權(quán)文強(qiáng),吳軍錄,姚懿雯,萬海英,李冬(上海市同濟(jì)醫(yī)院,上海200065)
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苯基乙酰對小鼠移植性肺癌的抑制作用及其機(jī)制
權(quán)文強(qiáng),吳軍錄,姚懿雯,萬海英,李冬(上海市同濟(jì)醫(yī)院,上海200065)
摘要:目的觀察苯基乙酰(PG)對肺癌的抑制作用,并探討其作用機(jī)制。方法選擇C57BL/6小鼠40只,尾靜脈注射肺癌LLC細(xì)胞建立肺癌模型。隨機(jī)將成模小鼠分為PG組、PBS組各20只,PG組腹腔內(nèi)注射800 mg/kg PG,PBS組腹腔內(nèi)注射等量PBS,連續(xù)10天。兩組各隨機(jī)取5只,計數(shù)肺腫瘤個數(shù)、測量腫瘤最大直徑;各隨機(jī)取5只,采用Western blotting法觀察肺癌組織Bcl-2、Bcl-XL、細(xì)胞凋亡抑制蛋白1(cIAP1)、Survivin、增殖細(xì)胞核抗原(PCNA)表達(dá)。剩余小鼠收集支氣管肺泡灌洗液(BALF),取5只小鼠的BALF,檢測炎癥細(xì)胞(包括WBC總數(shù)及分類)及炎癥因子(TNF-α、IL-6、趨化因子);剩余小鼠的BALF,采用電泳遷移位移試驗觀察NF-κB DNA結(jié)合活力。結(jié)果與PBS組比較,PG組肺腫瘤個數(shù)和腫瘤最大直徑明顯減少或降低(P均<0.05)。Western blotting結(jié)果顯示,PG組Bcl-2、Bcl-XL、cIAP1、Survivin及PCNA表達(dá)均明顯下調(diào),BALF中巨噬細(xì)胞中NF-κB與靶DNA結(jié)合活性明顯被抑制。與PBS組比較,PG組可顯著降低BALF中各種炎性細(xì)胞數(shù)量及炎癥因子水平(P均<0.05)。結(jié)論PG能明顯抑制小鼠肺癌的生長,其機(jī)制與誘導(dǎo)腫瘤細(xì)胞凋亡、抑制巨噬細(xì)胞中NF-κB活性、減輕肺部炎癥反應(yīng)有關(guān)。
關(guān)鍵詞:肺癌;苯基乙酰;巨噬細(xì)胞;核因子-κB;炎癥反應(yīng);小鼠
炎癥免疫細(xì)胞在腫瘤的發(fā)展中扮演重要角色,如巨噬細(xì)胞,其數(shù)量與腫瘤預(yù)后有關(guān)[1];侵入腫瘤的巨噬細(xì)胞及其釋放的大量可溶性炎癥介質(zhì)(如TNF-α、IL-6),可促進(jìn)腫瘤細(xì)胞增殖、浸潤和轉(zhuǎn)移[2]。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),NF-κB能夠調(diào)節(jié)腫瘤細(xì)胞增殖和生存時間,促進(jìn)血管形成、細(xì)胞侵襲和腫瘤轉(zhuǎn)移,在多種腫瘤形成中具有重要作用,如肺癌、結(jié)腸癌等[3,4]。尿多酸肽(CDA-2)是從健康人尿液中分離、提取的一種抗腫瘤新藥[5],對白血病、肝癌、肺癌等均有抑制作用[6~8]。苯基乙酰(PG)是CDA-2的主要成分,但其是否為CDA-2的主要作用成分尚不清楚。2014年2~9月,我們觀察了PG對小鼠移植性肺癌的抑制作用,并對其作用機(jī)制進(jìn)行初步探討。
1材料與方法
1.1材料雌性C57BL/6小鼠40只,6~8周齡,體質(zhì)量18~24 g,由國家嚙齒類實驗動物中心上海分院提供,飼養(yǎng)于同濟(jì)大學(xué)附屬同濟(jì)醫(yī)院SPF級無菌實驗室。LLC細(xì)胞,美國標(biāo)準(zhǔn)細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)所;細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)用青霉素、鏈霉素、DMEM培養(yǎng)基,美國Hyclone公司;FBS,美國Invitrogen公司;PG,美國Sigma公司。鼠抗Bcl-XL、Bcl-2,美國Santa Cruz公司;鼠抗增殖細(xì)胞核抗原(PCNA)、兔抗細(xì)胞凋亡抑制蛋白1(cIAP1)、兔抗Survivin,英國Abcam公司;鼠抗β-actin,美國Sigma公司。HRP結(jié)合的羊抗兔,美國Santa Cruz公司;HRP結(jié)合的兔抗鼠,丹麥Dako公司。
