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一節(jié)嘗試以培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的審辯式思維和創(chuàng)新思維能力為主的高中英語閱讀課

2018-11-16 09:05:56
時(shí)代英語·高二 2018年5期
關(guān)鍵詞:審辯式思維創(chuàng)新思維能力高中英語

【摘 要】 學(xué)生的深度思維能力、審辯式思維能力、創(chuàng)造性思維能力在英語學(xué)習(xí)中起著至關(guān)重要的作用。本文將焦點(diǎn)放在高中英語課堂,以一堂說、讀最后到寫的綜合技能課為例,努力嘗試以說和讀促思考,以說和讀培養(yǎng)思維的訓(xùn)練方式,使學(xué)生的各個(gè)方面的綜合能力在一堂課中得到一定程度的培養(yǎng)。

【關(guān)鍵詞】 審辯式思維 創(chuàng)新思維能力 高中英語

一、課例背景

本課例選自2017年7月8日在四川仁壽縣舉辦的“省教科所—仁壽縣人民政府所在地戰(zhàn)略合作2017年度仁壽縣教育系統(tǒng)暑期干部教師培訓(xùn)會(huì)”。執(zhí)教教師是成都七中張學(xué)剛老師,指導(dǎo)教師為四川省教科所董洪丹老師,授課時(shí)長45分鐘。

二、教學(xué)分析

1.教學(xué)內(nèi)容分析

人際關(guān)系是高考英語24個(gè)話題中的重要話題之一,學(xué)生對(duì)親情類話題并不陌生。此次展示課采用自選閱讀材料的方式,選取了一則描述父子在鱸魚禁漁期解禁之前一同釣魚的閱讀材料(見附錄)。基于對(duì)該段閱讀材料的分析,指導(dǎo)教師及筆者認(rèn)為這一閱讀材料適合作為對(duì)高二學(xué)生進(jìn)行思維訓(xùn)練的教學(xué)材料。第一、針對(duì)文中父親的做法,有人認(rèn)為父親是在言傳身教,而有人認(rèn)為父親不夠愛自己的兒子,在沒人看到他們的情況下,他是可以讓兒子釣起那條鱸魚的。針對(duì)不同的觀點(diǎn),學(xué)生應(yīng)辯證地看待該問題;另外,父親要求兒子在鱸魚禁漁期還未解禁之前把釣到的鱸魚放回湖中,這其實(shí)是對(duì)規(guī)則的一種尊重,此時(shí)如引導(dǎo)學(xué)生去探討尊重規(guī)則是否永遠(yuǎn)都是正確的,這無意又從另一個(gè)維度去啟發(fā)學(xué)生的批判性思維。第二、讓學(xué)生分組討論給文章取一個(gè)合適的標(biāo)題,在基于對(duì)文章深層理解的基礎(chǔ)上,培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的創(chuàng)新思維能力。

美國著名教育家布魯姆教授認(rèn)為人的高階思維(higher order thinking)包括了自主學(xué)習(xí)與合作解決問題的能力、創(chuàng)造性思維能力、審辯式思維能力、深度思維能力等。他創(chuàng)立的認(rèn)知目標(biāo)分類理論把認(rèn)知領(lǐng)域的教育目標(biāo)分成識(shí)記、理解、應(yīng)用、分析、評(píng)價(jià)和創(chuàng)造六個(gè)類別, 其中分析、評(píng)價(jià)和創(chuàng)造,他認(rèn)為就是“高階思維”(洛林·安德森,2009)。結(jié)合所選語言材料的特點(diǎn),該堂課努力嘗試以說和讀促思考,以說和讀培養(yǎng)思維的訓(xùn)練方式,努力去呈現(xiàn)一堂說、讀最后到寫的綜合技能課。

2.學(xué)生分析

據(jù)《普通高中英語課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)(實(shí)驗(yàn))》(教育部,2003)中對(duì)高二學(xué)生語言技能目標(biāo)的敘述,高二階段的學(xué)生能夠理解閱讀材料中不同的觀點(diǎn)和態(tài)度,并基本能夠理解涉及社會(huì)生活話題的、地道的語言材料。本次授課對(duì)象是四川仁壽一中高二年級(jí)的學(xué)生。高二年級(jí)學(xué)生的思維能力雖已達(dá)一定的水平,但如何在有限的45分鐘課堂上,讓他們的深度思維能力、審辯式思維能力、創(chuàng)造性思維能力都得到一定程度的培養(yǎng)是本堂課中師生所面臨的挑戰(zhàn)之一。

3.教學(xué)目標(biāo)

基于對(duì)文本內(nèi)容和學(xué)生情況的分析,本堂課定位于以培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的深度思維能力、審辯式思維能力、創(chuàng)造性思維能力為主的綜合技能課,并確定了下列教學(xué)目標(biāo):

(1)讓學(xué)生了解故事敘述的基本要素并能領(lǐng)會(huì)到The theme of a story is what it needs to make a story more than a story;

