李曉華楊潔朱偉棟柴永川賈歡汪照炎吳皓
1鄭州大學(xué)第一附屬醫(yī)院耳科(鄭州 450052)
2上海交通醫(yī)學(xué)院附屬第九人民醫(yī)院耳鼻咽喉頭頸外科(上海 200011)
3上海交通大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)院耳科研究所(上海 200092)
4上海耳鼻疾病轉(zhuǎn)化醫(yī)學(xué)重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室(上海 200092)
·耳內(nèi)鏡專輯·
內(nèi)鏡在迷路后進(jìn)路手術(shù)中的應(yīng)用
李曉華1楊潔2,3,4朱偉棟2,3,4柴永川2,3,4賈歡2,3,4汪照炎2,3,4吳皓2,3,4
1鄭州大學(xué)第一附屬醫(yī)院耳科(鄭州 450052)
2上海交通醫(yī)學(xué)院附屬第九人民醫(yī)院耳鼻咽喉頭頸外科(上海 200011)
3上海交通大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)院耳科研究所(上海 200092)
4上海耳鼻疾病轉(zhuǎn)化醫(yī)學(xué)重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室(上海 200092)
目的 探討內(nèi)鏡在迷路后進(jìn)路手術(shù)中的臨床應(yīng)用價(jià)值。方法 回顧性分析2010年1月至2016年1月收治的32例側(cè)顱底患者的臨床病例資料,男19例,女13例,年齡35-69歲,其中顱神經(jīng)疾病27例(梅尼埃病20例,面肌痙攣5例,三叉神經(jīng)痛2例),橋小腦角膽脂瘤3例,聽(tīng)神經(jīng)瘤2例。所有病例均采用內(nèi)鏡輔助下迷路后進(jìn)路完成,術(shù)后均隨訪1~5年,對(duì)手術(shù)效果進(jìn)行分析。結(jié)果27例顱神經(jīng)病變患者術(shù)后癥狀均消失,其中20例梅尼埃患者行前庭神經(jīng)切斷術(shù),術(shù)后眩暈控制率100%;5例面肌痙攣患者行面神經(jīng)微血管減壓術(shù),術(shù)后面部痙攣癥狀完全緩解;2例三叉神經(jīng)痛患者行三叉神經(jīng)微血管減壓術(shù),術(shù)后疼痛癥狀消失。以上27例顱神經(jīng)病變患者的術(shù)后面神經(jīng)功能良好,所有病例聽(tīng)力與術(shù)前相比均無(wú)明顯下降,無(wú)并發(fā)癥,隨訪1-5年,無(wú)復(fù)發(fā)。3例橋小腦角膽脂瘤患者,膽脂瘤均徹底切除,術(shù)后無(wú)一例出現(xiàn)面神經(jīng)麻痹或其他顱腦并發(fā)癥,術(shù)后1例患者出現(xiàn)聽(tīng)力喪失,2例保存實(shí)用聽(tīng)力,隨訪1-5年,膽脂瘤無(wú)復(fù)發(fā)。2例聽(tīng)神經(jīng)瘤患者腫瘤均全切除,術(shù)后均保存實(shí)用聽(tīng)力,無(wú)一例出現(xiàn)面神經(jīng)麻痹或其他顱腦并發(fā)癥,隨訪1-5年,腫瘤無(wú)復(fù)發(fā)。結(jié)論內(nèi)鏡輔助的迷路后進(jìn)路,在功能性顱神經(jīng)手術(shù)中具有良好的應(yīng)用價(jià)值,能夠清晰顯露責(zé)任血管和V~XI顱神經(jīng),手術(shù)效果好;在橋小腦角膽脂瘤及聽(tīng)神經(jīng)瘤手術(shù)中,內(nèi)鏡可以多角度無(wú)死角地觀察,并做到微創(chuàng)全切除病變。
內(nèi)鏡;迷路后進(jìn)路;橋小腦角區(qū)域疾病
Fund program:National Science Foundation of China(81470681,81570906,81670919,82371086)
Declaration of interest:The authors report no conflicts of interest.
