徐永軍 陳程程 于海波
摘 要:閱讀教學(xué)是英語(yǔ)教師實(shí)現(xiàn)多元化教學(xué)目標(biāo)的主要載體,在英語(yǔ)教學(xué)中處于非常重要的位置。英語(yǔ)閱讀教學(xué)應(yīng)該將課外閱讀作為課堂內(nèi)閱讀教學(xué)的有機(jī)組成部分,使課外閱讀與課堂內(nèi)閱讀教學(xué)進(jìn)行整合,不僅充分發(fā)揮課外閱讀的作用,還使課堂內(nèi)的閱讀教學(xué)更加具有針對(duì)性,提高英語(yǔ)閱讀教學(xué)的有效性。
關(guān)鍵詞:英語(yǔ)閱讀教學(xué);課堂內(nèi)閱讀教學(xué);課外閱讀;閱讀策略;閱讀能力
閱讀教學(xué)在英語(yǔ)教學(xué)中處于非常重要的位置?!巴ㄟ^(guò)閱讀教學(xué),英語(yǔ)教師可以實(shí)現(xiàn)多元化的教學(xué)目標(biāo),如進(jìn)行語(yǔ)言知識(shí)及話題知識(shí)的講授,訓(xùn)練學(xué)生的閱讀策略,提升學(xué)生的閱讀能力等?!盵1]但是,“課堂內(nèi)的閱讀教學(xué)時(shí)間及閱讀量是有限的,而學(xué)生閱讀策略的培養(yǎng)及閱讀能力的提升需要一個(gè)長(zhǎng)時(shí)間的過(guò)程及充分的閱讀量”[2]。因此,“英語(yǔ)閱讀教學(xué)應(yīng)整合課堂內(nèi)的閱讀教學(xué)與課外閱讀,使課外閱讀成為課堂內(nèi)閱讀教學(xué)的有機(jī)組成部分”[3]?;诖四繕?biāo),筆者構(gòu)建了課堂內(nèi)外一體化的英語(yǔ)閱讀教學(xué)模式,將課堂內(nèi)的閱讀教學(xué)與課外閱讀進(jìn)行整合。
一、課堂內(nèi)外一體化英語(yǔ)閱讀教學(xué)模式的構(gòu)建
課堂內(nèi)外一體化英語(yǔ)閱讀教學(xué)的核心是構(gòu)建課堂內(nèi)閱讀教學(xué)與課外閱讀之間的聯(lián)系,將兩者進(jìn)行優(yōu)化組合,旨在提升英語(yǔ)閱讀教學(xué)的有效性。課堂內(nèi)外一體化英語(yǔ)閱讀教學(xué)有兩種實(shí)施方式:一是將課外閱讀作為課堂內(nèi)閱讀教學(xué)的基礎(chǔ),即課外閱讀為課堂內(nèi)的閱讀教學(xué)提供語(yǔ)篇的背景知識(shí)及閱讀策略的先行訓(xùn)練;二是將課外閱讀作為課堂內(nèi)閱讀教學(xué)的延伸,讓學(xué)生在課外閱讀中運(yùn)用課堂內(nèi)閱讀教學(xué)所獲取的閱讀策略。第一種實(shí)施方式更具可行性,因?yàn)檎n外閱讀的練習(xí)題及其所涉及的閱讀策略是提前設(shè)定好的,已經(jīng)為課堂內(nèi)的閱讀教學(xué)界定了需要訓(xùn)練的閱讀策略,從而使課堂內(nèi)的閱讀教學(xué)更具針對(duì)性。因此,筆者采用第一種實(shí)施方式,將課外閱讀作為課堂內(nèi)閱讀教學(xué)的基礎(chǔ),構(gòu)建課堂內(nèi)外一體化英語(yǔ)閱讀教學(xué)模式(見(jiàn)圖 1)。該教學(xué)模式包括兩個(gè)教學(xué)階段——課外小語(yǔ)篇的閱讀教學(xué)和課內(nèi)主語(yǔ)篇的閱讀教學(xué)。
(一)課外小語(yǔ)篇的閱讀教學(xué)
課外小語(yǔ)篇的閱讀教學(xué)是為課內(nèi)主語(yǔ)篇閱讀教學(xué)進(jìn)行閱讀策略的先行訓(xùn)練,同時(shí)為課內(nèi)主語(yǔ)篇的閱讀提供背景知識(shí)。因此,課外小語(yǔ)篇的主題必須與課內(nèi)主語(yǔ)篇的主題相一致。根據(jù)課內(nèi)主語(yǔ)篇的主題,教師選取相應(yīng)的課外小語(yǔ)篇閱讀文本,然后對(duì)課外小語(yǔ)篇的文本信息進(jìn)行解讀,提取與課內(nèi)主語(yǔ)篇文本信息相關(guān)的內(nèi)容,構(gòu)建兩者之間的聯(lián)系,從而為課內(nèi)主語(yǔ)篇閱讀的話題導(dǎo)入做好準(zhǔn)備。