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顯微鏡下多血管炎相關(guān)間質(zhì)性肺病合并COVID-19患者疫苗保護(hù)作用初探

2024-07-13 14:02祁福敏蘇睿郝劍蘇麗范倩李昕魏蔚
天津醫(yī)藥 2024年7期
關(guān)鍵詞:輕癥血管炎間質(zhì)性

祁福敏 蘇睿 郝劍 蘇麗 范倩 李昕 魏蔚

作者單位:天津醫(yī)科大學(xué)總醫(yī)院風(fēng)濕免疫科(郵編300052)

作者簡(jiǎn)介:祁福敏(1996),女,醫(yī)師,主要從事ANCA相關(guān)性血管炎方面研究。E-mail:qifumin0607@163.com

△通信作者 E-mail:tjweiwei2003@163.com

摘要:目的 分析顯微鏡下多血管炎(MPA)相關(guān)間質(zhì)性肺?。↖LD)患者合并新型冠狀病毒肺炎(COVID-19)的臨床特征,初步探究新型冠狀病毒(SARS-CoV-2)疫苗的保護(hù)作用。方法 納入確診的MPA-ILD患者,同時(shí)符合《新型冠狀病毒感染診療方案(第十版)》制定的COVID-19診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn),且均有明確SARS-CoV-2抗原或核酸檢測(cè)陽(yáng)性證據(jù)。收集并分析患者臨床資料,ILD影像學(xué)分型,SARS-CoV-2疫苗接種情況、臨床分型及預(yù)后。結(jié)果 共納入37例MPA-ILD患者,女14例,男23例。32例在并發(fā)COVID-19時(shí)MPA病情處于緩解期,31例同時(shí)維持免疫抑制劑或生物制劑治療。ILD的影像學(xué)類(lèi)型以尋常型間質(zhì)性肺炎(15例)和非特異性間質(zhì)性肺炎(14例)為主,剩余8例分型不確定。COVID-19分型中,27例為輕癥,5例因COVID-19死亡。11例未接種疫苗,26例接種SARS-CoV-2滅活疫苗,其中11例完成3劑次加強(qiáng)免疫。接種疫苗患者COVID-19輕癥比例高于未接種疫苗組(P=0.038)。多因素分析顯示接種疫苗為MPA-ILD患者合并COVID-19住院(OR=0.045,95%CI:0.004~0.472,P=0.010)及非輕癥感染(OR=0.049,95%CI:0.005~0.517,P=0.012)的獨(dú)立保護(hù)因素。同時(shí)MPA處于緩解期為COVID-19非輕癥感染的保護(hù)因素(OR=0.021,95%CI:0.001~0.459,P=0.014)。結(jié)論 接種SARS-CoV-2疫苗及MPA病情處于緩解期有可能減輕MPA患者合并COVID-19的嚴(yán)重程度。

關(guān)鍵詞:顯微鏡下多血管炎;新型冠狀病毒肺炎;COVID-19疫苗

中圖分類(lèi)號(hào):R593.2文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼:ADOI:10.11958/20231791

Study on the protective effect of vaccine in patients with microscopic polyangiitis-interstitial lung disease complicated with COVID-19 infection

QI Fumin, SU Rui, HAO Jian, SU Li, FAN Qian, LI Xin, WEI Wei△

Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China

△Corresponding Author E-mail: tjweiwei2003@163.com

Abstract: Objective To analyze the clinical features of microscopic polyangiitis (MPA)-associated interstitial lung disease (ILD) patients infected with coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19),and investigate the protective effect of SARS-CoV-2 vaccine. Methods Patients with MPA-ILD in the General Hospital of Tianjin Medical University were included, and patients also met the diagnostic criteria for COVID-19 in accordance with the COVID-19's diagnosis and treatment plan (10th Edition). All of patients had positive evidence of coronavirus antigens or positive nucleic acid tests. Clinical data of patients, ILD imaging typing, COVID-19 vaccination, clinical typing and prognostic results were collected and analyzed. Results Thirty-seven patients with MPA-ILD were included, including 14 females and 23 males. Thirty-two patients with MPA were in remission at the time of infection with COVID-19, and 31 were maintained on concurrent immunosuppressive/biologic therapy. The original imaging type of MPA-ILD was predominantly usual interstitial pneumonia (UIP, 15 cases) and nonspecific interstitial pneumonia (NSIP, 14 cases). The typing of the remaining 8 cases was inconclusive. Of the COVID-19 subtypes, 27 patients were mild infection, and 5 dead due to COVID-19. Eleven patients were unvaccinated, and 26 received inactivated vaccine. Among them, 11 completed 3-dose of booster immunization. The proportion of patients with mild COVID-19 was significantly higher in MPA-ILD patients with vaccinated patient group than that in the unvaccinated patient group (P=0.038). Multifactorial analysis showed that vaccines were an independent protective factor for MPA-ILD patients with COVID-19 infection (OR=0.045, 95%CI: 0.004-0.472, P=0.010) and non-mild infection (OR=0.049, 95%CI: 0.005-0.517, P=0.012). Moreover, MPA in remission was a protective factor for COVID-19 non-mild infections (OR=0.021, 95%CI: 0.001-0.459, P=0.014). Conclusion Vaccination and MPA in remission may reduce the severity of COVID-19 infection in patients with MPA.