橋小腦角區(qū)域解剖復(fù)雜,病變位置深在,有重要的神經(jīng)血管結(jié)構(gòu),曾被認(rèn)為是手術(shù)禁區(qū)[1]。自1970年以來(lái),隨影像學(xué)診斷技術(shù)和顯微外科手術(shù)技術(shù)的不斷發(fā)展,側(cè)顱底病變的診斷、治療也取得了很大進(jìn)展,大部分側(cè)顱底區(qū)域的病變已能通過(guò)合理的手術(shù)進(jìn)路得到安全切除,手術(shù)禁區(qū)也不斷被突破。對(duì)于橋小腦角的病變,需要廣泛顯露,創(chuàng)傷大,顯微鏡下操作往往需要犧牲手術(shù)進(jìn)路過(guò)程中阻擋視野的正常結(jié)構(gòu)。而迷路后進(jìn)路是耳神經(jīng)側(cè)顱底外科手術(shù)中的一種重要的保聽(tīng)手術(shù)進(jìn)路[2],是通向橋小腦角的最短徑路,不需切除迷路、乙狀竇、面神經(jīng)等重要結(jié)構(gòu),避免牽拉小腦、顳葉組織。既往認(rèn)為迷路后進(jìn)路暴露不佳,近年來(lái)應(yīng)用內(nèi)鏡技術(shù)擴(kuò)大了迷路后進(jìn)路的暴露范圍和手術(shù)適應(yīng)癥,在處理橋小腦角區(qū)的病變中取得了較好的療效,可彌補(bǔ)顯微鏡的不足,減少組織損傷,提高治療效果?,F(xiàn)將病例資料總結(jié)如下:
1.1臨床資料
回顧性分析2010年1月至2016年1月收治的32例側(cè)顱底患者的臨床病例資料,其中男19例,女13例,年齡35-69歲。疾病種類(lèi):其中顱神經(jīng)疾病27例(梅尼埃病20例,面肌痙攣5例,三叉神經(jīng)痛2例),聽(tīng)神經(jīng)瘤2例,橋小腦角膽脂瘤3例。術(shù)前均有實(shí)用聽(tīng)力(AAO-HNS聽(tīng)力評(píng)級(jí)A、B級(jí))[3],術(shù)前面神經(jīng)功能良好(House-Brackmann分級(jí)I-II級(jí))[4]。聽(tīng)神經(jīng)瘤患者腫瘤直徑小于1.5cm,聽(tīng)神經(jīng)瘤和膽脂瘤均局限于橋小腦角內(nèi)聽(tīng)道口。均采用迷路后進(jìn)路暴露手術(shù)部位,在術(shù)中應(yīng)用內(nèi)鏡技術(shù)。聽(tīng)神經(jīng)瘤和膽脂瘤患者行聽(tīng)神經(jīng)瘤或膽脂瘤切除術(shù),梅尼埃病患者行前庭神經(jīng)切斷術(shù),面肌痙攣患者行面神經(jīng)微血管減壓術(shù),三叉神經(jīng)痛患者行三叉神經(jīng)微血管減壓術(shù)。聽(tīng)神經(jīng)瘤和膽脂瘤患者術(shù)后每年隨訪內(nèi)聽(tīng)道磁共振增強(qiáng)。所有患者術(shù)后隨訪1-5年。
1.2迷路后進(jìn)路的選擇依據(jù)
1、所有病例術(shù)前均有實(shí)用聽(tīng)力[美國(guó)耳鼻咽喉頭頸外科協(xié)會(huì)(AAO-HNS聽(tīng)力評(píng)級(jí)A、B級(jí)),符合保留聽(tīng)力手術(shù)進(jìn)路指征;2、所有患者術(shù)前面神經(jīng)功能均正常。3、聽(tīng)神經(jīng)瘤患者腫瘤直徑均小于1.5cm,聽(tīng)神經(jīng)瘤和膽脂瘤均局限于橋小腦角內(nèi)聽(tīng)道口。4、解剖基礎(chǔ):無(wú)乳突氣化不良,無(wú)寬大、前置的乙狀竇及高位的頸靜脈球、顱中窩低垂等解剖變異。
1.3手術(shù)方法
患者全麻后常規(guī)面神經(jīng)監(jiān)護(hù),耳后C行切口分兩層翻起皮瓣及肌骨膜瓣,充分輪廓化乳突,磨除乙狀竇表面骨質(zhì),使其可向后輕壓。開(kāi)放鼓竇,暴露砧骨短腳,定位面神經(jīng)垂直段,去除乳突天蓋、顱中窩底及竇腦膜角的顳骨骨質(zhì)。定位半規(guī)管,輪廓化后半規(guī)管,磨除后半管后方及下方的氣房及骨質(zhì),保留內(nèi)淋巴囊。沿內(nèi)淋巴囊周?chē)饕患s2cm切口,做蒂在前的“U”型橋小腦角硬腦膜瓣。在功能性顱神經(jīng)手術(shù)中,均應(yīng)用0°內(nèi)鏡探查神經(jīng)及周?chē)?,行微血管減壓或責(zé)任神經(jīng)切斷術(shù)。在聽(tīng)神經(jīng)瘤及膽脂瘤手術(shù)中,先在顯微鏡直視下行腫物切除,然后用不同角度內(nèi)鏡探查橋小腦角及內(nèi)聽(tīng)道,確保完全切除。水密性縫合腦膜,脂肪充填術(shù)腔。