此外,教師需要對(duì)課外小語(yǔ)篇的閱讀練習(xí)題進(jìn)行分析,明確閱讀練習(xí)題的類(lèi)型及其所涉及的閱讀策略,以此作為課內(nèi)主語(yǔ)篇閱讀練習(xí)題設(shè)計(jì)的參照。課外小語(yǔ)篇的閱讀教學(xué)由三個(gè)教學(xué)環(huán)節(jié)組成。首先,讓學(xué)生獨(dú)立完成課外小語(yǔ)篇的閱讀練習(xí)。然后,教師為學(xué)生講解閱讀練習(xí)的答案,講授相應(yīng)的閱讀策略,幫助學(xué)生完成閱讀練習(xí)的錯(cuò)誤分析。接下來(lái),基于課外小語(yǔ)篇的文本信息,教師為課內(nèi)主語(yǔ)篇的閱讀進(jìn)行話題導(dǎo)入。
(二)課內(nèi)主語(yǔ)篇的閱讀教學(xué)
課內(nèi)主語(yǔ)篇的閱讀教學(xué)是為了讓學(xué)生練習(xí)課外小語(yǔ)篇所涉及的閱讀策略,同時(shí)對(duì)課內(nèi)主語(yǔ)篇的文本信息進(jìn)行深入解讀。課內(nèi)主語(yǔ)篇的閱讀教學(xué)包括七個(gè)教學(xué)環(huán)節(jié):(1)教師挑選可能影響學(xué)生理解語(yǔ)篇的詞匯及短語(yǔ)進(jìn)行簡(jiǎn)要介紹,讓學(xué)生在書(shū)中注明這些詞匯及短語(yǔ)的意義,幫助學(xué)生突破閱讀過(guò)程中可能出現(xiàn)的語(yǔ)言障礙,保證閱讀順暢進(jìn)行;(2)學(xué)生閱讀全文,完成基于課外小語(yǔ)篇閱讀策略所設(shè)計(jì)的相關(guān)閱讀練習(xí),練習(xí)運(yùn)用課外小語(yǔ)篇的閱讀策略;(3)教師為學(xué)生講解閱讀練習(xí)的答案,進(jìn)一步強(qiáng)調(diào)相關(guān)閱讀策略在這些練習(xí)中的應(yīng)用;(4)教師為學(xué)生呈現(xiàn)語(yǔ)篇的部分框架圖,要求學(xué)生閱讀全文后完成語(yǔ)篇的整個(gè)框架圖,使學(xué)生從整體層面了解語(yǔ)篇的框架結(jié)構(gòu)及主要內(nèi)容;(5)當(dāng)學(xué)生對(duì)語(yǔ)篇的內(nèi)容有了大致了解后,教師引導(dǎo)學(xué)生對(duì)語(yǔ)篇的文本信息進(jìn)行精讀,幫助學(xué)生深入了解語(yǔ)篇的內(nèi)容及具體的細(xì)節(jié);(6)學(xué)生完成教師設(shè)計(jì)的輸出任務(wù),如基于語(yǔ)篇的核心問(wèn)題發(fā)表議論或形成觀點(diǎn)、完成語(yǔ)篇摘要的填空、根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞完成語(yǔ)篇內(nèi)容的復(fù)述等,旨在加深學(xué)生對(duì)語(yǔ)篇內(nèi)容的理解,培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的批判性思維能力;(7)教師布置課后作業(yè),以鞏固、拓展閱讀教學(xué)的成果。
二、課堂內(nèi)外一體化英語(yǔ)閱讀教學(xué)模式的實(shí)踐
筆者以人教版NSEFC Book 5 Unit 3 Life in the future的主語(yǔ)篇“First impressions”為例,示范說(shuō)明課堂內(nèi)外一體化英語(yǔ)閱讀教學(xué)模式?!癋irst impressions”的主題為未來(lái)生活的變化,通過(guò)描述主人公李強(qiáng)一次穿越未來(lái)的旅行,對(duì)人們未來(lái)生活的變化(good changes and bad changes)進(jìn)行了詳細(xì)描述?;谥髡Z(yǔ)篇的主題,筆者選取了相應(yīng)的小語(yǔ)篇“What will the future be like?”(小語(yǔ)篇、練習(xí)及主語(yǔ)篇的完整練習(xí)詳見(jiàn)浙江教學(xué)月刊社網(wǎng)站www.jxyk.com“資料下載”中的“原文選登”)。該語(yǔ)篇主要講述了科學(xué)家對(duì)未來(lái)生活所做的預(yù)測(cè)(optimistic prediction and pessimistic prediction)。