(2)能基本學(xué)會(huì)從細(xì)節(jié)描寫去分析人物性格;

(3)學(xué)會(huì)辯證地看待自己學(xué)習(xí)生活中遇到的關(guān)于道德品質(zhì)的一些問題;

(4)嘗試培養(yǎng)學(xué)生審辯思維、創(chuàng)新思維和深度思維的能力。

4.教學(xué)設(shè)計(jì)思路

(1)備課思維過程:用一條主題的線貫穿課堂

在設(shè)計(jì)時(shí),始終圍繞一個(gè)核心詞語:catch;從課前熱身環(huán)節(jié)別具一格的猜詞設(shè)計(jì)(猜詞答案是catch),到分析故事基本要素中小男孩catch a fish, 再到分析父親人物性格中小男孩似乎是catch something from his father,最后通過“照鏡子”的方式去反觀現(xiàn)實(shí)中我們的言行,進(jìn)而檢驗(yàn)我們的學(xué)生是否catch something good from the passage。

(3)調(diào)整教學(xué)內(nèi)容

閱讀材料分教師版和學(xué)生版,教師版盡量原汁原味,而學(xué)生版文章篇幅控制在500詞左右,但同時(shí)保留語言教學(xué)材料的真實(shí)性和地道性。另外文章共九個(gè)段落,前面六個(gè)段落屬于敘述部分,后面三個(gè)段落是議論部分,故在排版時(shí),敘述和議論中間應(yīng)留有較大的空間,并在學(xué)生的閱讀材料上把議論部分折疊,讓學(xué)生分步閱讀,讓學(xué)生帶著懸念去閱讀。

三、教學(xué)過程

Step 1 Warming-up

上課伊始,教師和學(xué)生簡短問候之后接著告訴學(xué)生今天一開始要做一個(gè)猜詞游戲。教師發(fā)出如下指令:

Class. Just now your maths teacher told me that youre very good at maths. So I am thinking about having you guys use your maths knowledge to solve an English puzzle. The answer to the puzzle is an English word. Each of these answers represents the position of an English letter in the English alphabet. So altogether well get five letters. Put together the five letters and you will get the word. Take lg1000 for an example.

T: Whats lg1000?

S: Three

T: Whats the 3rd letter in the English alphabet?

S: C

T: Now lets do it.

lg1000=? tan45°=? |20|=? √9=? 2?=?

T: So the word is catch. But please tell me what you can catch in your life.

S: Some animals, for example, birds, goats, fish or even our teachers suggestions etc.

T: Okay! What do you expect to catch in todays English class. Now lets read a story—Catch of __________

【設(shè)計(jì)意圖和實(shí)施情況】

一開始讓學(xué)生用熟悉的數(shù)學(xué)知識(shí)來熱身,主要目的是為了激發(fā)學(xué)生的興趣,從課堂學(xué)生的反饋來看,學(xué)生很喜歡這種不拘一格的課堂引入。這種新穎的課堂引入方式巧妙地運(yùn)用了學(xué)科融合理論。學(xué)科融合是在承認(rèn)學(xué)科差異的基礎(chǔ)上不斷打破學(xué)科邊界,促進(jìn)學(xué)科間相互滲透,交叉的活動(dòng)。這是學(xué)科發(fā)展的趨勢,更是產(chǎn)生創(chuàng)新性成果的重要途徑。

Step 2 The story

教師發(fā)出如下指令: Lets read the story from P1-P6 and answer the six questions:

◆ Who were the heroes? ◆ Where were they?

◆ When was it? ◆ What were they doing?

◆ Did the son catch anything?

◆ What did the son do with it?

(教師在黑板上畫Father,Son &Fish的簡筆畫,并要求學(xué)生把剛才的答案組成一句話:On an evening , a father and son were fishing from the dock of their house. The son was told to free the fish because the bass season was not opened then.)

【設(shè)計(jì)意圖和實(shí)施情況】

此環(huán)節(jié)旨在運(yùn)用孩子都喜歡讀故事的心理,通過設(shè)置由淺入深的問題,以問答的方式,調(diào)動(dòng)全班同學(xué)的積極性。

Step 3 The father

◆What kind of person was the father? (provide supporting sentences)

◆What did the son “catch” from his father?

師生對(duì)話如下:

T: Class. The story is just a simple story, but what makes a story more than a story? Please share your ideas with your shoulder partners...

S1: ...

S2: ... (學(xué)生不能回答時(shí)可引導(dǎo)他們:A story always wants to tell us something. So, what is the thing?—Theme 教師板書Theme)

T: In order to catch the theme of the story. Lets read the whole passage. Please unfold the whole story. Discuss within groups and figure out what kind of person the father is. Remember to outline some supporting sentences.

S: Honest, strict, caring/loving/ kind... (注意引導(dǎo)學(xué)生找到相應(yīng)的supporting sentences)

T: Class. Youve done a good job. But did the son catch something from his father?

S: Yes.

T: What is it?

S: ...

