【關(guān)鍵詞】讀寫教學(xué);讀寫結(jié)合;以讀促寫
【中圖分類號(hào)】G633.4 【文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼】A 【文章編號(hào)】1005-6009(2016)33-0078-04
【作者簡(jiǎn)介】朱婧,江蘇省蘇州中學(xué)園區(qū)校(江蘇蘇州,215021)教師,二級(jí)教師。
【教學(xué)理念】
聽、說、讀、寫這四種基本語(yǔ)言技能在語(yǔ)言學(xué)習(xí)和交際中相輔相成、相互促進(jìn)。其中閱讀作為一種語(yǔ)言輸入形式,是理解技能;寫作作為一種語(yǔ)言輸出形式,是表達(dá)技能。兩者都是高中英語(yǔ)教學(xué)中至關(guān)重要的環(huán)節(jié),同時(shí)在高考試題中占有極大的比重。然而,很多教師因高中課堂時(shí)間的限制忽略了兩者之間的關(guān)系,只是機(jī)械地訓(xùn)練學(xué)生的寫作,使得語(yǔ)言的輸入和輸出活動(dòng)出現(xiàn)在了兩個(gè)不同的語(yǔ)境中,學(xué)生很難直接模仿并有效運(yùn)用在閱讀過程中,也無法有效地將輸入語(yǔ)言轉(zhuǎn)化為輸出語(yǔ)言,而讀寫結(jié)合,以讀促寫則能把語(yǔ)言輸入和輸出兩者整合在同一語(yǔ)境中,直接提供模仿并運(yùn)用語(yǔ)言的機(jī)會(huì),是改善高中生英語(yǔ)寫作能力的有效方式。(凌勇,2016)
讀寫結(jié)合的教學(xué)指導(dǎo)思想是:將閱讀與寫作教學(xué)巧妙有機(jī)地結(jié)合在一起,確保閱讀與寫作相得益彰,閱讀是出發(fā)點(diǎn),寫作是落腳點(diǎn);通過閱讀促進(jìn)學(xué)生思考,夯實(shí)寫作知識(shí),培養(yǎng)寫作能力與技巧,同時(shí)寫作又強(qiáng)化、內(nèi)化閱讀所獲取的知識(shí)和信息。(岑璐,2015)基本路徑為“先讀后寫,由輸入到輸出,從理解到表達(dá)”。(劉美琳、王海玲,2014)
一、選擇有示范性的高質(zhì)量文本
在“讀寫結(jié)合,以讀促寫”的教學(xué)模式中,教師提供給學(xué)生的閱讀文本應(yīng)該和后續(xù)的寫作在文章結(jié)構(gòu)和主題思想上有較為緊密的聯(lián)系,為寫作起到示范的作用,這就要求教師選用語(yǔ)言規(guī)范優(yōu)美、難度適中、層次分明、邏輯清晰并有一定思想的閱讀文本。當(dāng)學(xué)生在教師的指導(dǎo)下積累了一定量的語(yǔ)言表達(dá)和篇章結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí),寫作就會(huì)變得順理成章,水到渠成。
二、閱讀教學(xué)活動(dòng)的設(shè)計(jì)應(yīng)為寫作鋪墊
讀是基礎(chǔ),寫是升華,讀是為寫服務(wù)的,因此教師在文本閱讀的教學(xué)過程中可以圍繞篇章結(jié)構(gòu)、遣詞造句和文體立意三個(gè)方面組織課堂活動(dòng),在幫助學(xué)生理解閱讀文本的同時(shí),為后續(xù)的寫作做鋪墊。
三、合理有效地引導(dǎo)學(xué)生做好預(yù)習(xí)和復(fù)習(xí)
在讀寫結(jié)合的教學(xué)模式中,讀與寫的時(shí)間分配應(yīng)基本滿足1∶1的比例,為了能夠最大程度地提升讀與寫的質(zhì)量,教師可以通過適當(dāng)有效的預(yù)習(xí)作業(yè),有意識(shí)地將部分閱讀活動(dòng)前移至課前,為課堂上的閱讀理解做準(zhǔn)備,同時(shí)在課后通過完成作業(yè)的形式讓學(xué)生自行修改作文或者通過互評(píng)、討論、分享等方式加強(qiáng)對(duì)課堂上語(yǔ)言輸入的記憶和語(yǔ)言輸出的運(yùn)用。
四、寫作任務(wù)的設(shè)計(jì)應(yīng)貼近學(xué)生生活
