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基于株高、產(chǎn)量、品質(zhì)聯(lián)合分析篩選砂糖橘優(yōu)良砧木

2024-06-30 07:52:23彭楊馬曉燕馮天樂李彩琴潘建君高美玲涂攀峰李娟陳杰忠
果樹學報 2024年6期
關鍵詞:主成分分析株高品質(zhì)

彭楊 馬曉燕 馮天樂 李彩琴 潘建君 高美玲 涂攀峰 李娟 陳杰忠

摘? ? 要:【目的】通過聯(lián)合分析不同砧木砂糖橘植株株高、產(chǎn)量、品質(zhì)的相關指標,構(gòu)建砂糖橘優(yōu)良砧木篩選的綜合評價模型,為砂糖橘優(yōu)良砧木的選擇提供依據(jù)?!痉椒ā恳?0種不同的砧木嫁接砂糖橘,對嫁接后的植株株高、產(chǎn)量、品質(zhì)進行差異顯著性分析、相關性分析及主成分分析,獲得篩選砂糖橘砧木的核心指標并構(gòu)建綜合評價模型,根據(jù)模型評分進行排序?!窘Y(jié)果】株高、產(chǎn)量、品質(zhì)22個指標均表現(xiàn)出了顯著的差異性并有著多組相關關系,主成分分析篩選出了6個主成分,累積貢獻率達到了93.407%,共注釋了包括果實質(zhì)量及橫縱徑大小決定因子、產(chǎn)量和果形指數(shù)決定因子、果皮厚度決定因子等6個關鍵因子?!窘Y(jié)論】綜合評價模型得分表明,紅黎檬、香橙和粗檸檬可推薦為廣東省適用的3個優(yōu)選砂糖橘砧木。

關鍵詞:砂糖橘;株高;產(chǎn)量;品質(zhì);主成分分析;砧木篩選

中圖分類號:S666.2 文獻標志碼:A 文章編號:1009-9980(2024)06-1078-16

Selection of excellent rootstocks for Shatang mandarin based on combined analysis of plant height, yield, and quality

PENG Yang1, MA Xiaoyan1, FENG Tianle2, LI Caiqin2*, PAN Jianjun3, GAO Meiling3, TU Panfeng2, LI Juan2*, CHEN Jiezhong4

(1College of Agriculture and Biology, Zhongkai University of Agricultural Engineering, Guangzhou 510220, Guangdong, China; 2College of Horticultural and Landscape Architecture, Zhongkai University of Agricultural Engineering, Guangzhou 510220, Guangdong, China; 3Guangzhou Conghua District Agricultural Technology Promotion Center, Guangzhou 510900, Guangdong, China; 4College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, China)