病例術(shù)后均隨訪1~5年,對(duì)手術(shù)效果進(jìn)行分析評(píng)估。
27例病例手術(shù)均成功。顱神經(jīng)病變患者術(shù)后癥狀均消失,其中20例梅尼?;颊咝星巴ド窠?jīng)切斷術(shù)(圖1A),術(shù)后眩暈控制率100%;5例面肌痙攣患者行面神經(jīng)微血管減壓術(shù)(圖1B),術(shù)后面部痙攣癥狀完全緩解;2例三叉神經(jīng)痛患者行三叉神經(jīng)微血管減壓術(shù),術(shù)后疼痛癥狀消失。以上27例顱神經(jīng)病變患者的術(shù)后面神經(jīng)功能良好,所有病例聽(tīng)力與術(shù)前相比均無(wú)明顯下降,無(wú)并發(fā)癥,隨訪1-5年,無(wú)復(fù)發(fā)。3例橋小腦角膽脂瘤患者,膽脂瘤均徹底切除(圖2),術(shù)后無(wú)一例出現(xiàn)面神經(jīng)麻痹或其他顱腦并發(fā)癥,術(shù)后1例患者出現(xiàn)聽(tīng)力喪失,2例保存實(shí)用聽(tīng)力,隨訪1~5年,膽脂瘤無(wú)復(fù)發(fā)。2例聽(tīng)神經(jīng)瘤患者腫瘤均全切除(圖3),術(shù)后均保存實(shí)用聽(tīng)力,無(wú)一例出現(xiàn)面神經(jīng)麻痹或其他顱腦并發(fā)癥,隨訪1-5年,腫瘤無(wú)復(fù)發(fā)。2例聽(tīng)神經(jīng)瘤患者腫瘤均全切除,術(shù)后無(wú)一例出現(xiàn)面神經(jīng)麻痹或其他顱腦并發(fā)癥,術(shù)后均保留有實(shí)用聽(tīng)力;隨訪1~5年,無(wú)復(fù)發(fā)。
圖1 顱神經(jīng)疾病:A內(nèi)鏡下前庭神經(jīng)切斷術(shù):黃色三角示已切斷的前庭神經(jīng),紅色三角示面神經(jīng),藍(lán)色三角示耳蝸神經(jīng);B內(nèi)鏡下面神經(jīng)微血管減壓術(shù):白色三角示責(zé)任血管,黑色三角示面聽(tīng)神經(jīng)束。Fig.1 Endoscope-assisted cranial neuropathy:(A)Endoscope-assisted vestibular neurectomy:the yellow triangle indicating the isolated vestibular nerve,the red triangle indicating facial nerve,the blue triangle indicating cochlear nerve;(B) Endoscope-assisted microvascular decompression of facial nerve:the white triangle indicating the offending vessel,the black triangle indicating the cranial nerve VII and VIII.
圖2 橋小腦角膽脂瘤:A內(nèi)聽(tīng)道增強(qiáng)MRI示橋小腦角膽脂瘤無(wú)強(qiáng)化(黃色箭頭所示);B顯微鏡下是橋小腦角膽脂瘤(黃色箭頭所示);C內(nèi)鏡檢查示橋小腦角膽脂瘤全切除,無(wú)殘留。Fig.2 Endoscope-assisted the left CPA cholesteatoma resection:(A)Enhanced magnetic resonance T1-weighted image didn’t show enhancement in CPA cholesteatoma(the yellow arrow);(B)Microscopy image demonstrated the CPAcholesteatoma(the yellow arrow);(C)Endoscope image confirmed cholesteatoma were removed completely.