為了改善學(xué)生作文的言之無物、空洞乏味、辭藻匱乏、立意不深的狀況,教師在設(shè)計(jì)寫作任務(wù)時(shí)應(yīng)從閱讀文本出發(fā),注重與閱讀文本的相關(guān)性,如體裁、結(jié)構(gòu)、話題等,選擇貼近學(xué)生生活的話題切入,通過對(duì)閱讀文本的仿寫、續(xù)寫和改寫等,提高學(xué)生的寫作能力。
【教學(xué)設(shè)計(jì)】
一、教材分析
教學(xué)內(nèi)容My Father, My Hero是一篇演講稿,選自《牛津高中英語(yǔ)》模塊十一第三單元的Project板塊,這篇演講稿在內(nèi)容上不僅僅是簡(jiǎn)單的介紹一位父親,而是集真實(shí)性和思想性為一體,對(duì)學(xué)生有一定教育引導(dǎo)意義,是能幫助學(xué)生形成正確人生觀、世界觀和價(jià)值觀的文章。這篇演講稿語(yǔ)言地道、自然,語(yǔ)境真實(shí),語(yǔ)言輸入量適當(dāng),難度適中,文字通俗易懂,結(jié)構(gòu)清晰明了,有利于培養(yǎng)學(xué)生良好的語(yǔ)感,并能為學(xué)生的寫作起到示范作用。
這篇文章雖然選自模塊十一,但是無論從詞匯量、句式還是內(nèi)容上都符合課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)七到八級(jí)的要求,能夠幫助學(xué)生使用適當(dāng)?shù)恼Z(yǔ)言形式表達(dá)觀點(diǎn)、態(tài)度和情感,讓學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)和掌握常見語(yǔ)篇形式的結(jié)構(gòu)和邏輯關(guān)系,幫助學(xué)生寫出語(yǔ)義連貫且結(jié)構(gòu)完整的短文,敘述事情和表達(dá)觀點(diǎn)及態(tài)度,符合普通高中英語(yǔ)課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)對(duì)高二學(xué)生的要求。
二、教學(xué)目標(biāo)
1.理解文章主要內(nèi)容,找出文中體現(xiàn)人物品質(zhì)和特點(diǎn)的實(shí)例,并積累表現(xiàn)人物良好品質(zhì)的形容詞。
2.分析文章謀篇布局,建構(gòu)同類型文章的結(jié)構(gòu),同時(shí)歸納好的詞匯句式,為寫作服務(wù)。
3.結(jié)合文章的立意,發(fā)現(xiàn)身邊普通人所具備的良好素質(zhì),認(rèn)識(shí)到每一個(gè)人都能成為英雄的事實(shí),當(dāng)堂完成相關(guān)寫作。
三、教學(xué)重難點(diǎn)
如何有效地把握好讀與寫教學(xué)的銜接和統(tǒng)一以及如何合理地分配閱讀和寫作的時(shí)間。
四、教學(xué)過程
(一)Before class
請(qǐng)學(xué)生做好預(yù)習(xí)工作,要求學(xué)生在閱讀過程中如遇到生詞自行查字典并在文中標(biāo)注;在預(yù)習(xí)后完成一個(gè)小型的任務(wù)型閱讀(見表1);將學(xué)生分成6組,每組6人,請(qǐng)學(xué)生用他們心目中英雄的名字給自己的組命名。
Task-based reading (Fill in the blanks with one word each.)
(設(shè)計(jì)意圖:通過預(yù)習(xí),讓學(xué)生熟悉文章內(nèi)容和結(jié)構(gòu);通過分組及命名,讓學(xué)生有了一次對(duì)心目中英雄的初步思考,這些工作均是為接下來的課堂教學(xué)做準(zhǔn)備。)
(二) In class
【Step 1】 Lead-in
T:Do you love your parents?
T:Have you ever dreamt of being a son or daughter of a famous and wealthy person, such as Bill Gates, Jack Ma, and Mark Zuckerberg, etc?
