。
觀察組患者NRS評分優(yōu)于對照組(P<0.05);觀察組患者不良反應(yīng)總發(fā)生率(4.44%)相對于對照組(20.00%)更低(P<0.05)。PICC是通過導(dǎo)管從患者外周手臂靜脈進(jìn)行穿刺,而關(guān)鍵在于置管尖端定位需要精準(zhǔn),且該技術(shù)會給患者帶來疼痛感。腔內(nèi)心電定位能夠較精準(zhǔn)確定置管尖端位置,超聲引導(dǎo)對整個過程進(jìn)行監(jiān)督,并同時進(jìn)行視下穿刺,有利于提高置管成功率,減少患者進(jìn)行置管次數(shù),從而降低置管引發(fā)患者疼痛程度及不良反應(yīng)發(fā)生。觀察組患者總滿意度(95.56%)相對于對照組(66.67%)更高(P<0.05)。由于觀察組診治采取腔內(nèi)心電圖聯(lián)合超聲引導(dǎo)方式,加強(qiáng)置管尖端定位,提高置管成功率,緩解患者疼痛程度,改善患者不適感,降低患者由于置管技術(shù)引發(fā)的不良反應(yīng),從而提高患者整體滿意度。
綜上所述,針對接受PICC置管患者采取腔內(nèi)心電圖聯(lián)合超聲引導(dǎo)定位一方面有利于提高患者置管成功率,提高患者PICC尖端定位到達(dá)最佳位置率及降低患者疼痛程度;另一方面提高患者滿意程度,降低患者不良反應(yīng)發(fā)生率。
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(收稿日期:2023-06-02) (本文編輯:白雅茹)