Key words: microscopic polyangiitis; COVID-19; COVID-19 vaccines

顯微鏡下多血管炎(MPA)是一種壞死性小血管炎,以多系統(tǒng)受累、血清中存在抗髓過(guò)氧化物酶(MPO)陽(yáng)性的抗中性粒細(xì)胞胞質(zhì)抗體(ANCA)為主要特點(diǎn),預(yù)后不佳[1]。該病易出現(xiàn)肺部受累,其中以間質(zhì)性肺?。↖LD)最為突出,糖皮質(zhì)激素、免疫抑制劑或生物制劑(如利妥昔單抗)為主要治療方案。新型冠狀病毒病肺炎(COVID-19)是由新型冠狀病毒(SARS-CoV-2)引起的感染,發(fā)病率和病死率高,臨床癥狀多樣[2]。對(duì)COVID-19的大規(guī)模人群調(diào)查結(jié)果表明,風(fēng)濕性疾?。ò?lèi)風(fēng)濕關(guān)節(jié)炎、系統(tǒng)性紅斑狼瘡、銀屑病等)患者合并COVID-19相關(guān)住院或死亡風(fēng)險(xiǎn)升高,并且在接受免疫抑制治療的群體中出現(xiàn)重癥或死亡的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)更高[3]。但尚無(wú)數(shù)據(jù)表明MPA-ILD患者合并COVID-19的情況。本文旨在了解MPA-ILD患者SARS-CoV-2感染的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)及SARS-CoV-2疫苗對(duì)其是否具有保護(hù)作用,初步探究COVID-19不良預(yù)后的預(yù)測(cè)因素。

1 對(duì)象與方法

1.1 研究對(duì)象 收集2016年1月—2023年7月于天津醫(yī)科大學(xué)總醫(yī)院診斷明確的MPA患者224例。MPA診斷需符合2022年美國(guó)風(fēng)濕病學(xué)會(huì)/歐洲抗風(fēng)濕病聯(lián)盟(ACR/EULAR)或2012年國(guó)際Chapel Hill共識(shí)會(huì)議發(fā)布的MPA分類(lèi)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。排除藥物或感染繼發(fā)的MPA、未合并ILD及合并其他自身免疫性疾病的患者后,MPA合并ILD(MPA-ILD)患者172例。進(jìn)行電話及門(mén)診隨訪明確SARS-CoV-2感染及SARS-CoV-2疫苗接種情況,其中19例否認(rèn)SARS-CoV-2感染史,116例曾于COVID-19大流行期間出現(xiàn)發(fā)熱、咽痛、咳嗽、咳痰等可疑感染癥狀,但未進(jìn)行抗原或核酸檢測(cè)證實(shí)。最終將具有明確SARS-CoV-2感染證據(jù)的37例MPA-ILD患者納入本研究。

1.2 研究方法 收集并記錄患者性別、年齡、吸煙狀態(tài)、體質(zhì)量指數(shù)(BMI)、是否合并高血壓病或糖尿病等臨床資料。記錄患者合并COVID-19時(shí)MPA病情及應(yīng)用免疫抑制劑或生物制劑的種類(lèi)。對(duì)于MPA病情緩解定義為無(wú)任何臨床癥狀,激素用量不超過(guò)每日2片,且無(wú)新發(fā)的器官損害。依據(jù)患者患COVID-19前最近一次胸部HRCT影像,結(jié)合《2018中國(guó)結(jié)締組織病相關(guān)間質(zhì)性肺病診斷和治療專(zhuān)家共識(shí)》進(jìn)行ILD影像學(xué)分類(lèi)[4]。統(tǒng)計(jì)患者SARS-CoV-2疫苗接種情況,并按照是否接種疫苗分組比較。