1.2模型制備及動物處理傳代培養(yǎng)LLC細(xì)胞,取對數(shù)生長期細(xì)胞用于實驗。隨機(jī)將小鼠分為PG組、PBS組各20只。兩組均尾靜脈注射LLC細(xì)胞2×105個。注射第14天開始,PG組腹腔內(nèi)注射PG 800 mg/kg,PBS組腹腔內(nèi)注射等體積PBS;均連續(xù)10天。
1.3相關(guān)指標(biāo)觀察
1.3.1肺腫瘤情況觀察腹腔內(nèi)注射藥物第10天,隨機(jī)各取5只處死,取出荷瘤肺,4%多聚甲醛固定。固定24 h,石蠟包埋,350 μm厚連續(xù)切片,HE染色,計數(shù)肺腫瘤個數(shù),并測量腫瘤最大直徑。
1.3.2抗凋亡及增殖相關(guān)因子檢測采用Western blotting法。隨機(jī)各取5只,顯微鏡下用18G針頭分離肺腫瘤組織,取10 mg置于500 μL含有PMSF及Cocktail蛋白酶抑制劑的RIPA裂解液中,用組織勻漿器充分勻漿后置冰上30 min,4 ℃ 12 000 r/min離心15 min,取上清;采用BCA試劑盒測定BCA蛋白濃度,調(diào)整濃度一致后加入5×loading煮沸10 min。取30 μg樣本上樣于10%十二烷基硫酸鈉-聚丙烯酰胺凝膠,電泳,冰浴轉(zhuǎn)膜。5%脫脂奶粉封閉1 h,加一抗孵育過夜,相應(yīng)二抗雜交。采用ECL化學(xué)發(fā)光劑顯影,壓片,觀察Bcl-XL、Bcl-2、cIAP1、Survivin、PCNA表達(dá)。
1.3.3炎癥細(xì)胞及炎癥因子檢測剩余小鼠,經(jīng)氣管對荷瘤肺進(jìn)行PBS灌注,收集支氣管肺泡灌洗液(BALF)。各取5只檢測炎癥細(xì)胞及炎癥因子。采用血細(xì)胞計數(shù)儀計數(shù)WBC總數(shù),計數(shù)細(xì)胞后,離心涂片,選擇任意視野計數(shù)100個白細(xì)胞,對白細(xì)胞進(jìn)行分類。采用雙抗體夾心ELISA法檢測TNF-α、IL-6、趨化因子(KC),所有操作嚴(yán)格按試劑盒說明書進(jìn)行。
1.3.4NF-κB DNA結(jié)合活力檢測采用電泳遷移位移試驗。取剩余5只小鼠的BALF,置于含DMEM的細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)皿中,37 ℃ 5% CO2培養(yǎng)箱中孵育1 h,培養(yǎng)皿用PBS洗3次,收集貼壁細(xì)胞,主要為巨噬細(xì)胞。按核蛋白抽提試劑盒說明對肺泡巨噬細(xì)胞進(jìn)行核漿蛋白分離。核蛋白用帶32p標(biāo)記的雙鏈NF-κB序列探針在室溫孵育30 min,DNA-蛋白混合物上樣于4%聚丙烯酰胺凝膠,0.5×TBE電泳緩沖液,300 V電壓電泳。凝膠干燥,-80 ℃ ECL顯影。
2結(jié)果
2.1兩組腫瘤形成情況比較PBS組及PG組腫瘤個數(shù)分別為(45.2±10.5)、(9.6±3.0)個,腫瘤最大直徑分別為(5.4±0.8)、(1.7±0.6)mm。兩組比較,P均<0.05。
2.2兩組抗凋亡及增殖相關(guān)因子表達(dá)情況Western blotting結(jié)果顯示,Bcl-XL、Bcl-2、cIAP1相對灰度值分別下降至0.53±0.05、0.42±0.03、0.27±0.04;凋亡抑制因子Survivin含量亦明顯減少,相對灰度值下降至0.39±0.03。同時發(fā)現(xiàn),PCNA表達(dá)亦明顯下降,相對灰度值下降至0.29±0.02。見插頁Ⅱ圖4。
2.3兩組BALF中炎性細(xì)胞及炎性因子水平比較見表1、2。
表1 兩組BALF中白細(xì)胞總數(shù)及分類比較
注:與PBS組比較,*P<0.05。
2.4兩組NF-κB DNA結(jié)合活力情況見插頁Ⅱ圖5。與PBS組比較,PG處理顯著抑制BALF中巨噬細(xì)胞NF-κB與靶DNA結(jié)合活性,同時對腫瘤細(xì)胞的NF-κB活性也有顯著抑制作用, 相對灰度值下降至0.13±0.02。
表2 兩組BALF中TNF-α、IL-6、KC
注:與PBS組比較,*P<0.05。
3討論
