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[摘要] 目的 探討硬鏡微創(chuàng)保膽取石術(shù)治療小兒膽囊結(jié)石的安全性和有效性。 方法 回顧性分析珠海市婦幼保健院普外科2014年9~12月經(jīng)硬鏡微創(chuàng)保膽取石術(shù)治療小兒膽囊結(jié)石9例的臨床資料,并分析其手術(shù)療效。 結(jié)果 9例患兒均成功行硬鏡微創(chuàng)保膽取石術(shù),無(wú)中轉(zhuǎn)行膽囊切除術(shù),成功率為100%;手術(shù)時(shí)間為25~70 min,平均(41.1±13.5)min;術(shù)中出血量3~10 mL,平均(5.3±2.4)mL;術(shù)后住院2~5 d,平均(3.2±0.9)d;術(shù)后疼痛按VRS評(píng)估,Ⅰ級(jí)8例,Ⅱ級(jí)1例;治療期間未發(fā)生膽漏、術(shù)后出血、膽管損傷、膽源性胰腺炎及其他并發(fā)癥。術(shù)后隨訪1~3個(gè)月,無(wú)膽囊結(jié)石復(fù)發(fā),且術(shù)后1個(gè)月復(fù)查示膽囊壁厚度變薄及膽囊收縮率改善,但與術(shù)前比較,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P > 0.05)。 結(jié)論 硬鏡微創(chuàng)保膽取石術(shù)治療小兒膽囊結(jié)石是一種安全、有效的方法,操作簡(jiǎn)單、創(chuàng)傷小、恢復(fù)快,且能夠保留膽囊功能,適合生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育階段的患兒。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 硬質(zhì)膽道鏡;保膽手術(shù);膽囊結(jié)石;兒童
[中圖分類號(hào)] R575.6 [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼] A [文章編號(hào)] 1673-7210(2015)05(b)-0107-04
Clinical analysis of mini-invasive gallbladder-preserving cholecystolithotomy with rigid choledochoscope in the treatment of 9 cases with gallstones
ZHENG Mingkang GAO Huaguo XIAO Gongliang
Department of General Surgery, Maternity and Child Health Hospital of Zhuhai City, Guangdong Province, Zhuhai 519001, China
[Abstract] Objective To investigate the safety and efficiency of mini-invasive gallbladder-preserving cholecystolithotomy with rigid choledochoscope in the treatment of gallstone in children. Methods Clinical data of 9 children with gallstones undergoing mini-invasive gallbladder-preserving cholecystolithotomy with rigid choledochoscope from September to December 2014 were retrospectively analyzed. The curative effects were analyzed. Results Mini-invasive gallbladder-preserving cholecystolithotomy with rigid choledochoscope was successfully performed in all the 9 patients without conversation to cholecystectomy, the success rate was 100%. Time of operation was 25-70 min, mean value of (41.1±13.5) min; intraoperative blood loss was 3-10 mL, mean value of (5.3±2.4) mL; postoperative hospital stay was 2-5 d, mean value of (3.2±0.9) d. Postoperative pain was assessed according to verbal rating scales (VRS), and 8 