(一)課外小語(yǔ)篇的閱讀教學(xué)
Step 1. Complete the reading comprehension of mini-passage.
【設(shè)計(jì)意圖】小語(yǔ)篇的5道閱讀練習(xí)題分別考查學(xué)生對(duì)主旨大意的提?。ㄈ绲?題)、細(xì)節(jié)信息的理解(如第2、3題)、詞意的猜測(cè)(如第4題)及作者態(tài)度的推斷(如第5題)。通過(guò)完成小語(yǔ)篇的閱讀練習(xí),學(xué)生可以為主語(yǔ)篇的閱讀做好話題知識(shí)的儲(chǔ)備,同時(shí)也可以檢驗(yàn)自己對(duì)相應(yīng)閱讀策略的掌握情況,并發(fā)現(xiàn)自己在閱讀策略方面存在的不足之處。
Step 2. Check the answers of reading comprehension of mini-passage.
T: Lets check the answers of above five multiple choices. The first one is about the main idea of this passage and you can use skimming to find the answer. Skimming refers to looking only for the general or main ideas and you just need to read the first and the last paragraphs and the first and the last sentences of each paragraph. The right answer of this multiple choice is D and you can find the answer in the last paragraph. The passage doesnt mention the other three options ...
【設(shè)計(jì)意圖】在教師對(duì)練習(xí)題的講評(píng)中,尤其是在相關(guān)閱讀策略的傳授中,學(xué)生認(rèn)識(shí)到對(duì)不同類(lèi)型的閱讀練習(xí)應(yīng)采取相應(yīng)的閱讀策略,從而更有效地運(yùn)用這些閱讀策略,提高他們的英語(yǔ)閱讀能力。
Step 3. Lead in the topic of the main passage.
T: According to the pessimists, what problems may people face in the future?
S: The resources of the earth may have been used up; seas and the air are badly polluted; there will be no farmland left because of the doubted population.
T: Will all these problems be solved in the future?
S: We are not sure.
T: Thats OK. Today we will study a new passage about Li Qiang and he will tell us the answer. Now open your textbooks and turn to Page 17.
【設(shè)計(jì)意圖】教師從小語(yǔ)篇中提取與主語(yǔ)篇內(nèi)容相關(guān)的信息,進(jìn)行話題導(dǎo)入,激活學(xué)生相關(guān)的背景知識(shí),為主語(yǔ)篇的閱讀做好準(zhǔn)備。
(二)課內(nèi)主語(yǔ)篇的閱讀教學(xué)
Step 1. Introduce some new words and phrases.