橋小腦角位置狹窄且深在,顱底外科的手術(shù)進(jìn)路繁多并有許多改良,每一種手術(shù)進(jìn)路都有其優(yōu)點(diǎn)和局限性。目前常用的側(cè)顱底保聽(tīng)手術(shù)徑路包括乙狀竇后徑路、顱中窩徑路以及迷路后徑路等[5-6]。乙狀竇后徑路操作空間大,對(duì)內(nèi)聽(tīng)道口區(qū)域暴露充分,可用于切除各種大小的腫瘤及功能性顱神經(jīng)手術(shù),但腦膜切開(kāi)處距離橋小腦角區(qū)域距離更遠(yuǎn),且術(shù)中需要下壓、牽拉小腦等神經(jīng)結(jié)構(gòu),增加術(shù)后腦水腫風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。顱中窩徑路保留聽(tīng)力的效果與乙狀竇后徑路相仿,但術(shù)中需牽拉顳葉,且操作空間較乙狀竇后徑路更為狹小,對(duì)橋小腦角區(qū)域暴露有限,易損傷面神經(jīng),更適用于內(nèi)聽(tīng)道底區(qū)域的腫瘤。而迷路后徑路是直達(dá)橋小腦角的最短路徑,可良好直視暴露三叉神經(jīng)根、面聽(tīng)神經(jīng)根及其周?chē)难艿葮蛐∧X角區(qū)結(jié)構(gòu),無(wú)需破壞迷路和正常的神經(jīng)血管,無(wú)需牽拉小腦、顳葉,聽(tīng)力功能保留率高,對(duì)患者創(chuàng)傷較小。起初迷路后徑路主要應(yīng)用于橋小腦角區(qū)域的功能性顱神經(jīng)手術(shù),包括梅尼埃病前庭神經(jīng)切斷術(shù)、三叉神經(jīng)痛行三叉神經(jīng)微血管減壓術(shù)、面肌痙攣面神經(jīng)微血管減壓術(shù)等。
迷路后徑路的不足之處在于顯微鏡下對(duì)術(shù)野的暴露欠佳,尤其對(duì)于乳突氣化不佳、乙狀竇前置或頸靜脈球高位的患者來(lái)說(shuō)。隨著內(nèi)鏡及鑰孔技術(shù)的提出,多種角度內(nèi)鏡的應(yīng)用,90年代起耳神經(jīng)外科醫(yī)師率先在側(cè)顱底手術(shù)中應(yīng)用硬質(zhì)內(nèi)鏡檢查并操作,1994年,Magnan等[7]率先在橋小腦角顱神經(jīng)手術(shù)中應(yīng)用內(nèi)鏡技術(shù);隨后Magnan等[8]的一組60例面神經(jīng)痙攣的患者中使用顯微鏡的責(zé)任血管檢出率為28%,使用內(nèi)鏡后檢出率提高到93%。2002年,Jarrahy等[9]比較了內(nèi)鏡輔助和單純顯微鏡下三叉神經(jīng)根微血管減壓術(shù)的優(yōu)缺點(diǎn),發(fā)現(xiàn)內(nèi)鏡能更好地觀察三叉神經(jīng)根,對(duì)責(zé)任血管的識(shí)別率比顯微鏡下高19%,作者認(rèn)為內(nèi)鏡輔助微血管減壓的效果要好于顯微鏡。相對(duì)于顯微鏡,內(nèi)鏡可以提供小腦橋腦角區(qū)的全景式觀察,成角度的鏡頭可以方便地使手術(shù)醫(yī)生觀察到神經(jīng)周?chē)Y(jié)構(gòu),不留死角,從而為100%地發(fā)現(xiàn)責(zé)任血管提供了可能。目前橋小腦角顱神經(jīng)微血管減壓術(shù)中未能發(fā)現(xiàn)明確責(zé)任血管時(shí),需使用內(nèi)鏡觀察已得到耳神經(jīng)外科和神經(jīng)外科醫(yī)師的公認(rèn)[10]。
同時(shí),部分耳神經(jīng)顱底外科醫(yī)生開(kāi)始嘗試應(yīng)用內(nèi)鏡經(jīng)乙狀竇后進(jìn)路切除橋小腦角的小腫瘤。Schroeder等[11]報(bào)道了8例內(nèi)鏡輔助下橋小腦角膽脂瘤手術(shù),術(shù)后隨訪無(wú)一例復(fù)發(fā),認(rèn)為內(nèi)鏡能更好地觀察并清除殘留膽脂瘤,明顯降低了復(fù)發(fā)率。Shahinian和Ra[12]報(bào)道了527例單純使用內(nèi)鏡的聽(tīng)神經(jīng)瘤手術(shù),是迄今為止內(nèi)鏡下聽(tīng)神經(jīng)瘤手術(shù)例數(shù)最多的報(bào)道。我們的研究結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)內(nèi)鏡經(jīng)迷路后進(jìn)路可以用于直徑小于1.5cm的橋小腦角聽(tīng)神經(jīng)瘤,且創(chuàng)傷小。
