張小騫邱奕雁劉禹舒蘇萌藍濤楊欣建陳揚*
PTH在治療骨質(zhì)疏松癥及其作用機制的研究進展*
張小騫1邱奕雁1劉禹舒1蘇萌2藍濤2楊欣建2陳揚2*
隨著我國逐漸步入老齡化社會,骨質(zhì)疏松癥及其并發(fā)癥將給社會帶來巨大的負擔。甲狀旁腺激素(Parathyroid hormone,PTH)是由84個氨基酸組成的直鏈肽,與傳統(tǒng)的抗骨質(zhì)疏松藥物不同,其可以調(diào)整骨轉(zhuǎn)換狀態(tài),重塑骨小梁,使得骨量增加,降低骨質(zhì)疏松骨折風險,因此在眾多抗骨質(zhì)疏松藥物中備受關(guān)注。隨著對PTH治療骨質(zhì)疏松癥的研究不斷深入,甲狀旁腺相關(guān)肽PTHrP、甲狀旁腺1型受體PTH1R、胰島素樣生長因子1(IGF-1)等先后被發(fā)現(xiàn)在PTH激活PTH1R抗骨質(zhì)疏松中發(fā)揮作用,本文將有關(guān)研究進展做一綜述。
甲狀旁腺激素;骨質(zhì)疏松;成骨細胞;信號傳導
骨質(zhì)疏松癥是一種多原因引起的骨量下降和骨密度降低的退行性疾病,骨微結(jié)構(gòu)的破壞以及骨脆性增加,會導致骨折風險增加。在全世界,平均每3秒鐘就有一例因骨質(zhì)疏松癥導致骨折的患者。在年齡超過50歲的老年人中,1/3的女性以及1/5的男性會發(fā)生骨質(zhì)疏松性骨折[1]。而骨折的部位多發(fā)生于脊柱和髖部,有著極高的發(fā)病率、死亡率和致殘率。在全世界范圍內(nèi),骨質(zhì)疏松性骨折所造成的社會負擔占非傳染性疾病所造成的社會負擔的0.83%;除肺癌以外,患者發(fā)生骨質(zhì)疏松性骨折會比常見癌癥患者損失更多的健康壽命年[2,3]。而在我國,人口結(jié)構(gòu)逐步進入老齡化,現(xiàn)有的醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生條件欠發(fā)達,骨質(zhì)疏松性骨折患者將會損失更多的健康壽命年[4],并帶來更加巨大的社會負擔。
目前抗骨質(zhì)疏松癥的藥物有促進成骨細胞的甲狀旁腺激素、鍶鹽類等,以及抑制破骨細胞的雙膦酸鹽類、雌激素、降鈣素等[5,6]。鮭魚降鈣素因長期治療其發(fā)生腫瘤的風險大于收益,已被歐洲藥品管理局宣布禁用[7]。雙膦酸鹽類藥物有著食管和胃腸道刺激[8]、下頜骨壞死、非典型骨折、食管癌、房顫、延長骨折愈合等不良事件,使得該類藥尚未得出一個理想的療程方案[9]。雌激素因其長期使用會增加婦科腫瘤的發(fā)生,尤其是乳腺癌、子宮內(nèi)膜癌等,其風險遠大于收益[10]。鑒于上述藥物存在的風險,甲狀旁腺激素類藥物脫穎而出,特立帕肽是甲狀旁腺激素的代表藥物,其能明顯增加骨皮質(zhì)厚度、增加骨小梁,改善骨骼內(nèi)部網(wǎng)狀結(jié)構(gòu),從而使得骨量明顯增加。但其間斷小劑量的給藥方法和具體作用機制尚不十分清楚,在臨床應(yīng)用中時有患者用藥后骨量下降的報道,其藥物療效及安全性備受人們懷疑。因此明確PTH抗骨質(zhì)疏松癥的具體機制對臨床應(yīng)用更具有價值。筆者就PTH在抗骨質(zhì)疏松的作用機制做一綜述。
PTH是調(diào)節(jié)骨代謝的重要激素,其化學結(jié)構(gòu)是由84個氨基酸組成的多肽直鏈,其主要功能是調(diào)節(jié)血鈣磷平衡。骨代謝主要分為骨吸收和骨形成兩個部分,當兩者維持動態(tài)平衡的狀態(tài)時,有利于骨量的維持,但隨著年齡增長,骨吸收逐漸占主導地位,使骨形成減弱,最終導致骨質(zhì)疏松發(fā)生。PTH不同于以往的骨吸收抑制劑,其在骨骼的穩(wěn)態(tài)維持過程中,有著雙重調(diào)節(jié)作用[11]。這主要取決于給藥方式和劑量。Cupp等[12]學者研究發(fā)現(xiàn),通過連續(xù)性給予PTH可使骨吸收速度加快,而間歇性皮下應(yīng)用PTH可使得骨轉(zhuǎn)換指標降低,恢復(fù)或增加骨小梁,從而增加骨量。這是因為在不同條件下,PTH可以激活RANK系統(tǒng),增加破骨細胞數(shù)量,從而促進骨吸收作用。在成骨方面,PTH可增加成骨細胞的數(shù)量,延長成骨細胞存活時間,抑制SOST的表達,從而促進成骨作用;因此,間歇性小劑量給予PTH可以使成骨作用占主導地位。Matsumoto T等[13]對切除卵巢的小鼠間斷使用 PTH,與對照組結(jié)果比較發(fā)現(xiàn),在小鼠絕經(jīng)后骨質(zhì)疏松癥早期,PTH能預(yù)防骨量丟失,甚至可以提高松質(zhì)骨中的骨小梁的數(shù)量和皮質(zhì)骨中的骨量,增加骨密度。