Abstract: 【Objective】 The study aims to establish a comprehensive evaluation for the selection of superior rootstocks for Shatang mandarin by analyzing the plant height, fruit yield and fruit quality of Shatang mandarin on different rootstocks under netted house cultivation. 【Methods】 Ten different rootstocks were grafted with Shatang mandarin. The difference significance analysis and correlation analysis were carried out on 22 indexes related to plant height, fruit weight per plant and fruit internal and external quality. Finally, the 22 indexes were subject to principal component analysis to obtain the core indexes for the selection of Shatang mandarin rootstocks, and a comprehensive evaluation for rootstocks was thus constructed. 【Results】 The results showed that there were significant differences in plant height, fruit weight per plant and fruit internal and external quality of Shatang mandarin among the ten citrus rootstocks. The plant height on Sour pummelo was not significantly different from the self-rooted Shatang mandarin. Plant height on Flying dragon trifoliate orange was significantly reduced (50.79%) that on self-rooted plant, showing dwarfing effect of Flying dragon trifoliate orange rootstocks. In the results of soil and plant analyzer development (SPAD) value, it could be seen that Flying dragon trifoliate orange rootstocks with strongest dwarfing effect had the highest SPAD value, reaching 71.92. Self-rooted on Shatang mandarin had the highest plant height, on the contrary, the SPAD value was the lowest, which was 59.44, and the SPAD values of the other rootstocks were also higher than that of Shatang mandarin, which indicated that there was a certain correlation between plant height and SPAD value. Under the unified production management, yield per plant of Shatang mandarin on Goutou sour orange rootstocks was the highest. Different rootstocks had differential effects on 19 indexes related to fruit quality. The single fruit weight and pulp weight in plants on Xiangcheng and Red limonia were higher than those on the other 8 rootstocks, while the single fruit weight and pulp weight in plants on Goutou sour orange were the lowest among the 10 rootstocks. Based on the single fruit weight, pulp weight, fruit diameter, fruit volume and fruit shape index, the fruit of Xiangcheng and Red limonia rootstocks were bigger, and the shape was round or nearly round, while the fruit of Goutou sour orange rootstock was the smallest, and the shape was oval or conical. Different rootstocks had different effects on the pericarp characteristics of Shatang mandarin. For the color of the pericarp, the fruit from plants on rootstocks all showed shiny orange, but the fruit surface color of Xiangcheng rootstock was lighter. Of the 10 rootstocks, Shatang mandarin rootstock had the highest soluble solids content, and Xiangcheng rootstock resulted the lowest soluble solid content. The results showed that the soluble solid in Shatang mandarin grafted on the other 9 rootstocks was lower than that of self-rooted Shatang mandarin. Similarly, the titratable acid content of Shatang mandarin rootstock was the highest, and the titratable acid content of Goutou sour orange rootstocks, Flying dragon trifoliate orange rootstocks and Rough lemon rootstocks was the lowest. Compared with self-rooted Shatang mandarin, the titratable acid content of the fruit in the other 9 rootstocks decreased in different degrees, while the reducing sugar content of the fruit was lower. The reducing sugar content was significantly increased by the 9 rootstocks. There was a significant negative correlation between plant height and SPAD value, indicating that dwarfing rootstocks could effectively improve photosynthesis by increasing the absorption of light energy by leaves, and there was a significant positive correlation between fruit weight per plant and plant height, indicating that the dwarfing effect caused by rootstocks might lead to productivity reduction. Single fruit weight was significantly positively correlated with pulp weight, fruit transverse and longitudinal diameters, and fruit volume. The correlation of 22 indicators shows that there were different degrees of correlation between indicators, which shows that there was information overlap between multiple indicators, and the evaluation indicators need to be simplified. In the principal component analysis, 6 principal components were extracted, and the cumulative contribution rate reached 93. 407%, indicating that the 6 principal components could represent most of the information of the 22 indicators. The cumulative contribution rate of the first four principal components reached 80. 258%, and the key factors in the all 6 principal components could be used as the core indicators to evaluate the 10 rootstocks. Finally, construction of comprehensive evaluation model for selecting superior rootstocks for Shatang mandarin. According to the comprehensive score, Red limonia rootstock had the highest score, followed by Xiangcheng and Rough lemon rootstocks. 【Conclusion】 Through the determination of related indexes of Shatang mandarin grafted on ten rootstocks under netted house cultivation, it was found that there were significant differences among plant height, fruit weight per plant and fruit quality, and there were also multiple correlations among the indexes. The joint analysis of these indexes was conducive to understanding the relationship among plant height, yield and fruit quality. A comprehensive evaluation model of rootstocks was established based on principal component analysis of the 22 related indicators, and the 6 key factors in all 6 principal components could be used as the core indicators to evaluate the 10 rootstocks, and the comprehensive evaluation scores of the 10 rootstocks were calculated and ranked. The results indicate that Red limonia, Xiangcheng, and Rough lemon can be recommended as preferred dwarfing rootstocks for Shatang mandarin in Guangdong Province.

Key words: Shatang mandarin; Plant height; Fruit yield; Fruit quality; Principal component analysis; Rootstock selection

柑橘是全球最重要的經(jīng)濟作物之一,是世界第一大水果[1],目前,中國柑橘產(chǎn)業(yè)規(guī)模位居世界首位,產(chǎn)量占世界的1/3左右[2]。生產(chǎn)上柑橘常用嫁接方式進行繁殖,砧木能有效調(diào)節(jié)植株的生長發(fā)育及抗性等,并影響果實的產(chǎn)量和品質(zhì),不同砧木對接穗產(chǎn)生的影響不一樣,受到嫁接品種、氣候和土壤等差異影響,各產(chǎn)區(qū)的砧木選用也不一樣[3-4]。整體而言,我國砧木常用枳、紅橘、酸柚、酸橘、香橙等,四川、重慶等地主要采用紅橘、酸柚、香橙等砧木,浙江、福建多用枳、枳橙、枸頭橙,兩廣地區(qū)則常用酸橘、紅檸檬和朱橘[5]。其中枳砧具有矮化或半矮化、早結(jié)豐產(chǎn)、品質(zhì)優(yōu)良等特點,因此成為我國目前應用最多、最廣泛的柑橘砧木[6]。但進一步研究表明,枳砧與其他砧木品種相比,有嫁接后期生長不親和,易黃化,對碎葉病、裂皮病敏感,不耐貧瘠土壤等缺點[7-9]。因此,進行柑橘優(yōu)良砧木品種篩選對提高柑橘產(chǎn)量和品質(zhì)、進一步推動我國柑橘產(chǎn)業(yè)的發(fā)展具有重大意義。