cases were in grade Ⅰ, 1 case was in grade Ⅱ. There was no bile leakage, postoperative bleeding, biliary duct damage, biliary pancreatitis and other complications happened during therapy. The patients were followed up for 1 to 3 months after surgery, there was no gallstone recurrence. Thickness of gall bladder wall and contraction function of gallbladder had improved in 1 month after surgery, but comparing with before surgery, the difference was not statistically significant (P > 0.05). Conclusion Mini-invasive gallbladder-preserving cholecystolithotomy with rigid choledochoscope is a safe and effective method in the treatment of gallstones in children. It is easy to use, has minimal trauma, and can retain function of gall bladder, and it is suitable for patients at the age of growth and development.endprint
[Key words] Rigid choledochoscope; Cholecystolithotomy; Gallsoe; Children
膽囊結(jié)石是一種成人常見(jiàn)病、多發(fā)病,小兒的發(fā)病率較低,但隨著膳食結(jié)構(gòu)與飲食習(xí)慣的改變,小兒膽囊結(jié)石發(fā)病率呈明顯上升趨勢(shì)。小兒膽囊結(jié)石致膽囊炎嚴(yán)重影響其身心健康,需要積極治療。膽囊結(jié)石的治療通常選擇行膽囊切除術(shù),但由于小兒的特殊性,不主張按成人的方式行膽囊切除術(shù)。已經(jīng)有學(xué)者成功開展腹腔鏡保膽手術(shù)治療小兒膽囊結(jié)石[1],但采取硬鏡微創(chuàng)保膽取石術(shù)[2-3]方法治療小兒膽囊結(jié)石鮮有報(bào)道。本研究應(yīng)用硬鏡微創(chuàng)保膽取石術(shù)治療小兒膽囊結(jié)石9例,取得了良好臨床療效,現(xiàn)報(bào)道如下:
1 資料與方法
1.1 一般資料
選擇2014年9~12月廣東省珠海市婦幼保健院收治的小兒膽囊結(jié)石9例,其中,男4例,女5例,年齡6~13歲,平均(9.6±2.1)歲;體重23~43 kg,平均(33.25±5.91)kg;身高1.21~1.53 m,平均(1.39±0.10)m;體重指數(shù)(BMI)15.7~17.6 kg/m2,平均(16.89±1.04)kg/m2;膽囊壁厚度0.2~0.4 cm,平均(0.27±0.08)cm;膽囊收縮率為65%~88%,平均(76.62±6.92)%。所有患兒均有癥狀膽囊結(jié)石,病程2個(gè)月~3年,均已多次行B超等檢查明確膽囊結(jié)石,近1個(gè)月無(wú)發(fā)作且無(wú)上腹部手術(shù)史,患兒家屬均有強(qiáng)烈保膽意愿。
1.2 方法
1.2.1 檢查方法 所有患兒均收入院,常規(guī)完善血常規(guī)、生化、凝血功能、心電圖、胸片等檢查。通過(guò)三維彩超行脂餐試驗(yàn)了解膽囊收縮功能:檢查前日晚餐后禁食,檢查日上午,采用三維彩超了解膽囊大小、形態(tài)(有無(wú)分隔)、膽囊壁厚度及膽囊結(jié)石情況,測(cè)量出空腹膽囊長(zhǎng)、寬、高,根據(jù)國(guó)際通用的Dodds法[4]測(cè)量膽囊容積=0.52×長(zhǎng)×寬×高,計(jì)算出餐前膽囊三維容積,脂餐(進(jìn)食兩個(gè)油煎雞蛋)后于60 min重復(fù)測(cè)量餐后膽囊三維容積,算出膽囊收縮率%(EF%)=(空腹膽囊三維容積-脂餐后膽囊三維容積)/空腹膽囊三維容積×100%。以膽囊收縮率≥50%,判斷膽囊收縮功能良好。
