蔡斌(綜述),許嘉鴻(審校)
同濟(jì)大學(xué)附屬同濟(jì)醫(yī)院心內(nèi)科,上海200065
光學(xué)相干斷層成像技術(shù)在冠心病慢性完全閉塞介入治療中的應(yīng)用進(jìn)展
蔡斌(綜述),許嘉鴻(審校)
同濟(jì)大學(xué)附屬同濟(jì)醫(yī)院心內(nèi)科,上海200065
冠心病慢性完全閉塞是冠心病中最為嚴(yán)重的病變類型,在介入治療中開通難度大,術(shù)后并發(fā)癥多。光學(xué)相干斷層成像技術(shù)具有分辨率高,組織相關(guān)性良好等特點(diǎn)。在臨床應(yīng)用中,應(yīng)用光學(xué)相干斷層成像技術(shù)能夠在介入治療前對(duì)慢性完全閉塞血管進(jìn)行評(píng)估,術(shù)中指導(dǎo)導(dǎo)絲通過病變,術(shù)后評(píng)估邊緣夾層、支架貼壁不良等并發(fā)癥,為支架植入提供更多的臨床信息。現(xiàn)就光學(xué)相關(guān)斷層成像在冠心病慢性完全閉塞病變中的應(yīng)用進(jìn)展進(jìn)行簡(jiǎn)要介紹。
冠心病;光學(xué)相干斷層成像;慢性完全閉塞;介入治療
在冠狀動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化性心臟病(冠心病)治療的發(fā)展歷程中,冠狀動(dòng)脈造影是診斷冠心病的金標(biāo)準(zhǔn),也是評(píng)估冠狀動(dòng)脈狹窄的重要技術(shù)手段[1]。然而冠狀動(dòng)脈造影在獲得管腔解剖結(jié)構(gòu)及評(píng)估斑塊性質(zhì)上存在明顯缺陷。光學(xué)相干斷層成像技術(shù)(optical coherence tomography,OCT)是一種血管內(nèi)成像技術(shù),具有較高的分辨率,是能夠獲得生物組織內(nèi)部微觀結(jié)構(gòu)的高分辨率圖像的介入影像學(xué)技術(shù)。傳統(tǒng)的時(shí)域OCT(fourier domain optical coherence tomography,F(xiàn)DOCT)技術(shù)成像時(shí)需要用球囊阻塞病變血管近端,易引起遠(yuǎn)端組織缺血,而新一代頻域OCT(time domain optical coherence tomography,TD-OCT)技術(shù)成像時(shí)無需阻斷病變血管,成像速度快,有效地減少了組織缺血并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生率。同時(shí),F(xiàn)D-OCT較TD-OCT提高了空間分辨率。這些檢查技術(shù)上的進(jìn)展讓OCT技術(shù)得以在臨床上得到廣泛應(yīng)用[2]。
慢性完全閉塞(chronic total occlusion,CTO)是冠心病中最為嚴(yán)重的血管病變類型,大約占介入治療數(shù)量的20%[3]。CTO在冠心病介入治療中開通難度大,術(shù)后并發(fā)癥多,所以在CTO介入治療中,對(duì)于病變血管管腔解剖結(jié)構(gòu)及板塊性質(zhì)的評(píng)估,在手術(shù)方案及治療策略的選擇中具有重要意義。除此之外,在CTO介入治療中,最大的難點(diǎn)在于能否準(zhǔn)確找到真腔并通過病變管腔。OCT對(duì)于CTO病變預(yù)后,評(píng)估支架內(nèi)膜覆蓋、邊緣夾層、支架貼壁不良等因素能夠幫助指導(dǎo)抗血小板治療方案,對(duì)于支架內(nèi)血栓形成及主要不良事件具有提示作用。
CTO通常閉塞時(shí)間長(zhǎng),伴有嚴(yán)重鈣化,OCT具有高分辨率的特點(diǎn),可以辨別鈣化斑塊和脂質(zhì)斑塊,識(shí)別新生薄帽纖維斑塊[4],為介入治療提供詳盡的管腔輪廓情況。典型的CTO病變通常包含近端纖維鈣化帽,遠(yuǎn)端纖維帽,中央動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化斑塊血栓[5-6]。Nigel等[7]通過對(duì)外周截肢患者動(dòng)脈血管使用OCT進(jìn)行體外成像,發(fā)現(xiàn)OCT可以準(zhǔn)確區(qū)分閉塞腔體與腔體下方的血管壁,良好地顯示病變血管的組織學(xué)特點(diǎn)。