崔鳳奎鹿 凱 魏福慶 黃風(fēng)雷 劉巍立大慶油田總醫(yī)院血管外科,大慶 163001
17例腘動(dòng)脈瘤的手術(shù)治療經(jīng)驗(yàn)
崔鳳奎*鹿 凱 魏福慶 黃風(fēng)雷 劉巍立
大慶油田總醫(yī)院血管外科,大慶 163001
目的 總結(jié)腘動(dòng)脈瘤的手術(shù)治療經(jīng)驗(yàn)及效果。方法 回顧性分析1999年1月至2011年12月收治的腘動(dòng)脈瘤患者的病歷資料。結(jié)果 共納入17例患者、21條肢體,其中男性14例、女性3例,平均年齡(45.13±11.24)歲,其中4例患者為雙側(cè)病變。主要臨床表現(xiàn)有腘窩搏動(dòng)性包塊15例(71.4%)、腘窩疼痛5例(23.8%)、間跛5例(23.8%)、急性下肢缺血3例(14.3%)。所有患者均行手術(shù)治療,手術(shù)方式包括動(dòng)脈瘤切除、自體大隱靜脈原位移植10例,動(dòng)脈瘤切除、人工血管原位移植3例,動(dòng)脈瘤結(jié)扎、人工血管旁路移植4例,其中3例急性下肢缺血患者術(shù)中均行取栓術(shù)。1例患者在人工血管原位移植術(shù)后6 h出現(xiàn)移植物內(nèi)血栓形成。術(shù)后平均隨訪(7.36±3.58)年,13例(76.5%)患者癥狀緩解,2例患者人工血管移植術(shù)后1年出現(xiàn)吻合口狹窄,1例患者術(shù)后8個(gè)月因膝下動(dòng)脈閉塞而行大腿下1/3截肢術(shù),1例患者失訪。1期通暢率81%,保肢率95%。結(jié)論 腘動(dòng)脈瘤均應(yīng)積極手術(shù)治療,移植物首選自體大隱靜脈,術(shù)后應(yīng)給予足量、合理的抗凝或抗血小板治療。
腘動(dòng)脈瘤;手術(shù)治療;預(yù)后
腘動(dòng)脈瘤(popliteal artery aneurysm, PAA)是腘動(dòng)脈局限性擴(kuò)張形成的動(dòng)脈瘤,是西方國(guó)家外周動(dòng)脈瘤中最常見(jiàn)的類型,具有雙側(cè)發(fā)病、常合并其他動(dòng)脈瘤的特點(diǎn),其主要病因是動(dòng)脈硬化和創(chuàng)傷。因腘動(dòng)脈解剖部位上的特殊性,動(dòng)脈瘤內(nèi)常合并血栓形成,易導(dǎo)致遠(yuǎn)端動(dòng)脈栓塞,引起肢體缺血、壞死等嚴(yán)重并發(fā)癥。國(guó)內(nèi)關(guān)于該病的報(bào)道較少[1-3],現(xiàn)將大慶油田總醫(yī)院收治的17例腘動(dòng)脈瘤患者的資料進(jìn)行分析和總結(jié)。
1.1 研究對(duì)象
回顧性分析1999年1月至2011年12月在大慶油田總醫(yī)院血管外科住院治療的腘動(dòng)脈瘤患者的病歷資料。所有患者均經(jīng)彩色多普勒超聲、CTA或MRA檢查確診。
1.2 手術(shù)方法
1.2.1腘動(dòng)脈切開(kāi)取栓術(shù)
取仰臥位,經(jīng)膝關(guān)節(jié)內(nèi)側(cè)入路解剖、游離病變段腘動(dòng)脈,控制瘤體遠(yuǎn)、近端后行瘤體切除,應(yīng)用Forgarty導(dǎo)管分別向近端腘動(dòng)脈及遠(yuǎn)端的脛前動(dòng)脈和脛腓干進(jìn)行取栓,最后取自體大隱靜脈重建腘動(dòng)脈。
1.2.2 動(dòng)脈瘤切除、自體大隱靜脈/人工血管原位移植術(shù)
按前述方法顯露、切除瘤體,對(duì)于自體靜脈條件好的患者,取膝關(guān)節(jié)部位大隱靜脈行原位移植,對(duì)于自體大隱靜脈條件不佳者,取直徑6 mm的PTFE人工血管行原位移植。對(duì)于瘤體與周圍粘連緊密者,可剖開(kāi)瘤體,縫扎瘤壁側(cè)支血供,于動(dòng)脈瘤內(nèi)重建血供,最后以瘤壁包裹移植血管。
1.2.3 動(dòng)脈瘤結(jié)扎、人工血管旁路移植術(shù)
取俯臥位,經(jīng)膝關(guān)節(jié)后方入路解剖、游離病變段腘動(dòng)脈,結(jié)扎瘤體遠(yuǎn)、近端及瘤體周圍側(cè)支血管,取直徑6 mm的PTFE人工血管行旁路移植。
1.3 術(shù)后處理及隨訪
術(shù)后予抗凝/抗血小板、擴(kuò)血管,控制血壓、血糖、血脂、同型半胱氨酸等危險(xiǎn)因素。采用電話或門診隨訪的形式進(jìn)行隨訪,隨訪內(nèi)容為患肢功能恢復(fù)情況,有無(wú)缺血表現(xiàn)、術(shù)后再狹窄及截肢。術(shù)后再狹窄定義為腘動(dòng)脈超聲提示吻合口或移植物管腔狹窄≥50%。