前人在柑橘不同砧穗組合方面做了較多的研究,郭麗英等[10]利用5種砧木嫁接紅江橙,通過對植株生長、光合特性和果實品質(zhì)等研究分析,篩選出紅橘、酸橘2種砧木為肇慶地區(qū)紅江橙配套砧木的理想選擇;洪丹丹等[11]利用紅美人柑橘為試材,研究了7種砧木對其生長發(fā)育和果實品質(zhì)的影響,篩選出朱欒為最適宜栽種在浙東海涂鹽堿地上的優(yōu)質(zhì)砧木;李娟等[12]利用砂糖橘嫁接在5種不同砧木上,測量其生長勢、光合效率及碳水化合物含量,結(jié)果表明,嫁接在香橙砧上的砂糖橘樹勢健壯、光合性能較強,可推薦為砂糖橘的優(yōu)良備選砧木。綜合前人對不同砧木砂糖橘果實品質(zhì)的影響研究,多為一般性的綜合評價,鮮有利用主成分分析對植株株高、果實產(chǎn)量和品質(zhì)進行聯(lián)合分析的報道[13-14],筆者利用10種砧木嫁接砂糖橘,對嫁接后網(wǎng)室栽培的砂糖橘植株株高、單株產(chǎn)量和果實品質(zhì)進行相關性分析和主成分分析,篩選出矮化豐產(chǎn)及果實品質(zhì)優(yōu)良的理想砧木,為柑橘種植生產(chǎn)上的砧木選擇提供理論參考。

1 材料和方法

網(wǎng)室試驗于2023年在廣東省廣州市從化區(qū)農(nóng)業(yè)技術推廣中心小坑基地進行。從化區(qū)位于廣州東北部,地處低緯度地帶,北回歸線橫跨境內(nèi),屬亞熱帶季風氣候,氣候溫和,雨量充沛,年平均氣溫為20.5 ℃,年降水量1 297.5 mm,年日照時數(shù)1 976.8 h(信息來源廣東省廣州市從化區(qū)人民政府官網(wǎng))。果實內(nèi)外品質(zhì)測定在仲愷農(nóng)業(yè)工程學院海珠校區(qū)實驗室進行。

1.1 試驗材料

試驗選取枳(Poncirus trifoliata Raf.)、旺蒼大葉枳(P. trifoliata Raf.)、飛龍枳(Poncirus trifoliata Raf. var. monstrosa)、枸頭橙(Citrus aurantium L.)、粗檸檬(Citrus jambhiri Lush)、酸柚(Citrus grandis Osbeck)、香橙(Citrus junos Sieb. ex Tanaka)、紅黎檬(Citrus limonia Osbeck)、砂糖橘(Citrus reticulata Blanco)和紅橘(Citrus reticulata Blanco)10種柑橘砧木材料,2015年播種,2016年分別嫁接砂糖橘接穗,2018年12月移栽至從化區(qū)農(nóng)業(yè)技術推廣中心小坑基地,網(wǎng)室種植,常規(guī)管理,生長一致,均為無病蟲害健康植株。選取每種砧木各8株,5株用于觀察和果實數(shù)量統(tǒng)計,3株用于采樣,單株為1個重復。

1.2 試驗方法

1.2.1 植株株高相關指標測量 于2023年1月葉幕充分形成時,使用5 m量程卷尺量取地面至植株最高處的垂直距離,不同方位重復測量3次,單株為1個重復。從植株中部不同方位的枝條上隨機選取枝梢頂端第4~6片成熟葉片各3枚,用錫箔紙遮光10 min后,采用便攜式葉綠素熒光測定儀(OPTI SCIENCE,OS-5p+,美國)進行葉綠素含量(SPAD)測定,每葉測定3個點。

1.2.2 單株產(chǎn)量測定 于2023年1月上旬,采收果實統(tǒng)計結(jié)果數(shù)量,用機械臺秤稱量得出單株產(chǎn)量,其中每個砧木處理組有5株樹,取平均值計算該組單株產(chǎn)量。

1.2.3 果實品質(zhì)相關性狀測定 在果樹的樹冠外圍東、南、西、北、中五個方向,采集中等大小已成熟果實,混勻后隨機挑選50個用于品質(zhì)分析。用電子分析天平(METTLER TOLEDO,PL6001-L,美國)測量單果質(zhì)量及果肉質(zhì)量。使用電子數(shù)顯游標卡尺(SYNTEK,SY-04-200,德國)測量果實橫縱徑、果皮厚度、果實汁胞橫縱徑;果形指數(shù)計算公式為果實縱徑/果實橫徑。果實體積計算參考金開正等[15]的丁氏體積公式修正公式。參照高凝[16]的測定方法,使用數(shù)顯式水果硬度計(Aipli,GY4,中國)測量各部位的果肉硬度。果皮色差測定:據(jù)Stewart等[17]的方法,采用色差儀(KONICA MINOLTA,CR-400,日本),在儀器上讀取出L*、a*、b*的數(shù)值,每個砧木類型測定20個果實并對每個受測果實進行3次重復,取其平均值,分別為△L*、△a*、△b*。由手持數(shù)字糖度計(KEM,RA-250WE,日本)測定可溶性固形物含量。參照《食品分析》的測定方法[18],用氫氧化鈉滴定法測定可滴定酸含量,采用 2,6-二氯靛酚氧化還原滴定法測定維生素C含量,使用3,5-二硝基水楊酸法測定還原性糖含量。用直接烘干法測定果實含水率。