T: Firstly, I will introduce the meanings of some new words and phrases in the passage and you need to write down the meanings in your textbook.
previous:happening or existing before something or someone else (L6)
tablet: pill (L9)
capsule: the part of a space boat in which people live and work (L12)
adjustment: a small change (L12)
be back on ones feet : recover (L26)
slide into: slip into (L32)
sweep up: clean up (L47)
【設(shè)計(jì)意圖】教師挑選可能影響學(xué)生理解語(yǔ)篇的詞匯及短語(yǔ)進(jìn)行簡(jiǎn)要介紹,讓學(xué)生在書(shū)中注明這些詞匯及短語(yǔ)的意義,幫助學(xué)生解決閱讀過(guò)程中可能出現(xiàn)的語(yǔ)言障礙,保證閱讀能順暢進(jìn)行。
Step 2. Read the whole passage and complete the reading comprehension.
【設(shè)計(jì)意圖】基于小語(yǔ)篇閱讀策略所設(shè)計(jì)的主語(yǔ)篇閱讀練習(xí)是:1. What does this passage mainly talk about? 2. What does “time lag” mean according to the author? 3. What may Li Qiang think of his journey to the future in the time capsule? 4. Li Qiang narrates the bad changes to life in AD 3008 except ______. 5. What is the authors attitude toward the future?以上5個(gè)練習(xí)題同樣考查學(xué)生對(duì)語(yǔ)篇主旨大意的提取、詞意的猜測(cè)、細(xì)節(jié)信息的理解及作者態(tài)度的推斷。學(xué)生在完成同類(lèi)型的題目中練習(xí)了在小語(yǔ)篇閱讀中學(xué)到的閱讀策略。
Step 3. Check the answers of reading comprehension.
T: Lets check the answers of five multiple choices. The first one is about the main idea of this passage and you can skim the first paragraph to find the answer. The right answer is A. The second one is to guess the meaning of “time lag” and there is an explanation of this phrase in the Paragraph 1 ...
【設(shè)計(jì)意圖】教師為學(xué)生講解主語(yǔ)篇閱讀練習(xí)的答案,再次強(qiáng)調(diào)如何使用閱讀策略完成這些閱讀練習(xí),幫助學(xué)生進(jìn)一步掌握相關(guān)閱讀策略。
Step 4. Scan the whole passage and fill in the blanks.
[Before arriving
in the future
(Paras.1-2) · Li Qiang took up a ______ he won last year and travelled to the future through a time ______. · The capsule swung gently ______ as they lay relaxed and dreaming. When arriving
in the future
(Paras.3-4) · At first, the new surroundings were difficult to ______.
· Hit by a lack of fresh air, Li Qiangs head ached, so Wang Ping handed him a ______ and took him to a small room for a rest. Soon Li Qiang was ______ again.
· Li Qiang took a hovering cabbage to reach a place where they were too many carriages ______
by in all directions. · Li Qiang found the wall of a room made of ______.
· Wang Ping ______ a switch on a computer screen and a table and some chairs rose from under the floor as if by magic. ]
【設(shè)計(jì)意圖】教師為學(xué)生呈現(xiàn)語(yǔ)篇的部分框架圖,要求學(xué)生閱讀全文后完成整個(gè)框架圖,使學(xué)生從整體了解語(yǔ)篇的框架結(jié)構(gòu)及主要內(nèi)容。
Step 5. Detailed reading.
T: Through completing the last reading exercise, we have known the basic structure and content of this passage. Next, we will read this passage paragraph by paragraph to obtain more detailed information about this passage. Firstly, please read Paragraphs 1-2 and answer the following questions.
The main idea of Paragraph 1: .
How did Li Qiang feel when he left his own time?
The main idea of Paragraph 2:
.
Why was Li Qiang given a calming drink?
T: Read Paragraphs 3-4 and summarize the main ideas of these two paragraphs.
T: Read Paragraphs 3-4 again and clarify the good changes and the bad changes happened to life in AD 3008 from three aspects—air quality, transport and houses.