Prank等[14]觀察發(fā)現(xiàn),正常人體內(nèi)PTH是以脈沖方式分泌,而骨質(zhì)疏松癥患者缺乏正常的分泌時相性。因此,間斷小劑量的給藥方式在一定程度上可以恢復(fù)原有的生理時相。為了更好的恢復(fù)PTH正常的生理時相,尋找PTH抗骨質(zhì)疏松最佳的用藥時間與劑量,Shimizu M等[15],運用微量注射泵以1g/kg/h的劑量向大鼠注射PTH,用藥時長為每日1~4小時不等,結(jié)果顯示,各組均能激活骨形成相關(guān)基因以及骨吸收相關(guān)基因。4周后發(fā)現(xiàn),每日用藥1小時大鼠組,在用藥14天后,其血清骨形成標志物顯著增高;2~4周時,其骨密度也明顯升高。而每日用藥4小時大鼠組,血清骨形成標志物與血清骨吸收標志物都升高,可能骨吸收作用占據(jù)主導地位,因此其骨密度并沒有增加,這一研究結(jié)果為臨床最佳用藥劑量及時間提供了理論依據(jù)和指導意見,運用PTH治療骨質(zhì)疏松時,應(yīng)控制時間劑量,盡可能模仿PTH原有脈沖式分泌方式,使得成骨作用占主導地位。這一實驗結(jié)果也對后續(xù)PTH作用機制的研究有指導性意義。
甲狀旁腺激素1型受體(parathyroid hormone type 1 receptor,PTH1R)是 B型 G蛋白偶聯(lián)受體家族中的一員,PTH1R主要分布在成骨細胞、間質(zhì)細胞表面和腎小管基底膜,主要功能是調(diào)節(jié)骨轉(zhuǎn)換和細胞外鈣離子平衡;目前PTH與PTH1R結(jié)合可以激活下游2個主要信號通路,一條是Gs/cAMP/PKA通路,PTH與PRH1R結(jié)合后,激活下游信號通路,促進骨細胞中 RANKL基因的表達,向下調(diào)節(jié)并激活Runx2等活性,促進骨髓間充質(zhì)干細胞(bonemesenchymalstemcells,BMSC)向成骨細胞分化。另一條是PLC/PKC通路,目前研究認為該通路對PTH的破骨作用有輔助增強效應(yīng),通過激活L型電壓門控鈣通道來提高細胞內(nèi)Ca2+濃度,從而調(diào)節(jié)相關(guān)基因的表達。SainiV等[16]學者構(gòu)建了一個敲除小鼠骨細胞PTH1R基因的動物模型,當間斷使用PTH刺激時,不能抑制其骨硬化蛋白(Sclerostin)的合成或誘導RANKL基因的表達[17,18],因此成骨細胞和破骨細胞的數(shù)量和活性沒有明顯改變,骨轉(zhuǎn)換依然維持在低水平狀態(tài);即使是連續(xù)使用 PTH,同樣也未能誘導骨小梁丟失或增加破骨細胞的數(shù)量。由此可見,PTH1R是PTH調(diào)節(jié)骨轉(zhuǎn)換的重要受體,在激活下游信號通路中起關(guān)鍵作用[19]。為了進一步了解PTH1R受體的功能,PTH1R上的磷酸化位點逐步被人們發(fā)現(xiàn),ZindelD等[20]運用質(zhì)譜分析法鑒別出PTH1R羧基端的9個磷酸化位點,通過突變分析,進一步鑒別出絲氨酸殘基和蘇氨酸殘基(Ser489-Ser495 and Ser501-Thr506)是PTH誘發(fā)受體磷酸化最主要的位點。CuppME等[12]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),PTH以及PTH相關(guān)肽都可以和PTH1R結(jié)合,并且激活下游的信號通路,包括Gs/cAMP/PKA信號通路,Gq/Ca2+/PKC信號通路和 -arrestin信號通路等。但產(chǎn)生的生物學效應(yīng)存在差別,這可能是PTH相關(guān)肽可以選擇性的激活PTH1R上的磷酸化位點,從而選擇性的激活下游的信號通路,產(chǎn)生不同的效應(yīng)。
在此研究基礎(chǔ)上,美國生物制藥公司Radius Health合成了新型抗骨質(zhì)疏松癥藥物Abaloparatide,這是一種新型的34-氨基酸肽,與 PTH(1-34)和 PTHrP(1-34)具有同源性,在應(yīng)用Abaloparatide治療去卵巢大鼠的實驗中發(fā)現(xiàn)[21,22],其可以有效的升高骨形成標志物、增加骨小梁,促進成骨作用。同時不升高骨吸收標志物,沒有明顯的骨吸收作用,與特立帕肽相比更具有優(yōu)勢。
PTH主要是調(diào)節(jié)骨轉(zhuǎn)換狀態(tài)來達到促進成骨的,間斷使用PTH可以增強成骨細胞活性和數(shù)量。一方面,PTH通過刺激成骨細胞分泌胰島素樣生長因子-1(IGF-1)和轉(zhuǎn)化生長因子-(TGF-)增強成骨細胞活性。另一方面[23],BMSC具有分化為成骨細胞、破骨細胞、軟骨細胞以及脂肪細胞等細胞的潛能,在PTH作用下可以促進BMSC分化為成骨細胞,同時可以抑制BMSC分化為脂肪細胞。與此同時,PTH可抑制成骨細胞凋亡,延長成骨細胞壽命。通過PTH1R激活cAMP信號通路抑制死亡受體介導的凋亡通路,抑制凋亡蛋白Bad并增加凋亡相關(guān)基因Bcl-2的轉(zhuǎn)錄[24]。也有研究指出,PTH激活PTH1R可以抑制 -連環(huán)蛋白的降解和磷酸化從而調(diào)節(jié) Wnt的表達,促進骨髓間充質(zhì)干細胞(bonemesenchymalstemcells,BMSC)向成骨細胞分化,這個過程中,骨硬化蛋白 (Sclerostin,SOST)反應(yīng)性升高進行負反饋調(diào)節(jié),若間斷使用 PTH,可直接抑制 SOST基因表達,減少骨硬化蛋白合成,從而促進成骨[25,26]。