我們研究結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn),內(nèi)鏡在顱神經(jīng)手術(shù)中具有良好的應(yīng)用價(jià)值,能夠清晰顯露責(zé)任血管和V-XI顱神經(jīng),應(yīng)用內(nèi)鏡可以尋找、確定責(zé)任血管,并仔細(xì)觀察有無(wú)其他責(zé)任血管,提高手術(shù)效果。本組病例中所有功能性顱神經(jīng)手術(shù)均一次手術(shù)成功,無(wú)并發(fā)癥。在橋小腦角膽脂瘤手術(shù)中,內(nèi)鏡可以觀察到顱神經(jīng)深面、內(nèi)聽(tīng)道內(nèi),多角度無(wú)死角的清晰辨別殘余膽脂瘤,能做到微創(chuàng)膽脂瘤全切除,本組資料3例患者術(shù)后隨訪均未見(jiàn)膽脂瘤復(fù)發(fā)。在聽(tīng)神經(jīng)瘤手術(shù)中,應(yīng)用內(nèi)鏡可以不磨除內(nèi)聽(tīng)道后唇或僅少許磨除,減少了術(shù)后腦脊液漏和術(shù)后頭痛等并發(fā)癥,并能清晰地觀察到耳蝸神經(jīng)及其血管,術(shù)后無(wú)明顯并發(fā)癥,實(shí)用聽(tīng)力保留率高達(dá)100%。
內(nèi)鏡在迷路后進(jìn)路手術(shù)中的優(yōu)勢(shì):能越過(guò)淺層的阻擋結(jié)構(gòu),進(jìn)入橋小腦角深部,觀察到手術(shù)顯微鏡下的死角或隱蔽結(jié)構(gòu),尤其重要的是,無(wú)需干擾任何結(jié)構(gòu),即可明確神經(jīng)血管之間的關(guān)系,通過(guò)我們的觀察和實(shí)踐證明了內(nèi)鏡這一優(yōu)勢(shì)[13],內(nèi)鏡特別適用于聽(tīng)、面神經(jīng)束走行及內(nèi)耳道底的觀察,并能明確內(nèi)耳道內(nèi)容物的關(guān)系;能夠通過(guò)狹小空間良好顯露病變部位,無(wú)需開(kāi)更大的骨窗,從而減少手術(shù)創(chuàng)傷;能夠抵近觀察,更清晰地顯露病灶;能夠多角度無(wú)死角地觀察,避免病變殘留。內(nèi)鏡的缺點(diǎn)也很明顯:內(nèi)鏡提供的是二維影像,鏡下結(jié)構(gòu)因內(nèi)鏡的位置和角度會(huì)有很大變化,對(duì)病變區(qū)域很難有全面認(rèn)識(shí),缺乏三維的立體視覺(jué),對(duì)于習(xí)慣于顯微鏡操作的醫(yī)生有一個(gè)訓(xùn)練與熟悉的過(guò)程;單手操作,對(duì)術(shù)者手術(shù)技巧要求也更高;病變區(qū)域有出血時(shí)鏡頭容易污染影響操作;內(nèi)鏡有熱損傷周?chē)M織的可能;尤其值得注意的是,內(nèi)鏡是管狀視野,內(nèi)鏡的尖銳邊緣和鏡身在手術(shù)中是無(wú)法窺及的,有可能損傷周?chē)X組織或重要血管、神經(jīng),因而內(nèi)鏡并不能完全取代顯微手術(shù)。
綜之,臨床上側(cè)顱底手術(shù)進(jìn)路種類(lèi)繁多,本質(zhì)上都是試圖在良好顯露并安全切除病灶的前提下盡可能減少對(duì)正常結(jié)構(gòu)的損傷。顯微鏡和內(nèi)鏡都是工具,各有優(yōu)缺點(diǎn),應(yīng)根據(jù)不同情況采用不同的工具,單純使用內(nèi)鏡完成側(cè)顱底手術(shù)仍然是非常危險(xiǎn)的操作。迷路后徑路創(chuàng)傷較小,內(nèi)鏡拓展了迷路后徑路的適應(yīng)癥,有良好的應(yīng)用前景,尤其適用于功能性顱神經(jīng)手術(shù),應(yīng)用內(nèi)鏡的治療效果明顯優(yōu)于顯微鏡。在橋小腦角膽脂瘤及聽(tīng)神經(jīng)瘤手術(shù)中,內(nèi)鏡可以多角度無(wú)死角地觀察,并做到微創(chuàng)全切除病變。因此,在臨床實(shí)踐中應(yīng)當(dāng)根據(jù)病變的特點(diǎn),選擇不同的手術(shù)進(jìn)路和合適的工具,方能達(dá)到更好的治療效果
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The Use of Endoscope in RetrolabyrinthineApproach for CerebellopontineAngle Region Surgeries
LI Xiaohua1,YANG Jie2,3,4,ZHU Weidong2,3,4,CHAI Yongchuan2,3,4,JIA Huan2,3,4,WANG Zhaoyan2,3,4,WU Hao2,3,4
1 Department of Otology,First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University,(Zhengzhou 450052)
2 Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery,Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital(Shanghai,200011)
3 Ear Institute,Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine,(Shanghai,200092)
4 Shanghai Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine on Ear and Nose diseases,(Shanghai,200092)