CDA-2有多個活性部分,如PG、苯甲酰-乙二醇、4-羥基-苯基酸等。有研究認(rèn)為,PG可能在其抗癌中起主要作用[6]。PG在體外的抑癌作用可能是通過上調(diào)過氧化物酶激活受體和抑制PI3/Akt信號傳導(dǎo)通路來實現(xiàn)[8]。
腫瘤細(xì)胞微環(huán)境包括免疫細(xì)胞[如腫瘤相關(guān)巨噬細(xì)胞(TAM)]和結(jié)締組織(如成纖維細(xì)胞、內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞等),對腫瘤的發(fā)生、發(fā)展具有重要作用[2]。TAMs通過釋放炎性細(xì)胞和趨化因子形成新生血管,促進(jìn)腫瘤侵襲和轉(zhuǎn)移,導(dǎo)致肺癌患者預(yù)后較差[1~4]。本研究結(jié)果顯示,PG組BALF中炎癥細(xì)胞數(shù)明顯少于PBS組。推測PG可能是通過抑制炎性免疫細(xì)胞數(shù)量、減輕炎性反應(yīng)來抑制肺癌細(xì)胞增殖。
活化的NF-κB是誘導(dǎo)多種腫瘤發(fā)生的重要靶基因[9,10]。在炎性細(xì)胞中,活化的NF-κB控制著炎性因子的產(chǎn)生,如TNF、IL-6和KC等。這些因子能夠誘導(dǎo)腫瘤發(fā)生和促進(jìn)腫瘤細(xì)胞增殖。活化的NF-κB在腫瘤細(xì)胞中亦有同樣作用,能夠促進(jìn)腫瘤血管形成、細(xì)胞侵襲和轉(zhuǎn)移。而敲除髓系細(xì)胞和肺癌上皮細(xì)胞的NF-κB能降低肺癌發(fā)生風(fēng)險[11~14]。近年來,通過體外培養(yǎng)人類白血病和MDS細(xì)胞系發(fā)現(xiàn),PG能夠通過影響IkBa磷酸化和降解阻止NF-κB核易位而抑制NF-κB活性[6]。由此推測,PG抑制肺癌生長可能涉及NF-κB的調(diào)控。本研究發(fā)現(xiàn),PG能夠顯著降低肺泡巨噬細(xì)胞中NF-κB與靶DNA結(jié)合活性,提示PG能夠通過抑制肺泡巨噬細(xì)胞中NF-κB激活來抑制肺癌細(xì)胞增殖。
Toll樣受體(TLR)通常在髓系細(xì)胞表面表達(dá),通過激活NF-κB誘導(dǎo)炎癥因子的產(chǎn)生和釋放,在機(jī)體的先天免疫中行使重要功能。近年研究發(fā)現(xiàn),在肺癌微環(huán)境中,TAM表面的TLR2介導(dǎo)NF-κB激活,增強(qiáng)TNF-α、IL-6等因子的釋放,促進(jìn)肺腫瘤生長[15]。因此,PG抑制NF-κB激活過程可能涉及TLR,特別是TLR2;通過抑制TLR2、阻斷NF-κB激活可能是PG的抗炎作用機(jī)制。有研究報道,抑制腫瘤細(xì)胞中NF-κB活性可使肺癌、乳腺癌、結(jié)腸癌等細(xì)胞增殖停滯,并促使其凋亡[16]。因此不排除PG對肺癌細(xì)胞具有直接抑制增殖、促進(jìn)凋亡的作用。
綜上所述,PG能抑制小鼠肺癌的生長,其機(jī)制與誘導(dǎo)腫瘤細(xì)胞凋亡、抑制巨噬細(xì)胞中NF-κB激活、減輕肺部炎性反應(yīng)有關(guān)。
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Inhibitory effect of phenylacetylglutamine on metastatic lung caner of mice
QUANWenqiang,WUJunlu,YAOYiwen,WANHaiying,LIDong
(TongjiHospitalofTongjiUniversity,Shanghai200065,China)
Abstract:ObjectiveTo observe the inhibitory effect of phenylacetylglutamine (PG) on lung caner and to investigate the mechanism. MethodsThe lung cancer metastasis models in C57BL/6 mice was generated by intravenous injection of Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC) cells. Then the model mice were randomly divided into