1.3 數(shù)據(jù)處理及分析

利用Excel對數(shù)據(jù)進行預處理,利用SPSS 26.0進行差異顯著性分析、相關性分析、數(shù)據(jù)標準化和主成分分析,利用Origin Pro 8.5和R語言作圖及進行數(shù)據(jù)可視化。

2 結(jié)果與分析

2.1 不同砧木對砂糖橘株高相關指標的影響

由圖1-A可知,10種砧木對砂糖橘株高有不同程度的影響,砂糖橘本砧的株高最高,達222.23 cm,顯著高于除酸柚外的其他砧木,其中飛龍枳株高最矮,較砂糖橘顯著降低了50.79%,表明在供試砧木中,飛龍枳砧的矮化效果最好。由圖1-B可知,矮化效果最好的飛龍枳砧有最高的SPAD值,達到了71.92,顯著高于其他砧木,而株高最高的砂糖橘本砧,SPAD值反而最低,僅為59.44,表明株高與SPAD值存在著一定的相關關系。由此看出,砧木嫁接后可以提高砂糖橘接穗葉片對光能的利用效率,其中,以飛龍枳效果最明顯。

2.2 不同砧木對砂糖橘單株產(chǎn)量的影響

由圖2可知,枸頭橙砧的單株產(chǎn)量高于其他砧木,達到了11.70 kg,粗檸檬砧木的單株產(chǎn)量排在第二,為9.80 kg,其他8種砧木的單株產(chǎn)量都小于8.0 kg,飛龍枳砧的單株產(chǎn)量最低,僅為1.46 kg。由此可見,不同砧木嫁接砂糖橘會影響單株產(chǎn)量,排除其他因素的干擾,在統(tǒng)一生產(chǎn)管理下,由單株產(chǎn)量估算666.7 m2產(chǎn)量,枸頭橙砧的砂糖橘產(chǎn)量最高。

2.3 不同砧木對砂糖橘外在品質(zhì)相關指標的影響

由圖3-A可知,香橙砧的單果質(zhì)量最高,為60.16 g,枸頭橙砧最低,為25.22 g,二者差異顯著。紅黎檬砧的果肉質(zhì)量最高,為44.34 g,香橙砧次之,為42.03 g,枸頭橙砧的果肉質(zhì)量最低,僅為18.86 g,顯著低于紅黎檬砧、香橙砧和粗檸檬砧(圖3-B)。

果實橫縱徑、果實體積和果形指數(shù)是評價果實外觀品質(zhì)的基礎,一般果形指數(shù)1.0以上為長圓形,>0.9~1.0為橢圓形或圓錐形,>0.8~0.9時為圓形或近圓形,0.6~0.8為扁圓形。由圖3-C可知,香橙砧的果實橫徑大于其他砧木,紅黎檬砧的果實縱徑大于其他砧木,結(jié)合果實體積結(jié)果(圖3-D)來看,紅黎檬砧的果實體積最大,達到了81.96 cm3,而枸頭橙砧的果實橫縱徑和果實體積均小于其他砧木。由圖3-E可知,枸頭橙砧的果形指數(shù)與香橙砧差異顯著,枸頭橙砧的果形指數(shù)為0.91,是橢圓形或圓錐形果實,而香橙砧的果形指數(shù)為0.82,是圓形或近圓形果實。綜合單果質(zhì)量、果肉質(zhì)量、果實橫縱徑、果實體積和果形指數(shù),香橙砧和紅黎檬砧的果實較大,形狀為圓形或近圓形,而枸頭橙砧的果實最小,形狀為橢圓形或圓錐形。

由圖3-F可知,酸柚砧果實汁胞橫徑最大,其次為枳砧、飛龍枳砧,三者差異不顯著,砂糖橘本砧的果實汁胞橫徑最小,顯著小于酸柚砧、枳砧和飛龍枳砧;紅黎檬砧的果實汁胞縱徑最大,為3.36 mm,而旺蒼大葉枳砧的果實汁胞縱徑最小,為2.09 mm,二者差異顯著。從果皮厚度來看(圖3-G),酸柚砧的果皮厚度最大,為2.05 mm,紅橘砧的果皮厚度最小,為1.60 mm,二者呈顯著差異。枸頭橙砧木的果實果肉硬度最大,其次為酸柚砧和旺蒼大葉枳砧,枳砧的果肉硬度在10種砧木中最?。▓D3-H)。