Objective To report application of endoscope in the retrolabyrinthine approach of cerebellopontine angle surgery.Methods A total of 32 patients undergone endoscopic surgeries for CPA lesions via retrolabytinthine approach from January 2010 to January 2016 were reviewed,including 19 males and 13 females with ages ranging from 25-69 years.Surgery indications included cranial neuropathy(n=27,Meniere’s disease n=20,hemifacial spasm n=5,trigeminal neuralgia n=2),CPA cholesteatoma(n=3)and vestibular schwannnoma(n=2).Patients were followed up for 1-5 years.Results Symptoms in the 27 cases of cranial neuropathy resolved after surgery.Vestibular neurectomy was performed in the 20 cases of Meniere's disease and the rate of postoperative vertigo control was 100%.Microvasculardecompression of the facial nerve was done in the 5 cases of hemifacial spasm with complete remission of facial spasm symptoms after surgery.Trigeminal nerve microvascular decompression in the 2 cases of trigeminal neuralgia also brought symptoms resolution after operation.There were no complications,nor clinical recurrence during the 1-5 years follow-up.Total lesion removal was achieved in all 3 patients with CPA cholesteatoma without facial palsy or other neurological deficits.Useful hearing was preserved in two patients,and no matrix recurrence was found during the 1-5 years follow-up.Tumor removal was total without facial palsy or other neurological deficits in the 2 patients with vestibular schwannomas,with preservation of useful hearing and no tumor recurrence during the 1-5 years follow-up in both patients.Conclusions Endoscopic assisted retrolabyrinthine approach has good application value in functional cranial nerve surgeries.It provides excellent exposure of the responsible blood vessel and cranial nerves(CN)V-XI.In cerebellopontine angle cholesteatoma and acoustic neuroma surgeries,endoscopy can help achieve minimally invasive resection of lesions.
RetrolabyrinthineApproach;Endoscope;CerebellopontineAngel Lesions
R764
A
1672-2922(2017)04-398-5
Correspondence author:WU Hao Email:wuhao622@sina.cn
10.3969/j.issn.1672-2922.2017.04.002
國(guó)家自然科學(xué)基金面上項(xiàng)目(81470681,81570906,81670919,82371086)
李曉華,博士,研究方向:耳科學(xué)
吳皓,Email:wuhao622@sina.cn