[ Good changes Bad changes Air quality In public places:
. At home:
. Transport People use hovering carriages driven by computer. It is easy to and can move . It is difficult to find the way because .
Houses The house living space, for example, its furniture is stored under the floor. is a big challenge in the future. ]
T: In your opinion, what may result in the good changes and the bad changes to the future?
【設(shè)計(jì)意圖】本環(huán)節(jié)使學(xué)生獲取語(yǔ)篇的具體細(xì)節(jié)信息,有助于學(xué)生對(duì)語(yǔ)篇的文本信息進(jìn)行整合與提煉,也可以幫助學(xué)生進(jìn)一步挖掘語(yǔ)篇的深層次信息。
Step 6. Discussion.
T: Discuss one of the following questions in a group of four and give us a report.
1. Are you willing to live in such a life in the future like Li Qiang described? Why?
2. What can you do to make the future life become better?
【設(shè)計(jì)意圖】本環(huán)節(jié)中學(xué)生完成基于語(yǔ)篇核心問(wèn)題的語(yǔ)言輸出任務(wù),實(shí)現(xiàn)語(yǔ)言技能的整合,提高綜合語(yǔ)言運(yùn)用能力。另外,將語(yǔ)篇的話題知識(shí)延伸到學(xué)生的真實(shí)生活中,讓學(xué)生有機(jī)會(huì)運(yùn)用所學(xué)的語(yǔ)言知識(shí)及話題知識(shí)表達(dá)自己的觀點(diǎn),從而培養(yǎng)他們的批判性思維能力。
Step 7. Homework.
T: Suppose you are the father or the mother of Li Qiang, please write a 100-word letter to respond Li Qiang, telling him their thoughts of the future life and some advice for him.
【設(shè)計(jì)意圖】教師讓學(xué)生課后進(jìn)行讀后續(xù)寫(xiě),給學(xué)生足夠的空間和時(shí)間去回顧語(yǔ)篇的內(nèi)容,鼓勵(lì)學(xué)生走出作者的思維框架,運(yùn)用所學(xué)的語(yǔ)言知識(shí)及話題知識(shí)表達(dá)自己的觀點(diǎn),提出自己的問(wèn)題,滿足其個(gè)性化學(xué)習(xí)的需要,從而提高他們的綜合語(yǔ)言運(yùn)用能力。
課堂內(nèi)外一體化英語(yǔ)閱讀教學(xué)模式將課外閱讀作為課堂內(nèi)閱讀教學(xué)的有機(jī)組成部分,使課外閱讀與課堂內(nèi)閱讀教學(xué)進(jìn)行整合,不僅充分發(fā)揮課外閱讀對(duì)學(xué)生的閱讀策略訓(xùn)練及閱讀能力提升的作用,提高課外閱讀的有效性,還使課堂內(nèi)的閱讀教學(xué)更加具有針對(duì)性。具體教學(xué)中,教師需要將課外閱讀納入到教學(xué)計(jì)劃中,對(duì)課外閱讀與課堂內(nèi)的閱讀教學(xué)進(jìn)行整體的教學(xué)設(shè)計(jì),優(yōu)化兩者之間的組合。另外,將課外閱讀納入到教學(xué)計(jì)劃中,可以引起學(xué)生對(duì)課外閱讀的關(guān)注,有助于學(xué)生改變對(duì)課外閱讀的態(tài)度,更加積極地完成課外閱讀的練習(xí)。
參考文獻(xiàn):
[1]余德英. 中國(guó)英語(yǔ)閱讀教學(xué)模式研究述評(píng)[J]. 肇慶學(xué)院學(xué)報(bào),2015(1):42-45.
[2]王英. 高中英語(yǔ)閱讀教學(xué):?jiǎn)栴}與對(duì)策[D]. 武漢:華中師范大學(xué),2007.
[3]魯子問(wèn). 中小學(xué)英語(yǔ)閱讀教學(xué)理論與實(shí)踐[M]. 北京:中國(guó)電力出版社,2005:167.