同時(shí)參考《新型冠狀病毒感染診療方案(試行第十版)》進(jìn)行臨床分型,對(duì)于以上呼吸道感染為主要表現(xiàn)的輕型患者定義為輕癥;出現(xiàn)特征性新冠病毒感染肺炎表現(xiàn)、呼吸衰竭、休克的中型、重型及危重型患者定義為非輕癥。記錄COVID-19住院及死亡等不良事件。

1.3 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法 應(yīng)用SPSS 25.0進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)分析。正態(tài)分布的計(jì)量資料以[x] ±s表示,組間比較采用成組t檢驗(yàn);非正態(tài)數(shù)據(jù)以M(P25,P75)表示,組間比較采用Mann-Whitney U檢驗(yàn)。分類(lèi)變量以例(%)表示,使用Fisher確切概率法進(jìn)行比較。二元Logistic回歸分析預(yù)后危險(xiǎn)因素。P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。

2 結(jié)果

2.1 MPA-ILD合并COVID-19的臨床特點(diǎn) 共納入37例診斷明確的MPA-ILD患者,其中女14例(37.8%),男23例(62.2%),診斷年齡(67.27±6.36)歲,中位病程4.0(1.0,7.5)年,BMI(22.98±3.17)kg/m?。有吸煙史者19例,合并糖尿病4例,合并高血壓12例。在并發(fā)COVID-19時(shí),32例MPA處于疾病緩解期,31例有免疫抑制劑或生物制劑維持緩解治療,包括環(huán)磷酰胺(CTX)21例,嗎替麥考酚酯(MMF)5例,利妥昔單抗(RTX)2例,他克莫司1例,雷公藤多苷1例,來(lái)氟米特1例。ILD的影像學(xué)分型:尋常型間質(zhì)性肺炎(UIP)15例,非特異性間質(zhì)性肺炎(NSIP)14例,剩余8例分型不確定。37例MPA-ILD患者中有26例接種了SARS-CoV-2疫苗(均為滅活疫苗),其中11例完成了3劑次的加強(qiáng)免疫,15例完成2劑次疫苗接種。接種與未接種SARS-CoV-2疫苗患者在年齡、病程、性別比例、BMI、MPA緩解期等方面,差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),見(jiàn)表1。

2.2 MPA-ILD患者COVID-19的嚴(yán)重程度分型及預(yù)后 COVID-19分型中,輕癥27例,非輕癥10例,9例因COVID-19住院治療,其中5例死亡。與未接種疫苗組相比,接種疫苗組不僅COVID-19輕癥比例高,且因COVID-19住院患者比例降低。接種疫苗組與未接種疫苗組在COVID-19相關(guān)死亡方面,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,見(jiàn)表2。

2.3 COVID-19不良結(jié)局的預(yù)測(cè)因素分析 結(jié)果顯示,接種疫苗(未接種=0,接種=1)為MPA-ILD患者因COVID-19住院(未住院=0,住院=1)的獨(dú)立保護(hù)因素,見(jiàn)表3。接種疫苗和MPA處于緩解期(未緩解=0,緩解=1)為COVID-19非輕癥感染(輕癥=0,非輕癥=1)的保護(hù)因素。而患者ILD影像學(xué)類(lèi)型(非UIP=0, UIP=1)以及新冠感染時(shí)是否應(yīng)用免疫抑制治療(否=0,是=1)均不是新型冠狀病毒感染不良結(jié)局的危險(xiǎn)因素,見(jiàn)表4。