護骨素(osteoprotegerin,OPG)是腫瘤壞死因子(tumornecrosisfactor,TNF)受體超家族的成員之一,RANKL是TNF超家族成員。RANKL與破骨細胞表面的RANK受體結(jié)合,激活NF-KB,c-Fos,促進破骨細胞成熟。OPG可與RANKL競爭性結(jié)合,抑制破骨細胞功能。Costa等[27]發(fā)現(xiàn),持續(xù)大劑量應(yīng)用PTH可升高RANKL:OPG的比值,當這一比值升高時,破骨細胞數(shù)量增加;間斷皮下注射PTH可使RANKL:OPG比值保持不變,使破骨細胞停留在早期發(fā)育階段,同時成骨細胞數(shù)量增高,進而促進成骨。
隨著我國人口結(jié)構(gòu)逐步進入老齡化,骨質(zhì)疏松癥患者越來越多,帶來的社會負擔也越來越重。PTH是治療骨質(zhì)疏松癥的代表藥物。PTH在臨床應(yīng)用的療效已得到認可,該藥安全性較高且不良反應(yīng)較少,與其他治療藥物相比,有著難以比擬的優(yōu)勢,但同時也有很多問題尚未明確:PTH促進骨形成作用的分子及細胞機制尚不明確;最佳的給藥時長與劑量以及長期用藥的安全性仍不明確;PTH是否能與其他抗骨質(zhì)疏松藥物聯(lián)用尚需進一步的研究PTH具有促進骨形成和骨吸收的雙向作用,進一步闡明該作用機制并研制有效拮抗藥物或選擇性激活PTH1R的藥物,以增強PTH成骨作用。這些問題尚待進一步研究。
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The progression of PTH supplements on osteoporosis and its mechanism
Zhang Xiaoqian1, Qiu Yiyan1, Liu Yushu1, et al. 1 School of Graduate, Guangdong Medical University, ZhanjiangGuangdong, 524023; 2 Department of Spine, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen Guangdong, 518035, China
As the population ages in our country, osteoporosis disease and its complications will bring huge burden to the society. Parathyroid hormone (PTH), which consists of 84 amino acids linear peptide, unlike traditional anti osteoporosis drug, can adjust the state of bone turnover, reshape the trabecular bone, which leads to increased bone mass and reduces the risk of osteoporosis fracture. Therefore it has attracted much attention in many anti osteoporosis drug. As the further study of PTH treatment of osteoporosis, parathyroid hormone-related peptide (PTHrP), parathyroid hormone type 1 receptor (PTH1R), insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) have been discovered in the PTH activation PTH1R anti osteoporosis function. This review is mean to illustrate the research progress briefly.
Parathyroid hormone;Osteoporosis;Osteoblast;Signal Transduction
R681
A
10.3969/j.issn.1672-5972.2017.06.018
swgk2017-01-00005
深圳市科創(chuàng)委科研創(chuàng)新項目(JCYJ20160425104432398)
1廣東醫(yī)科大學研究生學院,廣東 湛江 524023;2深圳市第二人民醫(yī)院脊柱外科,廣東深圳518035
張小騫(1990-)男,碩士,醫(yī)師。研究方向:脊柱外科。
*[通訊作者]陳揚(1965-)男,博士,主任醫(yī)師。研究方向:脊柱外科。
2017-01-16)