由圖4可知,砂糖橘果實色度受砧木的影響程度不同?!鱈*、△a*、△b*分別為果實亮度指標、紅色度指標、黃色度指標。從△L*和△b*來看,10種砧木的果實亮度和黃色度差異不顯著;以枳砧的紅色度指標最高,其次為紅黎檬砧、砂糖橘砧、紅橘砧,以香橙砧的果實最低。總體來看,所有砧木的果實均表現(xiàn)出有光澤的橙黃色,但香橙砧的果實果面顏色較淺。

2.4 不同砧木對砂糖橘內(nèi)在品質(zhì)相關指標的影響

由圖5可知,10種砧木的可溶性固形物含量(w,后同)以砂糖橘本砧最高,為15.32%,顯著高于除枳砧和旺蒼大葉枳砧外的其他砧木,香橙砧的果實可溶性固形物含量最低,為13.00%,比砂糖橘砧顯著降低了15.14%??傻味ㄋ岷恳惨陨疤情俦菊枳罡?,為0.43%,其次為紅黎檬砧,為0.41%,與砂糖橘本砧相比,其他砧木果實的可滴定酸含量均有不同程度的降低,其中枸頭橙砧、飛龍枳砧和粗檸檬砧的可滴定酸含量最低,均為0.30%,比砂糖橘砧顯著降低了30.23%。果實固酸比最高的是飛龍枳砧,其次為粗檸檬砧,二者顯著高于香橙砧、紅黎檬砧和砂糖橘砧,其中香橙砧最低。砂糖橘本砧的果實維生素C含量最高,顯著高于其他砧木,比含量第二高的粗檸檬砧高0.09 mg·100 g-1,含量最低的砧木是旺蒼大葉枳砧,為0.25 mg·100-1,顯著低于除飛龍枳砧和紅橘外的其他砧木,比砂糖橘砧顯著降低了44.44%。果實還原糖含量最高的3種砧木依次是香橙砧、粗檸檬砧、酸柚砧,分別為13.10、12.93和12.79 g·100-1,均顯著高于含量最低砂糖橘本砧。從果實含水率看,紅橘砧的果實含水率最高,為88.72%,顯著高于其他砧木,飛龍枳砧的果實含水率最低,為82.39%,比紅橘砧顯著降低了6.33個百分點。

綜上,不同砧木嫁接砂糖橘會對株高、單株產(chǎn)量及果實品質(zhì)的多項指標產(chǎn)生不同程度的影響,分析各指標間的相關關系可以更好地反映出不同砧木嫁接砂糖橘所導致的內(nèi)在聯(lián)系。

2.5 株高、產(chǎn)量、品質(zhì)指標間的相關性分析

由表1及圖6可知,株高與SPAD值呈極顯著負相關,表明矮化砧木能夠通過增加葉片對光能的吸收有效提高光合效率,矮化砧木往往受到外界的遮擋而得不到充足的陽光,提高葉片對光能的吸收效率,有助于解決矮化造成的陽光不足的問題,使樹體維持正常生長。同時株高還與單株產(chǎn)量、△L*和可滴定酸含量呈顯著正相關,與固酸比呈顯著負相關,單株產(chǎn)量和株高呈顯著正相關,表明砧木所導致的樹體矮化會影響到單株產(chǎn)量。單果質(zhì)量與果肉質(zhì)量、果實橫縱徑、果實體積呈極顯著正相關,表明在衡量果實質(zhì)量和大小方面的幾個指標會相互影響。果皮厚度與果肉質(zhì)量、果實體積、果實縱徑、果實汁胞橫縱徑均呈顯著正相關,與果實含水率呈顯著負相關,這可能是因為表皮對果實的保護,影響了果實的水分散失,導致果實含水率發(fā)生變化。果肉硬度與可溶性固形物含量、固酸比、維生素C含量和含水率等多個果實內(nèi)在品質(zhì)指標呈負相關,表明果實風味品質(zhì)和營養(yǎng)品質(zhì)間存在著一定的相關關系?!鱈*、

△a*和△b*都與單果質(zhì)量、果肉質(zhì)量和果實橫徑呈負相關,其中△L*的負相關更為顯著。可溶性固形物含量與果實含水率呈負相關,可滴定酸含量與還原糖含量呈負相關,維生素C含量與可滴定酸含量呈極顯著正相關,與還原糖含量呈顯著負相關,與含水率呈負相關,這些表明了果實內(nèi)在品質(zhì)間的各項指標存在一定的相關關系,各指標間相互影響。22項指標相關性分析表明,多個指標之間存在著信息重疊的情況,可以對評價的指標進行簡化。