OCT無論在CTO及穩(wěn)定性心絞痛中,都能夠顯示血栓的結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn)[8]。冠狀動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化斑塊內(nèi)微血管的形成是CTO病變的另一病理學(xué)特征,微血管的評(píng)估對(duì)于不穩(wěn)定斑塊有提示作用,OCT對(duì)于微血管可進(jìn)行較全面的檢查[9]。此外,OCT對(duì)于STEMI患者支架植入前血栓負(fù)荷評(píng)估具有價(jià)值[10]。
CTO介入治療中,導(dǎo)管通過病變血管技術(shù)難度大,手術(shù)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)高。隨著實(shí)時(shí)OCT及頻域OCT的出現(xiàn),OCT越來越多的運(yùn)用于指導(dǎo)CTO病變血管再通[11]。在CTO介入治療中,導(dǎo)絲應(yīng)盡量通過冠狀動(dòng)脈真腔重建血管,避免進(jìn)入假腔。OCT結(jié)合新型導(dǎo)管技術(shù),為CTO的介入治療提供了便利。OCT指導(dǎo)下藥物洗脫球囊的應(yīng)用,為不能耐受雙重抗血小板聚集患者提供了更多的治療方案選擇[12]。
內(nèi)膜未完全覆蓋支架柱與支架內(nèi)血栓的發(fā)生相關(guān)[13]。雖然支架內(nèi)血栓發(fā)生率不高,但是一旦發(fā)生,死亡發(fā)生率達(dá)45%[14]。OCT能夠清晰顯示血管壁的細(xì)微結(jié)構(gòu)和支架支撐桿新生內(nèi)膜的厚度[15],在評(píng)估支架內(nèi)皮覆蓋方面,OCT優(yōu)于血管內(nèi)超聲(intravascularultrasound,IVUS)[16]。近期一項(xiàng)研究表明,OCT指導(dǎo)下相較于僅使用冠脈造影,在non-STEMI患者PCI術(shù)后6個(gè)月隨訪Nobori雙重藥物洗脫支架內(nèi)膜覆蓋率得到提高[17]。但是在OCT評(píng)估血管內(nèi)膜覆蓋方面尚存爭(zhēng)議,2014年一項(xiàng)病例報(bào)告[18],生物可吸收支架術(shù)后患者,連續(xù)應(yīng)用18個(gè)月雙重抗血小板聚集治療后仍出現(xiàn)不完全支架內(nèi)閉塞,OCT在內(nèi)皮覆蓋良好與未覆蓋表現(xiàn)無差異。在這個(gè)病例中,局部血流剪切應(yīng)力的差異可解釋生物可降解支架完全內(nèi)膜覆蓋和未覆蓋在OCT中表現(xiàn)為相同的顯像。這個(gè)病例也提示了生物可降解支架植入并連續(xù)阿司匹林聯(lián)合氯吡格雷雙重抗血小板聚集治療12個(gè)月后,還需進(jìn)一步研究雙重抗血小板治療的最佳之間,尤其是針對(duì)復(fù)雜病變的治療。
支架貼壁不良是指支架到管腔表面的距離,大于支架柱厚度加藥物涂層的厚度[19]。冠脈造影很難對(duì)支架貼壁不良準(zhǔn)確識(shí)別,血管內(nèi)超聲(IVUS)對(duì)于支架貼壁不良也不能很好界定。OCT可以顯示支架邊緣的形態(tài)和特征,F(xiàn)D-OCT在探測(cè)支架附壁不良、邊緣夾層較IVUS更敏感,在管腔與支架尺寸的評(píng)估中與IVUS相當(dāng)[20]。CTO病變常伴管腔嚴(yán)重鈣化,更易出現(xiàn)支架貼壁不良。OCT對(duì)于支架植入后支架邊緣細(xì)節(jié),對(duì)于支架植入術(shù)后即刻貼壁不良能夠良好識(shí)別。有研究提示隨訪至術(shù)后10個(gè)月,OCT評(píng)價(jià)藥物洗脫支架晚期貼壁不良的主要來源為術(shù)后即刻貼壁不良持續(xù)存在[21]。球囊擴(kuò)張及支架釋放的過程中,不可避免地會(huì)引起血管的機(jī)械性損傷,最常見的就是支架邊緣夾層的形成[22]。對(duì)于發(fā)現(xiàn)已存在邊緣夾層的患者,詳細(xì)的OCT評(píng)估邊緣夾層可能影響并發(fā)癥的后續(xù)管理[23],對(duì)于不阻塞血流的較小的表面的夾層無需給予干預(yù)。
