紀(jì)學(xué)穎,陳志剛,章 衡,吳 敏,盛家鵬,姚 靜,姜皓冰
鎮(zhèn)江市初級(jí)中學(xué)心肺復(fù)蘇知識(shí)教育現(xiàn)狀調(diào)查
紀(jì)學(xué)穎1,陳志剛1,章 衡1,吳 敏2,盛家鵬3,姚 靜1,姜皓冰1
目的調(diào)查鎮(zhèn)江市初中生心肺復(fù)蘇(cardiopulmonary resuscitation,CPR)知識(shí)培訓(xùn)的現(xiàn)狀,為初中生相關(guān)急救技能培訓(xùn)提供參考。方法采用電話問(wèn)卷調(diào)查法,首先通過(guò)電子郵件聯(lián)系鎮(zhèn)江市4個(gè)區(qū)及3個(gè)周邊轄市區(qū)所有學(xué)校,隨后對(duì)熟悉學(xué)校培訓(xùn)實(shí)踐的工作人員進(jìn)行電話采訪。登記匿名問(wèn)卷的調(diào)查數(shù)據(jù),并納入電子表格進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì),結(jié)果采用描述性統(tǒng)計(jì)方法總結(jié)。結(jié)果共有35所學(xué)校完成調(diào)查,涵蓋鎮(zhèn)江及轄市區(qū),共涉及中學(xué)生約14 000人。在所有學(xué)生中,最早接觸CPR培訓(xùn)的是在七年級(jí)(約11歲)。尚無(wú)一所學(xué)校為學(xué)生提供規(guī)范的普及培訓(xùn)計(jì)劃,但有3所(8.6%)學(xué)校由個(gè)別班級(jí)自己組織培訓(xùn),1所(2.8%)學(xué)校曾經(jīng)將培訓(xùn)作為課外活動(dòng)的一部分。缺乏規(guī)范的CPR培訓(xùn)計(jì)劃最常見原因是需要額外的上課時(shí)間,且無(wú)資金支撐(28.6%)。1所(2.8%)學(xué)校已經(jīng)安裝自動(dòng)體外除顫器(automated external defibrillator,AED),17所(48.6%)學(xué)校愿意無(wú)條件安裝AED,1所(2.8%)學(xué)校認(rèn)為沒必要安裝,其他16所(45.8%)學(xué)校表示如果有要求會(huì)考慮安裝。過(guò)去10年間有5名學(xué)生發(fā)生心臟驟停(cardiac arrest,CA)。結(jié)論鎮(zhèn)江市中學(xué)的CPR培訓(xùn)率較低,大多數(shù)學(xué)校在需要時(shí)無(wú)法立即獲得AED。建議鎮(zhèn)江教育主管部門安排上課時(shí)間并提供資金支持,以增加對(duì)初中生CPR的培訓(xùn)力度。
初級(jí)中學(xué);心肺復(fù)蘇;自動(dòng)體外除顫器
院外心臟驟停(out-of-hospital cardiac arrest,OHCA)是目前全世界面臨的主要公共衛(wèi)生問(wèn)題之一,在美國(guó)每年約有420 000人,歐洲每年有275 000 人發(fā)生心臟驟停(cardiac arrest,CA),給醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生系統(tǒng)造成巨大壓力[1-3]。開展基本生命支持(basic life support,BLS)培訓(xùn)可改善CA患者的結(jié)局[4]。BLS中的旁觀者心肺復(fù)蘇(cardiopulmonary resuscitation,CPR)率因地點(diǎn)的不同而存在明顯差距,通常認(rèn)為這是由于CPR知識(shí)的培訓(xùn)不足或培訓(xùn)知識(shí)未有效執(zhí)行的結(jié)果[5]。目前,推廣“第一反應(yīng)人”急救技能的培訓(xùn)工作在全國(guó)范圍內(nèi)已形成共識(shí)[6],其中包括在中學(xué)開設(shè)CPR等急救技能培訓(xùn)課程。為了解鎮(zhèn)江市初中生CPR知識(shí)培訓(xùn)的現(xiàn)狀,并為今后的培訓(xùn)工作提供參考意見,筆者開展了該調(diào)查,現(xiàn)報(bào)道如下。
1.1 資料 2016-12,依據(jù)相關(guān)部門提供的名單對(duì)鎮(zhèn)江市4個(gè)區(qū)及3個(gè)周邊轄市區(qū)的所有初級(jí)中學(xué)按照設(shè)定的方法進(jìn)行調(diào)查并完成資料收集工作。
1.2 調(diào)查方法 調(diào)查分兩個(gè)階段。第一階段:電子郵件咨詢。最初通過(guò)電子郵件聯(lián)系所有學(xué)校,如果愿意接受調(diào)查則在回復(fù)郵件中提供熟悉本校培訓(xùn)實(shí)踐工作的相關(guān)負(fù)責(zé)人聯(lián)系電話。第二階段:電話采訪。依據(jù)已擬定的調(diào)查表,電話采訪各學(xué)校培訓(xùn)相關(guān)負(fù)責(zé)人,首先說(shuō)明采訪目的并解釋針對(duì)采訪內(nèi)容所提出的疑問(wèn),如自動(dòng)體外除顫器(automated external defibrillator,AED)的作用、意義和簡(jiǎn)單使用方法等。所有數(shù)據(jù)以匿名方式登記在標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化的電子表格數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)中。