2.6 株高、產(chǎn)量、品質(zhì)指標間的主成分分析

對株高、單株產(chǎn)量和果實品質(zhì)的22個指標進行主成分分析,提取了6個主成分,累積貢獻率達到了93.407%,表明這6個主成分能夠代表22個指標的絕大部分信息(表2)。其中第1主成分貢獻率為31.910%,其主要是由單果質(zhì)量、果肉質(zhì)量、果實橫縱徑和果實體積組成,這些成分主要代表果實的質(zhì)量及大小,同時在相關性分析中也表現(xiàn)出極顯著的相關性,可以將第1主成分注釋為果實質(zhì)量及橫縱徑大小決定因子;第2主成分貢獻率為26.910%,主要由株高、△L*、△b*、可滴定酸和維生素C含量組成,這些指標與株高、果皮亮度及色澤和果實一些內(nèi)在品質(zhì)有關,結(jié)合相關性分析結(jié)果,株高與△L*、可滴定酸和維生素C含量呈顯著正相關,可以將該主成分注釋為株高、果皮亮度及可滴定酸和維生素C含量決定因子;第3主成分貢獻率為11.255%,正向載荷權(quán)數(shù)最大的兩個指標為單株產(chǎn)量和果形指數(shù),可注釋為產(chǎn)量和果形指數(shù)決定因子;第4主成分貢獻率為10.183%,主要由果皮厚度和△a*兩個因子組成,但由于果皮色差由△L*、△a*和△b*綜合分析,而△L*和△b*都在第2主成分中有更高的正向載荷權(quán)數(shù),因此筆者將第4主成分主要集中在果皮厚度上面,可以注釋為果皮厚度因子;第5主成分貢獻率為8.392%,其中果肉硬度占有最大的正向載荷權(quán)數(shù),為第5主成分的核心指標,可以將第5主成分注釋為果肉硬度因子;第6主成分貢獻率為4.757%,含水率在其中占有最大的正向載荷權(quán)數(shù),可以將該主成分注釋為含水率因子。6個主成分中,第1主成分的貢獻率最高,比最小的第6主成分貢獻率高出27.153個百分點。

2.7 基于主成分分析的10種砧木綜合評價

利用主成分分析,構(gòu)建篩選嫁接砂糖橘優(yōu)良砧木的綜合評價模型,通過表2中每個指標的因子載荷值除以特征值的平方根[19],得到該指標所對應的特征向量(或系數(shù)),以特征向量為權(quán)重得到6個主成分的得分公式:

F1=-0.105ZX1+0.175ZX2-0.251ZX3+0.632ZX4+0.712ZX5+0.947ZX6+0.358ZX7-0.170ZX8+0.523ZX9+0.306ZX10-0.210ZX11+0.081ZX12+0.251ZX13-0.155ZX14-0.356ZX15-0.171ZX16-0.430ZX17+0.315ZX18-0.151ZX19-0.032ZX20+0.293ZX21+0.034ZX22;

F2=0.331ZX1-0.322ZX2+0.270ZX3+0.194ZX4+0.095ZX5+0.090ZX6+0.088ZX7-0.226ZX8-0.034ZX9-0.206ZX10-0.042ZX11-0.511ZX12+0.378ZX13+0.528ZX14-0.027ZX15+0.310ZX16+0.215ZX17+0.547ZX18-0.570ZX19+0.811ZX20-0.263ZX21+0.001ZX22;

F3=0.006ZX1-0.174ZX2+0.561ZX3+0.028ZX4+0.042ZX5-0.038ZX6+0.130ZX7+0.682ZX8+0.146ZX9+0.162ZX10+0.234ZX11-0.098ZX12+0.125ZX13+0.286ZX14-0.174ZX15+0.305ZX16-0.362ZX17-0.251ZX18+0.199ZX19+0.092ZX20+0.250ZX21-0.010ZX22;

F4=-0.179ZX1+0.233ZX2-0.190ZX3-0.003ZX4+0.103ZX5+0.035ZX6+0.114ZX7+0.255ZX8+0.003ZX9+0.481ZX10-0.032ZX11+0.151ZX12+0.120ZX13+0.161ZX14+0.461ZX15+0.219ZX16+0.277ZX17+0.026ZX18+0.134ZX19+0.051ZX20-0.394ZX21-0.498ZX22;

F5=0.224ZX1-0467ZX2+0.008ZX3+0.122ZX4+0.032ZX5-0.017ZX6-0.037ZX7-0.121ZX8+0.362ZX9+0.341ZX10+0.538ZX11+0.025ZX12-0.254ZX13-0.150ZX14+0.298ZX15-0.128ZX16+0.006ZX17+0.210ZX18-0.161ZX19-0.399ZX20-0.043ZX21-0.057ZX22;

F6=0.177ZX1+0.072ZX2+0.161ZX3+0.040ZX4+0.063ZX5+0.077ZX6+0.116ZX7+0.012ZX8-0.023ZX9+0.086ZX10-0.305ZX11+0.470ZX12-0.078ZX13+0.089ZX14+0.437ZX15+0.231ZX16-0.106ZX17-0.028ZX18-0.031ZX19-0.090ZX20-0.114ZX21+0.546ZX22。