S:...
T:As is known to all, no one can choose your parents. But if you were given a chance to choose a father, who would be your choice?Why?Here are two choices. Before you make a decision, I will give you more detailed information. Father A is the one possessing a smart SUV, a large villa, and graduated from Harvard University, while Father B has a relatively small car, an apartment, and left school when he was only 14.(在描述這兩位父親的同時(shí),通過PPT向?qū)W生展示兩組相關(guān)的圖片。)
S A & B & C:...
T:...you know what, there is still someone whod like to be the son of Father B, and he even considers his father a hero. This person is the speaker of this speech. Do you know why?Please read the first paragraph as quickly as possible to find out the reason.
(設(shè)計(jì)意圖:通過一個(gè)個(gè)開放性的問題,鼓勵(lì)學(xué)生發(fā)表自己的看法,從而激起學(xué)生對(duì)這一話題的興趣,同時(shí)在師生互動(dòng)中自然且有效地導(dǎo)入本課的閱讀話題——My father, my hero。)
【Step 2】 Reading comprehension
T:Why does the speaker consider his father a hero, according to the first paragraph?
S:...
T:...So you will find that the first paragraph is the introduction part of this speech, which introduces the topic to us, that is, My father, my hero. Is there any other reasons or examples that prove that the speakers father is the hero? Now please move on to the second part of the speech. This time you will be asked to do a group work. Each group will be provided with an envelope with your group name on it, inside which are a chart and some adjectives.(見表2) What you will be asked to do is that scan the whole speech to find out which adjectives are fit for the father, and which are not. And then stick the proper adjective to each blank. You will have 3 minutes to do this group work.
Stick the proper adj. to each blank according to the examples.
famous; wealthy; talkative; self-confident; well-educated; honest; optimistic; ordinary; devoted; humorous; generous; warm-hearted; thoughtful; responsible; caring; patient; successful; helpful; determined; hardworking; respectable
(After the group work)
T:Which adjectives are not fit for the speakers father?
S:Famous, wealthy, talkative, self-confident, and well-educated.
T:Since the speakers father is neither famous nor wealthy, can you find an adjective in this list to describe his father?
S:Ordinary.
T:Among the rest of the adjectives, why do you think the speakers father is humorous?
T:Where can you find that the speakers father is hard-working?
T: Do you know the meaning of the word “devoted”? Why do you think he is devoted?
T: Can you find an example to prove that the father is generous? Is there any other adjectives that have the similar meaning?
T:When it comes to warm-hearted and helpful, is there any other hints to show that his father is such a kind of person?
T:What about optimistic?
T:Now we know the reason why the speaker considers his father a hero is that his father has a variety of good qualities. What about the last paragraph? Please read the last paragraph and fill in the blank with one word.
(設(shè)計(jì)意圖:這一教學(xué)環(huán)節(jié)的設(shè)計(jì)是讓學(xué)生通過小組討論以及回答問題的形式加深學(xué)生對(duì)閱讀文本的理解并積累相關(guān)詞匯,同時(shí)通過微型的任務(wù)型閱讀來幫助學(xué)生更好地把握文章各個(gè)部分的大意,促進(jìn)學(xué)生掌握文章結(jié)構(gòu),強(qiáng)化學(xué)生對(duì)語(yǔ)篇結(jié)構(gòu)的意識(shí),進(jìn)而為接下來的寫作做鋪墊。)
【Step 3】 Guided writing
1. Free talk
T:From the speech, we can see that in the speakers eyes, his father is the hero. What about you? Who is your hero?
S:...
T:It seems that every one of you has a hero. But as is mentioned above, a hero doesnt have to be as great as Albert Einstein, or Steve Jobs, or Yang Liwei. He or she can be anyone around us: your father, mother, your teacher, your classmate, and even your dog, anyone as long as he / she can inspire you, anyone as long as you want badly to learn a lot from him or her, anyone as long as you show your love to him or her. Therefore, anybody can be a hero! Please write an article: _________, my hero.