3 討論

3.1 自身免疫病患者合并COVID-19情況 自身免疫性疾病的患者通常感染風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加。接受免疫抑制劑或生物制劑治療的自身免疫病患者免疫原性受損,尤其在接受利妥昔單抗或嗎替麥考酚酯治療的群體中[5-6]。但意大利的一項(xiàng)研究發(fā)現(xiàn),與一般人群相比,自身免疫性疾病患者合并COVID-19的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)似乎并沒(méi)有增加[7]。糖皮質(zhì)激素或免疫抑制劑的長(zhǎng)期治療與COVID-19預(yù)后較差無(wú)關(guān)[7-8],這與本研究結(jié)果一致。但也有研究表明,在因突破性SARS-CoV-2感染住院的疫苗接種患者中,免疫抑制劑的使用占比更高[9]。這可能與疫苗接種時(shí)免疫反應(yīng)受損,導(dǎo)致中和抗體滴度產(chǎn)生降低相關(guān)。但本研究中并未收集到抗體滴度這部分?jǐn)?shù)據(jù),接種疫苗患者的抗體滴度變化是否與突破性感染相關(guān),其保護(hù)性抗體滴度最低閾值的確定仍有待進(jìn)一步研究。

已有ILD的患者在SARS-CoV-2感染的大流行背景下面臨著更高的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。既往研究發(fā)現(xiàn),與年齡、性別和(或)種族匹配的對(duì)照受試者相比,ILD患者在合并COVID-19后比沒(méi)有ILD的匹配患者有更高的死亡風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[10-11]。COVID-19大流行持續(xù)影響公共健康,但是仍然缺乏關(guān)于MPA患者合并COVID-19的病死率及特定危險(xiǎn)因素的數(shù)據(jù)。在MPA患者中可以參考與一般人群類(lèi)似的危險(xiǎn)因素,包括高齡、合并癥和男性,似乎可以預(yù)測(cè)COVID-19的不良預(yù)后結(jié)局[7-8]。有研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn)COVID-19感染與原有的結(jié)締組織病相關(guān)ILD惡化無(wú)關(guān)[12]。在COVID-19感染后,肺間質(zhì)纖維化的出現(xiàn)與高齡、急性呼吸窘迫綜合征、住院時(shí)間延長(zhǎng)、機(jī)械通氣相關(guān)[13]。但本研究未發(fā)現(xiàn)ILD的影像學(xué)類(lèi)型與COVID-19預(yù)后有關(guān),而控制原發(fā)病使其處于病情緩解期與更好的COVID-19結(jié)局相關(guān)。

3.2 SARS-CoV-2疫苗對(duì)自身免疫病患者SARS-CoV-2感染的影響及意義 SARS-CoV-2的疫苗接種有效遏制了疾病大流行,在系統(tǒng)性風(fēng)濕病患者中同樣有效,疫苗安全性與耐受性良好,并且與原發(fā)病活動(dòng)度顯著增加無(wú)關(guān)[14-16]。但已有研究報(bào)道在醫(yī)護(hù)群體中觀察到接種新冠疫苗后的突破性SARS-CoV-2感染,同樣突破性SARS-CoV-2感染可能發(fā)生在系統(tǒng)性風(fēng)濕性疾病患者中[17]。與未接種疫苗的系統(tǒng)性風(fēng)濕性疾病患者相比,無(wú)論風(fēng)濕性疾病的類(lèi)型如何(類(lèi)風(fēng)濕關(guān)節(jié)炎、系統(tǒng)性紅斑狼瘡、系統(tǒng)性硬化癥、ANCA相關(guān)性血管炎),接種SARS-CoV-2 mRNA疫苗的患者總體COVID-19結(jié)局更好[18]。不同類(lèi)型的SARS-CoV-2疫苗在普通人群中具有公認(rèn)的安全性和有效性,雖然本研究中MPA患者接種的新冠疫苗均為滅活疫苗,但是研究結(jié)果同樣顯示接種新冠滅活疫苗可能改善COVID-19的結(jié)局。德國(guó)的一項(xiàng)研究發(fā)現(xiàn),在2 314例風(fēng)濕病患者中,接種了3劑次疫苗的COVID-19病死率為0.6%,加強(qiáng)免疫與較低的COVID-19相關(guān)死亡風(fēng)險(xiǎn)顯著相關(guān)[9]。

本研究有一定的局限性。首先,本研究為單中心回顧性研究,且樣本量小。其次,回顧性研究避免不了選擇偏倚的產(chǎn)生,缺乏明確SARS-CoV-2感染證據(jù)的患者有可能被遺漏。未來(lái)需要更長(zhǎng)時(shí)間的隨訪以及更大的樣本量去評(píng)估COVID-19及新冠疫苗的接種對(duì)MPA-ILD或自身免疫性疾病相關(guān)ILD群體的長(zhǎng)期影響。

參考文獻(xiàn)

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(2023-11-19收稿 2024-01-09修回)

(本文編輯 李鵬)

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