以上F1~F6代表的是不同砧木在主成分1到6中的得分值,其中ZX1~ZX22為株高、SPAD、單株產(chǎn)量等22個評價指標的標準化值。

以主成分對應的方差貢獻率為權(quán)重,主成分得分與相應權(quán)重乘積的和建立砧木篩選綜合評價模型,得到公式:

F=0.319 1×F1+0.269 1×F2+0.112 55×F3+0.101 83×F4+0.083 92×F5+0.047 57×F6。

利用該模型公式計算得出10種供試砧木的綜合評價得分,根據(jù)綜合得分從高到低對其進行排序,篩選出基于該模型下最優(yōu)的砂糖橘砧木。由表3可知,紅黎檬砧的綜合評價得分最高,其次為香橙砧和粗檸檬砧。這3種砧木在單果質(zhì)量、果肉質(zhì)量、果實橫縱徑和果實體積這些果實外品質(zhì)指標上有著很好的表現(xiàn),而在果實還原糖和維生素C含量這兩個果實內(nèi)品質(zhì)指標上也具有優(yōu)勢,果實品質(zhì)綜合表現(xiàn)較好,而在株高方面,3種砧木對比砂糖橘本砧均有矮化的效果,株高比砂糖橘砧、酸柚砧和紅橘砧低,3種砧木中粗檸檬砧的矮化效果最好;在單株產(chǎn)量上,粗檸檬砧的單株產(chǎn)量僅次于枸頭橙砧。綜合評價得分最低的砧木為枸頭橙砧,其次是紅橘砧和飛龍枳砧,枸頭橙砧在果實單果質(zhì)量、果肉質(zhì)量、果實體積指標上都低于其他砧木,表明枸頭橙砧的果實質(zhì)量及大小不具優(yōu)勢,同時枸頭橙砧的果肉硬度最大,綜合來看,枸頭橙砧木的果實口感欠佳;紅橘砧的果皮厚度較小,果實可滴定酸含量較低,飛龍枳砧的株高最低但單株產(chǎn)量也最低,因此從綜合表現(xiàn)來看,這3種砧木并不推薦作為砂糖橘的嫁接砧木。

3 討 論

研究結(jié)果表明,不同砧木嫁接砂糖橘對株高、產(chǎn)量和品質(zhì)均有不同程度的影響。前人研究表明,在嫁接過程中選擇合適的砧木,能夠顯著促進植株營養(yǎng)吸收,增強植株的抗性[20-21],改變植株的表型[22],影響果實的生長發(fā)育和品質(zhì)[23]。在本研究中,10種砧木嫁接砂糖橘后,株高差異顯著,其中飛龍枳的株高最低,這與前人的研究結(jié)果一致[24-25]。而株高又與單株產(chǎn)量、△L*和可滴定酸含量呈顯著正相關,證實了砧穗結(jié)合對株高、產(chǎn)量和品質(zhì)的影響。砧穗結(jié)合對植株生長和果實品質(zhì)影響的相關研究眾多,例如葡萄[26-28]、蘋果[29-31]、石榴[32]、薄皮甜瓜[33]等。通過研究砧穗結(jié)合,可以篩選出使植株更具適應性的砧木品種,獲得更高的果實產(chǎn)量和品質(zhì)。

在園藝生產(chǎn)上,矮化密植已經(jīng)成為了現(xiàn)代果樹栽培的主要發(fā)展趨勢,對于矮化砧木的選擇和利用也越來越受到人們的重視[34]。矮化柑橘砧木被世界各地的柑橘種植者和研究人員所青睞[35],因為矮化的柑橘砧木往往具有密度大、產(chǎn)量高的特點,是高密度果園的理想選擇,不僅如此,矮化的柑橘砧木還具有更高的光合效率[36],本研究相關性分析中株高與SPAD值的結(jié)果也證實了這一點。種植時使用矮化的柑橘砧木品種,有利于植株提早結(jié)果,加快產(chǎn)品上市,保證果實的產(chǎn)量和品質(zhì),提高生產(chǎn)總值,減少果樹在栽培中的修剪和打藥工作量,便于生產(chǎn)管理,降低生產(chǎn)成本等[37],特別是隨著現(xiàn)代土地資源的匱乏、勞動力的日益緊缺、人民生活水平的提高,人們對果實品質(zhì)的要求越來越高,以及機械化逐漸成為現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展的趨勢,果樹的矮化和適度密植成為解決這些問題不可或缺的重要途徑[38]。

