[摘 要] 英語復(fù)合句中的定語從句是基礎(chǔ)教育階段中學(xué)英語教學(xué)的必修重點(diǎn)和難點(diǎn)之一,也是該階段各級各類英語測試所關(guān)注的焦點(diǎn)和考點(diǎn)。英語定語從句的核心要點(diǎn)可歸納為“二二九”三個層面,即兩大特征、兩種類型和九個引導(dǎo)詞?!皟纱筇卣鳌笔撬鼌^(qū)別于名詞性從句和副詞性從句的獨(dú)有的外部結(jié)構(gòu)特征和內(nèi)在邏輯架構(gòu)特征;“兩種類型”是指定語從句可分為限制性和非限制性兩類,是其明示自身功能和地位的內(nèi)在語義標(biāo)簽和外在句法標(biāo)記;“九個引導(dǎo)詞”將復(fù)雜獨(dú)特的定語從句連接詞定量化和定性化,從而保證其內(nèi)部語法系統(tǒng)運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)的系統(tǒng)性和規(guī)范性。把握定語從句的核心要點(diǎn),采用“二二九”三位一體聯(lián)動教學(xué)法,是突破英語定語從句難關(guān)的有效方案。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 定語從句;教學(xué)方案;特征;類型;引導(dǎo)詞
英語定語從句又稱形容詞性從句,相對于名詞性和副詞性從句而言,它是最特別、最復(fù)雜的一類從句,也是貫穿整個中學(xué)階段的必修英語知識要點(diǎn)。教育部制定的最新《義務(wù)教育英語課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)(2011年版)》在“語言知識分級目標(biāo)”中將“定語從句”的部分內(nèi)容列為初中階段必修的英語“語言知識”,與此同時,與初中英語課程要求相銜接的《普通高中英語課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)(實(shí)驗(yàn))》中將“定語從句”的全部內(nèi)容列為高中英語必修的“語言知識”要點(diǎn),并在附錄部分的“語法項(xiàng)目表”中以顯著位置分類標(biāo)注。因此,定語從句是中學(xué)英語教學(xué)的重點(diǎn)和難點(diǎn),也是該階段各級各類英語測試所關(guān)注的焦點(diǎn)和考點(diǎn)。英語定語從句的核心要點(diǎn)可歸納為三個層面,即兩大特征、兩種類型和九個引導(dǎo)詞。“兩大特征”是它區(qū)別于名詞性從句和副詞性從句的獨(dú)有的外部結(jié)構(gòu)特征和內(nèi)在邏輯架構(gòu)特征;“兩種類型”是指定語從句可分為限制性和非限制性兩類,是其明示自身功能和地位的內(nèi)在語義標(biāo)簽和外在句法標(biāo)記;“九個引導(dǎo)詞”將復(fù)雜獨(dú)特的定語從句連接詞定性化和定量化,從而保證其內(nèi)部語法系統(tǒng)運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)的規(guī)范化和系統(tǒng)化。把握定語從句的核心要點(diǎn),采用“二二九”三位一體聯(lián)動教學(xué)法是突破英語定語從句難關(guān)、夯實(shí)英語必備基本功,進(jìn)而有效提升英語應(yīng)用能力的整體方案。
一、兩大特征
英語定語從句除具備英語復(fù)合句中所有從句的兩大共性特征(其一,都有引導(dǎo)詞且放在從句句首;其二,都用陳述語序)之外,還具有自己的兩大獨(dú)特個性特征:
1.顯著的外形結(jié)構(gòu)特征
定語從句具有區(qū)別于其它從句的外形結(jié)構(gòu),即“先行詞(被修飾的名詞或代詞)+引導(dǎo)詞+從句的其他部分”。如:He who doesnt reach the Great Wall is not a true man./Life is a game that we have to play and English is a language that we have to learn。在以上兩例中,“he”、“game”和“l(fā)anguage”分別是“who”和“that”引導(dǎo)的定語從句所限定的先行詞。
2.多維的引導(dǎo)詞功能特征
定語從句引導(dǎo)詞都具有“三重身份”,即連接主句和從句、代替先行詞、在從句中作相應(yīng)成分(主、賓、表、定、狀語等)。如:A smile is a curve that sets everything straight./The struggle where youre today is developing the strength that you need for tomorrow./I live in an office whose window faces northwest./Mr. Wang is no longer the man that he used to be. 在以上四例中,“that”“where”“that”“whose”“that”等五個引導(dǎo)詞均擁有“三重身份”,分別在定語從句中作主語、狀語、賓語、定語和表語。此處需要說明的是,雖然同位語從句也具備定語從句的外形結(jié)構(gòu)特征,但其引導(dǎo)詞卻不具備“三重身份”。如:The fact that he had joined the American nationality surprised everybody./The fact that I knew is a top secret.以上兩例中的從句外部結(jié)構(gòu)很相似,但同位語從句中的“that”只有連接主句和從句的“單一身份”。
二、兩種類型
英語定語從句按其在句中的性質(zhì)和功能分為限制性和非限制性兩種類型。兩者的差異主要體現(xiàn)在以下五個方面:
1.語義差別
限制性定語從句與先行詞關(guān)系密切,是必需的限定成分,語義必不可少,若被省略,則句意不完整或無意義;非限制性定語從句與先行詞關(guān)系較離散,多為補(bǔ)充成分,語義可有可無,若被省略,句意不受影響。