1.3 調(diào)查內(nèi)容 共包括19個(gè)問(wèn)題,項(xiàng)目包括學(xué)校的基本情況(如學(xué)生人數(shù)、年齡范圍等)、急救課程設(shè)置等。其中,急救課程設(shè)置中的內(nèi)容主要是學(xué)校向所有學(xué)生提供普及CPR知識(shí)培訓(xùn)現(xiàn)狀的相關(guān)問(wèn)題。其次包括AED在學(xué)校中的安放情況,以及實(shí)施學(xué)生普及訓(xùn)練計(jì)劃可能遇到的障礙。此外,還統(tǒng)計(jì)此調(diào)查活動(dòng)開展前10年間在校園內(nèi)死亡的學(xué)生人數(shù)。
1.4 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理 利用EXCEL 2010軟件對(duì)數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行分析處理,結(jié)果采用頻數(shù)和率的形式表示,對(duì)所有統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行描述性統(tǒng)計(jì)分析。
2.1 一般情況 調(diào)查在鎮(zhèn)江市4個(gè)區(qū)及3個(gè)周邊轄市區(qū)完成,在第一階段,電子郵件共聯(lián)系了59所學(xué)校,有6所學(xué)校拒絕參加(10.2%),另有40所(67.8%)學(xué)校的代表成功聯(lián)系,其中35所(59.3%)學(xué)校完成了調(diào)查。第二階段的電話采訪通常在10 min內(nèi)完成,共涉及學(xué)生約14 000名,年齡11~17歲。所有學(xué)生中,最早接觸CPR知識(shí)培訓(xùn)的是在七年級(jí),約11歲。
2.2 課程設(shè)置情況 35所學(xué)校中,尚無(wú)一所學(xué)校為學(xué)生提供規(guī)范的普及培訓(xùn)計(jì)劃,見表1。
表1 鎮(zhèn)江市接受調(diào)查35所初中CPR培訓(xùn)課程設(shè)置情況
其中,未規(guī)范地普及CPR培訓(xùn)計(jì)劃最常見原因是需要額外的上課時(shí)間(28.6%),且缺乏資金支撐(表2)。在過(guò)去10年間,總共有5名學(xué)生死于CA,但具體原因不明。
表2 鎮(zhèn)江市接受調(diào)查35所初中未規(guī)范普及CPR培訓(xùn)原因
2.3 學(xué)校安裝AED情況 相關(guān)負(fù)責(zé)人采訪的反饋數(shù)據(jù)顯示1所(2.8%)學(xué)校已安裝了AED,17所(48.6%)學(xué)校愿意無(wú)條件安裝AED,1所(2.8%)學(xué)校認(rèn)為沒必要安裝,其他16所(45.8%)學(xué)校表示如果有要求可以考慮安裝。
2.4 其他情況 35所接受調(diào)查的學(xué)校中有部分教師曾參加過(guò)當(dāng)?shù)丶t十字會(huì)組織的急救技能培訓(xùn),并獲得初級(jí)救生員證。共有8~13個(gè)班級(jí)的學(xué)生接受過(guò)CPR培訓(xùn),主要培訓(xùn)方式是觀看相關(guān)視頻或PPT后用模擬人練習(xí),但練習(xí)時(shí)間一般小于2 min(5個(gè)周期)。接受培訓(xùn)的班級(jí)在3個(gè)學(xué)年中一般只安排一次。有34所學(xué)校代表不知道美國(guó)心臟協(xié)會(huì)(American Heart Association,AHA)的BLS培訓(xùn)和心臟救護(hù)(Heart Saver,HS)培訓(xùn)等。尚無(wú)一所學(xué)校教師取得AHA的HS證書等。
目前,已證實(shí)在完整的OHCA患者生存鏈中強(qiáng)化其初始環(huán)節(jié)的重要性,即通過(guò)大規(guī)模教育培訓(xùn),實(shí)現(xiàn)早期識(shí)別心跳呼吸驟停和早期啟動(dòng)旁觀者CPR[7,8]。以往的研究也表明,在OHCA患者的生存措施中,BLS措施可能比高級(jí)生命支持更重要[9],且最近的研究證據(jù)對(duì)這一觀點(diǎn)提供了進(jìn)一步支持[10]。為提高早期旁觀者CPR和早期除顫的速度,國(guó)際復(fù)蘇聯(lián)合會(huì)(International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation,ILCOR)建議將CPR培訓(xùn)和熟悉AED作為中學(xué)課程的一部分[11]。在美國(guó)多個(gè)州,接受CPR培訓(xùn)已成為中學(xué)生的畢業(yè)要求[12];加拿大安大略政府已強(qiáng)制要求學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)CPR以獲得中學(xué)文憑,Hart等[13]報(bào)道加拿大多倫多51.0%的中學(xué)為學(xué)生提供CPR訓(xùn)練;在英國(guó)也有多所中學(xué)將CPR培訓(xùn)納入到常規(guī)課程中[14]。世界衛(wèi)生組織已批準(zhǔn)了歐洲復(fù)蘇委員會(huì)(European Resuscitation Council,ERC)的“兒童拯救生命”聲明,以進(jìn)一步完善學(xué)生的CPR培訓(xùn)[15,16]。