OCT雖具有高分辨率、成像迅速等優(yōu)點(diǎn),但是OCT的穿透力差,現(xiàn)階段OCT成像系統(tǒng)的組織穿透最大厚度僅2 mm,對(duì)于斑塊深部的病變,缺乏診斷的特異性。FD-OCT較上一代的時(shí)域OCT具有圖像質(zhì)量佳、掃描速度快、不需要球囊阻閉血管的優(yōu)勢(shì),但FD-OCT成像需注入稀釋碘劑,易造成左主干開口顯影不清晰。CTO病變常伴有嚴(yán)重鈣化及血管迂曲,OCT的成像設(shè)備難以通過扭曲的血管,OCT成像材料多為光導(dǎo)纖維組成,在通過扭曲血管的過程中易折斷,對(duì)操作要求高。
CTO的介入治療成功率遠(yuǎn)低于非CTO病變。雖然現(xiàn)無大規(guī)模前瞻性隨機(jī)對(duì)照試驗(yàn)探討OCT指導(dǎo)PCI治療,但對(duì)于CTO病變?cè)敿?xì)評(píng)估血管組織學(xué)特點(diǎn)、血栓負(fù)荷,術(shù)后評(píng)估支架內(nèi)膜覆蓋、支架貼壁、邊緣夾層情況可對(duì)介入治療提供更全面的信息,同時(shí)也可指導(dǎo)術(shù)后抗血小板治療方案。
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Progress on application of optical coherence tomography to interventional treatment of chronic total occlusion of coronary heart disease
CAIBin,XU Jiahong
Department of Cardiology,Tongji Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University,Shanghai200065,China
Chronic total occlusion is the most severe type of coronary heart disease,featuring many difficulties in performing interventional techniques and postoperative complications.Optical coherence tomography is characterized by high resolution ratio and good correlation.The application of optical coherence tomography in clinical settings can evaluate chronic total occlusion of blood vessels before interventional therapy,guide guidew ires getting through lesions during operation,and evaluate complications such as bad limbic dissection and incomplete stent apposition after operation,providing more clinical information for stent apposition.Now a brief introduction was presented on the application of optical coherence tomography to interventional treatment of chronic total occlusion of coronary heart disease(CHD).
Coronary heart disease;Optical coherence tomography;Chronic total occlusion;Interventional therapy
R541.4
A
2095-378X(2017)02-0118-03
10.3969/j.issn.2095-378X.2017.02.014
2017-02-27)
蔡斌(1991—),男,碩士研究生,從事心血管內(nèi)科工作
許嘉鴻,電子郵箱:xujiahong@tongji.edu.cn