2.形式差別
限制性定語從句不能用逗號隔開,而非限制性定語從句需用逗號隔開。如:I was the only person in our city who was invited to attend the international conference./Terrys father, who is over seventy, still works day and night.
3.功能差別
限制性定語從句只能修飾先行詞,而非限制性定語從句既可修飾先行詞也可修飾整個主句。如:The letter, which I received the other day, is from Mr. Hunter./Jim made the same mistake again, which made his boss very angry.
4.中文譯文差別
限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句中文譯文之間存在差別,這源于兩者的功能差別。限制性定語從句在翻譯成中文時一般要譯為先行詞的定語,而非限制性定語從句既可譯為先行詞的定語也可譯為與主句并列的分句。因此,上一段兩個非限制性定語從句在翻譯成中文時可分別譯為:前幾天我收到的那封信是漢特先生寄的;吉米又犯了相同的錯誤,這讓老板很惱火。
5.引導(dǎo)詞差別
限制性定語從句可以使用所有的引導(dǎo)詞,在從句中作賓語時可以省略,而非限制性定語從句不能使用“that”引導(dǎo)詞,其他引導(dǎo)詞在從句中作賓語時也不能省略。如:The academic paper (that/which) I wrote with great efforts has been published in an excellent journal./The academic paper, which I wrote three months ago, has been published.
三、九個引導(dǎo)詞
英語定語從句的引導(dǎo)詞涵蓋關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞兩種,用法和屬性都比較復(fù)雜,但它們在數(shù)量上是有限的,在功能上是明確的。其中關(guān)系代詞共六個,即that, which, who, whom, whose, as;關(guān)系副詞共三個,即when, where, why。九個引導(dǎo)詞的基本功能和特殊用法如下:
1.九個引導(dǎo)詞的基本功能
(1)that在代替先行詞時既可指人又可指物,在從句中作主語或賓語,作賓語時可省略。如:The boy that/who is standing near the door is my son./The boy (that/whom) you saw just now is my nephew./This is the bike(that/which) I lost two years ago./Math is a subject that/which deals with numbers.(2)which在代替先行詞時只能指物,在從句中作主語或賓語,作賓語時可省略(見上例);which在引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句時,可代替整個主句,如Jim made the same mistake again, which made his boss very angry.(3)who只能指人,在從句中作主語。如:She is the girl who/that sings best in her school.(4)whom只能指人,在從句中作賓語,可省略。如:The comrade(whom/that) I came with can speak eight foreign languages。(5)whose既可指人又可指物,在從句中作定語。如:I was born in a mountainous village whose tea is well known to China./This is the boy whose parents died when he was quite young.(6)when限定的先行詞與時間有關(guān),在從句中作時間狀語。如:Ill never forget the day when (=on the day=on which) I first saw you.(7)where限定的先行詞與地點(diǎn)有關(guān),在從句中作地點(diǎn)狀語。如:Ill never forget the place where(=in the place=in which) I first met you.(8)why修飾的先行詞與原因有關(guān),在定語從句中作原因狀語。如:This is the reason why(=for the reason=for which) I have been struggling.(9)as在引導(dǎo)限制性定語從句時,通常用于固定結(jié)構(gòu)(如:the same…as…,such…as…, as…as…等),在從句中作主語或賓語。如:I want the same shirt as yours.我想要一件跟你的一樣的襯衫;Such machines as were bought in our workshop are made in Germany.此時,我們應(yīng)注意“the same...as…”與“the same…that…”在語義上的區(qū)別,前者指“同一類”,后者指“同一個”。如:This is the same book as I bought last time./This is the same book that I bought last time. 此外,as在引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句時,可代替整個主句。如:As I expected, he got the first place again in the final examination.