本研究從鎮(zhèn)江初級(jí)中學(xué)的調(diào)查結(jié)果看,目前尚無(wú)一所學(xué)校在初中生中開設(shè)常規(guī)CPR課程,僅有4所受訪學(xué)校為學(xué)生提供某種形式的CPR知識(shí)培訓(xùn),且存在培訓(xùn)時(shí)間短,間隔期長(zhǎng)等不足。另外,學(xué)校的大多數(shù)員工CPR技能儲(chǔ)備受限。盡管目前對(duì)中學(xué)在校生實(shí)施CPR教學(xué)是否會(huì)改善CA患者的結(jié)局還無(wú)法得到準(zhǔn)確答案,但強(qiáng)制所有在校學(xué)生接受該培訓(xùn),可大幅提高群眾的CPR技能,從而可能增加復(fù)蘇成功率[15,17]。針對(duì)我國(guó)尚未要求將CPR培訓(xùn)作為學(xué)校的必修課程這一現(xiàn)狀,僅以需要額外的上課時(shí)間和缺乏資金支持等原因來(lái)解釋是不夠的。筆者認(rèn)為,國(guó)家應(yīng)當(dāng)學(xué)習(xí)歐美國(guó)家的做法,在初中必須開設(shè)CPR課程,同時(shí)將取得相應(yīng)證書(如HS的CPR+AED證書)作為初中生畢業(yè)的條件之一。對(duì)于訓(xùn)練方法和學(xué)時(shí)等方面不同意見[18-20],可針對(duì)初中生的生理特點(diǎn)和學(xué)校的系統(tǒng)特點(diǎn),結(jié)合社會(huì)現(xiàn)實(shí),逐步摸索適合我國(guó)國(guó)情的培訓(xùn)方案和計(jì)劃。
2014年,英國(guó)教育部發(fā)布一份公開聲明,建議在所有英國(guó)中小學(xué)放置AED[21]。目前研究顯示在校生CA發(fā)生率為0.04/5年,ERC指南支持將AED放置在每5年一次CA的公共區(qū)域[22]。鎮(zhèn)江市在過(guò)去10年里,初中校園內(nèi)突然發(fā)生CA的人數(shù)較少(5人),且分散在幾所學(xué)校,這可能是學(xué)校未主動(dòng)在校園安裝AED的重要原因之一。如果在鎮(zhèn)江每所中學(xué)都放置AED將高于ERC建議的成本效益閾值,如何控制在可接受的成本范圍內(nèi),并同時(shí)進(jìn)一步提高學(xué)生對(duì)AED的認(rèn)識(shí)和公眾意識(shí)尚有待研究。由于財(cái)政需求被認(rèn)為是無(wú)CPR培訓(xùn)計(jì)劃的最常見原因之一,建議政府能提供額外財(cái)政支持以幫助提高校園公共訪問(wèn)AED的數(shù)量。
本研究中,有一些學(xué)校拒絕參與或因無(wú)法聯(lián)系到相關(guān)人員,使得最終調(diào)查數(shù)據(jù)可能存在一定偏倚。對(duì)于拒絕參加的理由尚不得而知,可能是由于本研究設(shè)計(jì)不夠嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)導(dǎo)致,提示筆者在今后的研究中對(duì)研究方法加以優(yōu)化,爭(zhēng)取最大限度的適應(yīng)性。另外,對(duì)校園內(nèi)突發(fā)CA學(xué)生的數(shù)量可能存在回憶偏差,以及用于調(diào)查的工具未在單獨(dú)的群體中驗(yàn)證。
總之,在鎮(zhèn)江市初級(jí)中學(xué)開設(shè)CPR培訓(xùn)課程,并安裝AED等還有待地方政府的重視,教育主管部門需安排課時(shí)并提供資金支持,為不同年齡學(xué)生合理地調(diào)整課程。另外,對(duì)于接受CPR培訓(xùn)學(xué)生的整體學(xué)習(xí)率和學(xué)習(xí)效果還有待進(jìn)一步評(píng)估。
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(2017-05-08收稿 2017-07-10修回)
(本文編輯 付 輝)
Investigation of the status quo of cardiopulmonary resuscitation education in junior middle schools in Zhenjiang city
JI Xueying1, CHEN Zhigang1, ZHANG Heng1, WU Min2, SHENG Jiapeng3, YAO Jing1, and JIANG Haobing1. 1. Department of Training, 2.Department of Dispatch, 3. Hospital Administration Office, Emergency Medical Center of Zhenjiang, Zhenjiang 212003, China