但是砧木的選擇并不能僅限于矮化這一個指標,作為世界范圍內(nèi)公認的矮化砧木飛龍枳,研究表明其與某些接穗嫁接后并不能得到良好的產(chǎn)量及果實品質(zhì)[39],因此從多指標篩選優(yōu)良的柑橘砧木很有必要。陳東升等[40]聯(lián)合分析5種砧木對小果型西瓜生長、果實品質(zhì)及產(chǎn)量的影響,篩選得到北京地區(qū)適宜小果型西瓜嫁接的砧木品種。相關性分析是樹體生長發(fā)育情況和果實品質(zhì)綜合分析的常用方法,筆者將株高、產(chǎn)量和品質(zhì)的22個指標進行相關性分析,得到多組相關關系,其中株高與固酸比呈顯著負相關,表明樹體的生長發(fā)育與果實品質(zhì)也有密切的聯(lián)系,再次表明除了矮化指標之外,也要對果實品質(zhì)綜合指標進行聯(lián)合分析,選擇出最適合的柑橘砧木。除此之外,通過分析多組相關關系還可以探討各指標間的內(nèi)在聯(lián)系,將植株生長與果實產(chǎn)量和品質(zhì)聯(lián)系在一起,有利于更全面地篩選出優(yōu)良的砂糖橘矮化砧木。

筆者利用主成分分析共提取到6個主成分,可以分別注釋為不同的決定因子,前4個主成分累積貢獻率達到了80.258%,所有6個主成分中的關鍵因子可作為評價10種供試砧木的核心指標,其中果實質(zhì)量及橫縱徑大小決定因子貢獻率最高,而與果實品質(zhì)相關的關鍵因子,總貢獻率超過了42.093%,表明在優(yōu)良砧木的篩選上,果實的品質(zhì)顯得尤為重要,這也符合水果市場的要求,株高和單株產(chǎn)量兩個指標分別對應在第2和第3個主成分中,但這兩個指標都沒有足夠大的正向載荷權(quán)數(shù)以作為單獨的主成分,表明了在柑橘生產(chǎn)上,選擇優(yōu)良砧木首要考慮的還是果品質(zhì)量,在滿足果品質(zhì)量的關鍵前提下選擇矮化且高產(chǎn)的柑橘砧木。主成分分析利用綜合評分的模型對研究對象進行篩選,在優(yōu)良砧木篩選上也常用這種方法,徐美隆等[41]利用主成分分析對不同砧木嫁接歐梨的成活率和果實品質(zhì)進行綜合評價,以篩選出最適宜的優(yōu)良砧木;何滿[42]利用主成分分析的方法對4種柑橘砧木嫁接愛媛28號橘橙幼樹后的指標進行綜合評價,從而篩選出最優(yōu)的柑橘砧木;白世踐等[43]對不同砧木影響吐魯番地區(qū)克瑞森無核葡萄生長特性及果實品質(zhì)相關指標進行主成分分析,篩選出吐魯番產(chǎn)區(qū)克瑞森無核葡萄的優(yōu)選砧木。參照前人的研究方法,筆者對株高、產(chǎn)量、品質(zhì)的22個指標建立主成分分析綜合評價模型,篩選出優(yōu)良的砂糖橘砧木。

砂糖橘是廣東省傳統(tǒng)特色優(yōu)良的品種,在生產(chǎn)上矮化高產(chǎn)優(yōu)質(zhì)的砂糖橘能帶來更為豐厚的經(jīng)濟效益,而對于消費者而言,果實風味品質(zhì)和營養(yǎng)品質(zhì)更好的砂糖橘更受青睞,本項研究將株高與產(chǎn)量、品質(zhì)進行聯(lián)合分析,并通過主成分分析的方法,篩選出滿足條件的砂糖橘優(yōu)良矮化砧木,為柑橘優(yōu)良砧木的篩選提供了理論支撐,為進一步通過分子層面闡明優(yōu)良砧木的矮化機制及果實品質(zhì)間的影響途徑提供了理論參考。

4 結(jié) 論

通過主成分分析篩選出貢獻率最高的果實質(zhì)量及橫縱徑大小決定因子,與株高、果皮亮度、可滴定酸含量、維生素C含量決定因子,產(chǎn)量和果形指數(shù)決定因子,果皮厚度決定因子,果肉硬度決定因子,含水率決定因子共6個關鍵因子作為評價砂糖橘砧木的核心指標。綜合評價得分表明,紅黎檬、香橙和粗檸檬可推薦為廣東省砂糖橘優(yōu)良砧木。

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收稿日期:2024-01-04 接受日期:2024-03-23

基金項目:廣東省重點領域研發(fā)計劃項目(果樹砧木類)(2022B0202070002);廣東省現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)技術體系創(chuàng)新團隊建設項目(柑橘杧果)(2023KJ108);廣州市民生科技攻關計劃(201803020008)

作者簡介:彭楊,男,在讀碩士研究生,研究方向為果樹栽培生理與分子生物。E-mail:pengyang@zhku.edu.cn

*通信作者 Author for correspondence. E-mail:13751774213@139.com;E-mail:licaiqin@zhku.edu.cn

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