共納入17例患者、21條肢體,4例患者為雙側(cè)病變,其中男性14例,女性3例,年齡25~68歲,平均(45.13±11.24)歲。主要臨床表現(xiàn)有腘窩搏動(dòng)性包塊15例(71.4%)、腘窩疼痛5例(23.8%)、間跛5例(23.8%)、急性下肢缺血3例(14.3%)。所有患者均行手術(shù)治療,4例雙側(cè)病變患者也1期手術(shù)完成治療。手術(shù)方式包括:動(dòng)脈瘤切除、自體大隱靜脈原位移植10例,動(dòng)脈瘤切除、PTFE人工血管原位移植3例,動(dòng)脈瘤結(jié)扎、PTFE人工血管旁路移植4例,其中3例急性下肢缺血患者術(shù)中均行取栓術(shù)。瘤體直徑3.5~10.0 cm,平均(6.37±2.12)cm。術(shù)后病理結(jié)果:動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化性動(dòng)脈瘤11例,假性動(dòng)脈瘤5例,梅毒性動(dòng)脈瘤1例。并發(fā)癥:1例人工血管原位移植患者術(shù)后6 h出現(xiàn)血栓形成,再次手術(shù)拆除人工血管,用Forgarty導(dǎo)管取栓,行自體靜脈復(fù)合人工血管原位移植。隨訪1.4~11.5年,平均隨訪(7.36±3.58)年,其中13例(81.3%)患者癥狀緩解;2例人工血管移植患者術(shù)后1年出現(xiàn)間歇性跛行,復(fù)查下肢動(dòng)脈超聲提示遠(yuǎn)端吻合口狹窄,行球囊擴(kuò)張治療后癥狀緩解;1例患者術(shù)后8個(gè)月因膝下動(dòng)脈閉塞而行大腿下1/3截肢術(shù),1例患者失訪。本組患者手術(shù)治療的1期通暢率為81%,保肢率為95%。
腘動(dòng)脈瘤的病因包括動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化、創(chuàng)傷、局部解剖發(fā)育異常、感染、動(dòng)脈炎性疾病等。目前以動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化病因多見(jiàn),但近年來(lái)醫(yī)源性創(chuàng)傷病例逐漸增多,且多為假性動(dòng)脈瘤,本組5例假性動(dòng)脈瘤患者均有膝關(guān)節(jié)創(chuàng)傷或手術(shù)史。臨床上結(jié)合腘窩搏動(dòng)性包塊、腘窩疼痛、跛行、患肢腫脹、感覺(jué)異常、急性下肢缺血等癥狀,以及彩色多普勒超聲、CTA、MRA、動(dòng)脈造影等檢查,腘動(dòng)脈瘤的診斷多無(wú)困難。但應(yīng)注意,對(duì)于不能除外腘動(dòng)脈瘤的腘窩包塊,不能行診斷性穿刺,以防止瘤體破裂出血,本組中即有1例患者因穿刺瘤體導(dǎo)致出血和急性下肢缺血癥狀。另外,還應(yīng)注意全身其他部位是否合并動(dòng)脈瘤。
腘動(dòng)脈瘤自然破裂率為2%~5%,常合并血栓形成,易發(fā)生危及肢體的栓塞事件,約80%的患者病程中有下肢缺血癥狀。因此目前認(rèn)為,腘動(dòng)脈瘤一經(jīng)發(fā)現(xiàn)均應(yīng)積極手術(shù)處理,原則上以動(dòng)脈瘤切除、解除壓迫和腘動(dòng)脈重建為主。血管重建的方法主要有端-端吻合、原位移植、旁路移植、瘤體曠置、瘤腔內(nèi)重建等,具體的重建方法可根據(jù)瘤體大小、解剖部位以及術(shù)者經(jīng)驗(yàn)進(jìn)行選擇。對(duì)于以急性下肢缺血癥狀起病的患者,術(shù)前輔助溶栓或術(shù)中取栓可改善肢體缺血和流出道條件,降低截肢率和增加遠(yuǎn)期通暢率[4]。本組3例以急性下肢缺血癥狀起病的患者,術(shù)中切除瘤體后,用Forgarty導(dǎo)管自近端腘動(dòng)脈及遠(yuǎn)端脛前動(dòng)脈和脛腓干均能取出血栓,直至近端噴血和遠(yuǎn)端返血良好后再重建腘動(dòng)脈。手術(shù)入路分為內(nèi)側(cè)入路和后方入路,前者可顯露股淺動(dòng)脈,便于游離大隱靜脈,適用于瘤體較大、需要行自體大隱靜脈轉(zhuǎn)流者,后者可清晰顯露腘動(dòng)脈全程,適用于瘤體局限在腘窩者。
對(duì)于血管重建材料,目前認(rèn)為自體大隱靜脈最適合[5],大隱靜脈原位轉(zhuǎn)流與倒置轉(zhuǎn)流的通暢率相當(dāng),移植靜脈的直徑和質(zhì)量是影響通暢率的關(guān)鍵因素,一般認(rèn)為遠(yuǎn)端吻合口直徑不應(yīng)小于6 mm,對(duì)于遠(yuǎn)端流出道管腔狹窄的病例,在切除瘤體后可適當(dāng)剝除部分增生的血管內(nèi)膜。在沒(méi)有足夠長(zhǎng)度的自體靜脈時(shí),利用自體靜脈復(fù)合人工血管(靜脈袖)也可作為旁路移植材料,文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道其通暢率與單純自體大隱靜脈移植物相當(dāng),但優(yōu)于單純?nèi)斯ぱ芤浦参铮?]。
由于腘動(dòng)脈解剖部位的特殊性以及術(shù)后膝關(guān)節(jié)制動(dòng),術(shù)后移植物內(nèi)極易形成血栓,本組患者中即有1例由于術(shù)后未及時(shí)給予抗凝治療導(dǎo)致人工血管內(nèi)血栓形成而不得不再次手術(shù)。因此,術(shù)后足量、合理的抗凝或抗血小板至關(guān)重要,對(duì)于遠(yuǎn)端流出道條件較差的患者術(shù)后可給予華法林抗凝3個(gè)月,維持INR于2.0~3.0。