(設(shè)計(jì)意圖:通過這一組問答,能夠自然地從閱讀過渡到寫作環(huán)節(jié),同時(shí)在教師的引導(dǎo)下,學(xué)生會(huì)重新思考英雄的定義,并有意識(shí)地去發(fā)現(xiàn)身邊普通人的好的品質(zhì)。)
2. Guided writing
T:Before writing, I will provide you with some tips. 1) Try to use as many descriptive words as possible from the text. 2) Better adopt the hamburger structure. To make it clear, please tell me what you are supposed to write in each paragraph.
根據(jù)學(xué)生的回答,教師板書:
Para. 1 Who is your hero?
Para. 2 Why do you think so?
Para. 3 How does he / she influence you?
(設(shè)計(jì)意圖:明確寫作要求,再一次強(qiáng)調(diào)文章的框架結(jié)構(gòu)。)
T:Lets see how to write it paragraph by paragraph. First of all, lets find out whether we can borrow some useful expressions from the speech. Since we are not allowed to write such a long article, how can we make the reasons and examples clear and brief? Take our speech as an example.
Find the useful sentence structures from the speech.
(1)我認(rèn)為……是我生命中最重要的人
(2)我敬重……是由于……
(3)我從……那里學(xué)會(huì)了……和……,也學(xué)會(huì)了……,從……那里我學(xué)到了一個(gè)人真的可以發(fā)揮作用。
(設(shè)計(jì)意圖:引導(dǎo)學(xué)生欣賞文中優(yōu)美的句式表達(dá),積累學(xué)生的寫作語(yǔ)言,同時(shí)以閱讀文本為例,以總分的結(jié)構(gòu)用三個(gè)排比句將原文的中間部分縮寫成一段,將事例和描述性詞匯有機(jī)結(jié)合在一起,為學(xué)生接下來的寫作做示范。)
3. Writing
Teacher:Now its your turn to write your hero.
__________, my hero
When it comes to hero, many will refer to some celebrities. But in my eyes, a hero can be ordinary. I consider _____ to be the most important person / companion in my life.
What I value about ________ is ________________.
Whenever (When/ Sometimes) _________________.
Whenever (When/ Sometimes) _________________.
Whenever (When/ Sometimes) _________________.
I have learnt from ____________ the need to be _____________ and _____________, and to ___________. From ________, I have learnt that one person can really make a difference.
在學(xué)生寫完文章后,讓他們?cè)谛〗M內(nèi)交流并選出公認(rèn)的那個(gè)英雄人物,然后在全班進(jìn)行展示,教師做出相應(yīng)的點(diǎn)評(píng)和指導(dǎo)。
(設(shè)計(jì)意圖:通過這一形式能較好地降低寫作的難度,通過學(xué)生自主寫作、小組交流、學(xué)生展示、教師指導(dǎo)等環(huán)節(jié)完成寫作任務(wù),并引導(dǎo)學(xué)生運(yùn)用閱讀中所學(xué)詞匯、句式表達(dá)及框架結(jié)構(gòu)等來提升寫作能力,真正做到讀寫結(jié)合,以讀促寫的教學(xué)目的。)
【Step 4】 Conclusion
T:Do you want to know who is my hero?
My hero
My hero is you
Your face is bright and shining
When you walk the way to your dream
Now you are fearless and determined
…
(設(shè)計(jì)意圖:教師最后以自創(chuàng)的一首詩(shī)歌來告訴學(xué)生,他們正是教師心目中的英雄,從而將整節(jié)課推向高潮。)
【Step 5】 Homework
Polish your article.
(設(shè)計(jì)意圖:課內(nèi)外相結(jié)合,再次運(yùn)用所學(xué)知識(shí)和技能優(yōu)化寫作,使閱讀和寫作兩者統(tǒng)一。)
【參考文獻(xiàn)】
[1]凌勇.讀后續(xù)寫的教學(xué)策略[J].中小學(xué)外語(yǔ)教學(xué),2016(05):31-35.
[2]岑璐.例談高中英語(yǔ)讀寫課教學(xué)中詞匯處理的策略[J].中小學(xué)外語(yǔ)教學(xué),2015(10).
[3]劉美琳,王海玲.高中英語(yǔ)讀寫課中寫作活動(dòng)的設(shè)計(jì)與思考[J].山東師范大學(xué)外國(guó)語(yǔ)學(xué)院學(xué)報(bào):基礎(chǔ)英語(yǔ)教育版,2014(06).