PG group (n=20) which was injected with 800 mg/kg PG and PBS group (n=20) which was injected with the same amount of PBS, both for 10 days. We randomly took 5 mice in each group to calculate the tumor count and measure the size of tumor. We randomly took 5 mice in each group to detect the expression of Bcl-2, Bcl-XL, cIAP1, Survivin and PCNA proteins by Western blotting. The broncho alveolar lavage fluid (BALF) from 5 mice were collected to detect inflammatory cells and inflammatory factors (TNF-α, IL-6, KC). The electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) was used to detect the NF-κB DNA binding ability. ResultsCompared with the PBS group, the growth of lung tumors in mice was inhibited, and tumor number and tumor size decreased significantly in the PG group (P<0.05). The expression of Bcl-2, Bcl-XL, cIAP1, Survivin and PCNA was significantly decreased in the PG group. In BALF of the PG group, binding activity between NF-κB and target DNA was strongly suppressed. Compared with the PBS group, the number of BALF of various inflammatory cells and inflammatory cytokines were significantly reduced in the PG group (all P<0.05). ConclusionPG can inhibit the development of lung tumor, and the mechanism may be related with inducing lung tumor cell apoptosis, inhibiting the activation of NF- κB, and reducing the inflammatory reaction.
Key words:lung cancer; phenylacetylglutamine; macrophage; nuclear factor-kappa B; inflammation reaction; mice
(收稿日期:2015-09-29)
中圖分類號:R734.2
文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼:A
文章編號:1002-266X(2016)08-0020-03
doi:10.3969/j.issn.1002-266X.2016.08.007
通信作者簡介:李冬(1974-),男,副教授,研究方向為腫瘤的分子診斷。E-mail: 186ld@163.com
作者簡介:第一權(quán)文強(qiáng)(1985-),男,碩士研究生,研究方向為炎癥與腫瘤的關(guān)系。E-mail: qwq1985@126.com
基金項目:國家自然科學(xué)基金資助項目(81272603,81472179);上海市浦江人才計劃(13PJ1407300);上海申康醫(yī)院發(fā)展中心市級醫(yī)院臨床輔助科室能力建設(shè)項目(SHDC22014008)。