雖然目前文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道腘動(dòng)脈瘤的腔內(nèi)治療取得了不錯(cuò)的近期和中期效果[7-9],但其遠(yuǎn)期效果尚需進(jìn)一步評(píng)價(jià),且沒(méi)有從根本上改變外科手術(shù)在處理該部位病變上的地位。因此,對(duì)于腘動(dòng)脈瘤患者,只要可以耐受手術(shù),均應(yīng)積極手術(shù)治療,移植物首選自體大隱靜脈,術(shù)后應(yīng)給予足量、合理的抗凝或抗血小板藥物預(yù)防血栓形成。
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Surgical treatment of popliteal artery aneurysms: 17 cases experience
CUI Feng-kui*LU Kai WEI Fu-qing HUANG Feng-lei LIU Wei-li
Department of Vascular Surgery, General Hospital of Daqing Oil Field, Daqing 163001,China
Objective To summarize the experience and effect of the surgical treatment in treating of popliteal artery aneurysm (PAA). Methods The clinical data of 17 patients with PAA from January 1999 to December 2011 was analyzed retrospectively. Results 17 cases were brought into the research, with 21 limbs involved. The mean age was (45.13±11.24) years. 14 cases were male and 3 cases were female, 4 cases with bilateral lesions. The clinical manifestations were pulsatile mass (15 cases, 71.4%), popliteal fossa pain (5 cases, 23.8%), intermittent claudication (5 cases, 23.8%), acute lower limb ischemia (3 cases, 14.3%). All of the patients had underwent successful surgical treatment. The surgical procedures including aneurysm excision and auto genous great saphenous vein graft in situ(10 cases), aneurysm excision and artificial vascular graft in situ (3 cases), aneurysmligation and artificial vascular bypass graft (4 cases). 3 cases with acute lower limb ischemia underwent embolectomy. 1 case developed thrombosis in artificial vascular 6 hours after the operation. The mean follow-up was (7.36±3.58) years. The symptoms had been alleviated in 13 cases. 2 cases with artificial vascular grafts were found anastomotic stenosis 1 year after surgery. 1 patient with arteriosclerosis obliterans had underwent amputation from the lower third of the thigh 8 months after surgery. 1 case was lost to follow-up. The primary patency rate was 81%, limb salvage rate was 95%. Conclusions Surgical treatment is recommended regardless of the size of the PAA. Autogenous saphenous vein is recommended as the preferred graft. Adequate, reasonable anticoagulant or antiplatelet drugs should be administrated after the surgery.
popliteal artery aneurysm; surgical treatment; prognosis
R658.3
A
2096-0646.2016.02.03.09
崔鳳奎,E-mail:cfk3251@163.com