1.2.2 硬鏡微創(chuàng)保膽取石術(shù)手術(shù)方法 采用氣管插管全麻,麻醉成功后先取平臥位,常規(guī)消毒鋪巾。臍緣下切開5 mm,氣腹針穿刺建立氣腹,壓力8~10 mm Hg(1 mm Hg=0.133 kPa),置入5 mm Trocar,進(jìn)入5 mm迷你腹腔鏡探查,了解腹腔一般情況及膽囊的位置、大小及與周圍組織有無(wú)粘連或有無(wú)異常新生物。改為頭高30°,左斜15°,并在腹腔鏡監(jiān)視下定位膽囊底部的體表投影,做一1~2 cm右上腹小切口進(jìn)腹腔并將膽囊底部牽拉至右上腹小切口處。停止氣腹,于膽囊底部無(wú)血管區(qū)切開0.8 cm,置入硬質(zhì)膽道鏡及連接生理鹽水灌注充盈膽囊,探查了解膽囊黏膜情況及膽囊結(jié)石數(shù)量、大小、位置。用取石網(wǎng)籃及吸取箱取凈結(jié)石,如發(fā)現(xiàn)合并有膽囊壁間結(jié)石,則用推、壓、擠、撕、撐、沖六種取石手法將膽囊壁間結(jié)石取出。再次檢查膽囊內(nèi)無(wú)結(jié)石殘留,膽囊管口通暢及有膽汁順暢流入膽囊腔。拔出膽道鏡,用3-0薇喬線雙重交鎖全層縫合膽囊切口,將膽囊放回腹腔。再次開氣腹,通過(guò)臍部5 mm Trocar用迷你腹腔鏡探查膽囊及周圍情況,觀察膽囊切口有無(wú)膽汁漏出、膽床有無(wú)出血及其他異常情況,確認(rèn)無(wú)異常后拔除臍部腹腔鏡及Trocar,3-0薇喬線逐層縫合右上腹壁切口及臍部小切口,皮膚用醫(yī)用粘涂膠粘合,無(wú)需拆線。
1.2.3 術(shù)后處理 手術(shù)麻醉清醒6 h后予進(jìn)食水,術(shù)前半小時(shí)及術(shù)后分別給予一組頭孢二代抗菌素靜脈滴注預(yù)防感染。術(shù)后1周恢復(fù)正常飲食及口服消炎利膽片2~3片,3次/d,連服1~3個(gè)月。
1.3 觀察指標(biāo)
①手術(shù)時(shí)間。②術(shù)中出血量。③術(shù)后疼痛情況評(píng)價(jià)采用國(guó)際通用語(yǔ)言評(píng)價(jià)量表(verbal rating scales,VRS)于術(shù)后24 h內(nèi)評(píng)估,分為0級(jí):無(wú)痛;Ⅰ級(jí)(輕度):有疼痛但可忍受,生活正常,睡眠無(wú)干擾;Ⅱ級(jí)(中度):疼痛明顯,不能忍受,要求服用鎮(zhèn)痛藥物,睡眠受干擾;Ⅲ級(jí)(重度):疼痛劇烈,不能忍受,需用鎮(zhèn)痛藥物,睡眠受嚴(yán)重干擾并有自主神經(jīng)紊亂和被動(dòng)體位等現(xiàn)象。④并發(fā)癥發(fā)生情況:膽漏、術(shù)后出血、膽管損傷、膽源性胰腺炎等。⑤術(shù)后住院時(shí)間。
1.4 隨訪
建立患兒檔案,通過(guò)電話聯(lián)系或預(yù)約方式囑患兒術(shù)后3個(gè)月內(nèi)每月返院復(fù)診。了解術(shù)后恢復(fù)情況,通過(guò)三維彩超檢查患兒術(shù)后膽囊壁厚度、膽囊收縮率、結(jié)石是否復(fù)發(fā),評(píng)估膽囊收縮功能改善情況,監(jiān)測(cè)膽囊結(jié)石復(fù)發(fā)情況。
1.5 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法
采用SPSS 21.0統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)軟件進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)分析,計(jì)量資料數(shù)據(jù)用均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(x±s)表示,兩組間比較采用t檢驗(yàn);以P < 0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié)果
全部9例患兒行硬鏡微創(chuàng)保膽手術(shù)均獲成功,無(wú)中轉(zhuǎn)行膽囊切除術(shù),成功率為100%,且不留置膽囊造瘺管及腹腔引流管。術(shù)中在硬質(zhì)膽道鏡監(jiān)視下全部患兒膽囊黏膜尚光滑,未見(jiàn)壁間結(jié)石及息肉征象。9例患兒手術(shù)時(shí)間25~70 min,平均(41.1±13.5)min;術(shù)中出血量3~10 mL,平均(5.3±2.4)mL;術(shù)后疼痛按VRS評(píng)估,Ⅰ級(jí)8例,Ⅱ級(jí)1例;9例患兒均無(wú)膽漏、術(shù)后出血、膽管損傷、膽源性胰腺炎及其他并發(fā)癥等情況發(fā)生,但有1例患兒右上腹切口脂肪液化,經(jīng)換藥1周后愈合;術(shù)后住院2~5 d,平均(3.2±0.9)d。術(shù)后隨訪1~3個(gè)月,患兒均恢復(fù)良好,通過(guò)復(fù)查三維彩超均提示膽囊大小、形態(tài)正常,未見(jiàn)膽囊結(jié)石復(fù)發(fā),膽囊壁薄光滑。1個(gè)月后復(fù)查三維彩超檢查示膽囊壁厚度0.18~0.3 cm,平均(0.24±0.04)cm;膽囊收縮率70%~88%,平均(78.12±5.30)%;與術(shù)前比較,膽囊壁厚度變薄及膽囊收縮率有所改善,但差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P > 0.05)。見(jiàn)表1。endprint