2.九個引導(dǎo)詞的特殊用法
(1)只用that而不用which的情況。雖然that和which在代替先行詞時都能指物,在從句中都可作主語或賓語,作賓語時都可省略,但以下情況只用that引導(dǎo):第一,先行詞是不定代詞時,如all, none, one, any, few, little, much, everything, something, anything, nothing等。如:There is nothing that can prevent him from doing it./Everything (that) I do, I do it for you./All that glitters is not gold./If you want something(that) you have never had, you must be willing to do something (that) you have never done.第二,先行詞被最高級或序數(shù)詞修飾時。如:The first place that they visited in Guilin was Elephant Trunk Hill./This is the best film that I have ever seen. 第三,先行詞被the only, the very, the last等類似最高級或序數(shù)詞的詞修飾時。如:Mr. Smith is the only foreigner that he knows./You are the very person that Ive been looking for these years. 第四,先行詞既有人又有物時。如:In the date-back tour, we reviewed the persons and things (that) we experienced 20 years ago.(2)只用which而不用that的情況。第一,在引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句時,只用which(見上文)。第二,當(dāng)介詞與引導(dǎo)詞連用,即用于“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”結(jié)構(gòu)時。如:This is the room in which my father lived for 60 years.(3)which與as 引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句時的區(qū)別。兩者都可引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句,且都可以代替整個主句,但也有下述主要區(qū)別:第一,語義之別。as引導(dǎo)的從句與主句語義一致,不用于否定結(jié)構(gòu)(因?yàn)閍s有“如同、正如”含義)。which引導(dǎo)的從句語義中性或與主句語義相反,可用于否定結(jié)構(gòu)。如:He made a long speech, as we expected./He made a long speech, which was unexpected/which was not expected./The sun heats the earth, which is very important to us all./Tom drinks a lot every day, which his wife doesnt like at all. 第二,位置之別:as從句位置可前可后,而which從句只能置于主句之后。如:As is known to all, smoking is harmful to ones health.= Smoking is harmful to ones health, as is known to all.(4)由“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”引出的定語從句問題。當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞which(指物)和whom(指人)在定語從句中作介詞的賓語時,這個介詞可留在從句中原來的位置(此時which可用that代替,whom可用who或that代替,在從句中作賓語時可省略),也可移至關(guān)系代詞之前(此時不能用that代替,也不可省略)。如:Is this the book (which/that) you paid for 6 dollars?=Is this the book for which you paid 6 dollars?/ In the dark street, there wasnt a single person (whom/who/that) she could turn to for help.=In the dark street, there wasnt a single person to whom she could turn for help.(5)關(guān)系副詞引出的定語從句問題。第一,在when, where和why引導(dǎo)的定語從句中,三個關(guān)系副詞一般都可變成“介詞+which”的形式,即when=on/in which, where=in/at which, why=for which。第二,有時定語從句的先行詞雖然表時間、地點(diǎn)或原因,但從句句法結(jié)構(gòu)不缺狀語、只缺主語或賓語,此時從句引導(dǎo)詞不能用when, where或why,而要用that或which。如:Ill never forget the time (that/which) we spent together 30 years ago./Hangzhou is an attractive place that/which has a beautiful tourist resort named the West Lake./The reason(that/which) he gave is unbelievable. 第三,某些表時間的名詞(the time/every time/each time/the moment等)、表地點(diǎn)的名詞(the place)、表原因的名詞(the reason)或表方式的名詞(the way)后的關(guān)系副詞(從句引導(dǎo)詞)可省略。如:By the time (when) he was 13 years old, he had learned advanced mathematics by himself./This is the place(where) I stayed for my first 20 years./Thats the reason(why) he paid frequent visits to you./This is the way (how/in which) they have treated us in the past 10 years.
參考文獻(xiàn)
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責(zé)任編輯 肖慶華