ObjectiveThe objective of this study was to investigate the status quo of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)training in junior middle schools in Zhenjiang city, and to provide reference for relevant emergency skills training for junior school students.MethodsAll junior middle schools in 4 districts of Zhenjiang city and 3 peripheral administrative regions were contacted by e-mail informing them of the study and inviting their participation; thereafter telephonic interviews were conducted with staff members who are familiar with the school's CPR training practice. The survey data were registered and included in the spreadsheet to analyze, and the results were summarized using descriptive statistics methods.ResultsA total of 35 schools involving approximately 14,000 students participated in the survey, covering Zhenjiang and its administrative areas. Of all students, the earliest to exposure CPR training was in grade seven(approximately 11 years old). None of the schools provided a standardized training program for students, while 3 schools (8.6%) provided training organized by individual classes, and 1 (2.8%) provided training as part of their extracurricular activities. The most common reasons for the lack of a standardized CPR training program was due to the requirement of extra class time and the absence of financial support(28.6%). One school (2.8%) had installed automated external defibrillator (AED), 17 schools (48.6%) were willing to install an AED and one school (2.8%) didn't see a need to install, and the remaining 16 schools (45.8%) indicated they would consider installation if required to do so. Over the past 10 years, 5 students had a cardiac arrest (CA).ConclusionsThe CPR training rate in junior middle schools in Zhenjiang city is still low and most schools do not have AED on site in case of emergency. It is suggested that the education authorities in Zhenjiang city schedule class time and provide financial support to strengthen the CPR training for junior school students .
junior middle schools; cardiopulmonary resuscitation; automated external defibrillator
R193
Corresponding author: CHEN Zhigang, E-mail: cxc_2002@139.com
10.13919/j.issn.2095-6274.2017.09.004
212003,江蘇省鎮(zhèn)江市急救中心: 1. 培訓(xùn)科,2. 調(diào)度科,3. 辦公室
陳志剛,E-mail:cxc_2002@139.com