教師著重強(qiáng)調(diào)文章體現(xiàn)的又一個(gè)“catch”。

【設(shè)計(jì)意圖和實(shí)施情況】

此環(huán)節(jié)旨在讓學(xué)生學(xué)會(huì)細(xì)讀,學(xué)會(huì)對(duì)細(xì)節(jié)進(jìn)行深度挖掘,并試圖培養(yǎng)他們審辯式思維。學(xué)生們對(duì)文中所描繪的父親,其體會(huì)和感覺是不一樣的,這沒有固定的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案來回答父親是一個(gè)什么樣的人,其關(guān)鍵在于學(xué)生“入情,入境”后的理解。課堂上審辯式思維的過程是一個(gè)師生不斷互動(dòng)的過程。學(xué)生通過課堂獲取的信息與自己已有的經(jīng)驗(yàn)進(jìn)行比較,并且思考是否認(rèn)同某一理由或說法。(Cottrell, 2011)

Step 4 The fish

教師發(fā)出如下指令:

Boys and girls. In Paragraph 7, the writer says “... he does see that same fish again and again...” The fish that the son sees is more than just a fish. Please discuss in groups and answer:

◆What is “that same fish”?

◆How do you understand “ethics”?

【設(shè)計(jì)意圖和實(shí)施情況】

此環(huán)節(jié)在圍繞文章主線“catch”的基礎(chǔ)上,引導(dǎo)學(xué)生去思考生活中碰到的“fish”是什么,并讓學(xué)生深度分析ethics在文中的含義。在課堂教學(xué)實(shí)施中學(xué)生單一去理解ethics有相當(dāng)大的難度,而作者對(duì)ethics的解釋即在下一段首句:Ethics are simple matters of right and wrong. 這對(duì)學(xué)生進(jìn)行閱讀微技能中猜詞能力的培養(yǎng)是很好的例證。

Step 5 Do we?

◆What is “that same fish” you have met?

◆Share with us what you did with the “fish”.

師生對(duì)話如下:

T: My dear teachers and students. We do catch this kind of fish in our life from time to time. Right? Please share with us the fish youve met with in your life. And how do you deal with the fish? Are we like them in the pictures?

S: ...

教師接下來展示下列兩張PPT:

【設(shè)計(jì)意圖和實(shí)施情況】

此環(huán)節(jié)力圖和Step 4 聯(lián)系起來,通過“照鏡子”的自省方式來反思和規(guī)范我們的日常行為,以期達(dá)到教育的目的。柏拉圖曾說:“什么是教育?教育是為了以后的生活所進(jìn)行的訓(xùn)練,它能使人變善,從而高尚地行動(dòng)”,“我們可以斷言教育不是像有些人所說的,他們可以把知識(shí)裝進(jìn)空無所有的心靈里,仿佛他們可以把視覺裝進(jìn)盲者的眼里,教育乃是‘心靈的轉(zhuǎn)向”。從課堂的實(shí)施效果來看,學(xué)生們的參與度不錯(cuò),同時(shí)學(xué)生對(duì)彼此的論述也持有批判的意見。這樣的課堂設(shè)置促進(jìn)了學(xué)生辯式思維能力的發(fā)展。

Step 6 Be critical

◆Was the fathers teaching the best? If you were the father, what would you do?

◆Putting the fish back means obeying the rules. So is obeying the rules always right?

師生對(duì)話如下:

T: Was the fathers teaching the best? If you were the father, what would you do?

S: ...

T: (追問學(xué)生): If I allowed my son to keep the fish, how would you punish me? Fine me or throw me into prison?

S: ...

T: Does putting the fish back means obeying the rules? But is obeying the rules always right? For example, we were told not to tell a lie. Its a kind of rule. But how about facing those bad guys? We were told not to run the red light. What if someone in your family were seriously ill and you had to send her/him to hospital as soon as possible?

S: ...

【設(shè)計(jì)意圖和實(shí)施情況】

本環(huán)節(jié)旨在進(jìn)一步訓(xùn)練高二學(xué)生的深度思維能力和發(fā)散思維能力。在教學(xué)過程中,學(xué)生的思維是有深度的,發(fā)散的,批判性的。第一、讓學(xué)生站在父親的立場上去換位思考,他們得出的教育方法是多樣的,而他們的決定又沒有固定的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。第二、課堂上,老師不停地推動(dòng)學(xué)生的思維運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)。當(dāng)老師問到如果讓自己的孩子保留釣起的那條鱸魚,應(yīng)該受到什么樣的懲罰時(shí),學(xué)生有的認(rèn)為應(yīng)該罰款,有的認(rèn)為該坐牢,學(xué)生們的熱情被再次點(diǎn)燃。與此同時(shí),學(xué)生的思維有了深度,無論是用罰款還是坐牢等懲戒措施,高二學(xué)生又必須站在人性的高度去考慮問題。第三、老師繼續(xù)問學(xué)生,“釋放鱸魚意味著是對(duì)規(guī)則的一種遵守,那么遵守規(guī)則是否永遠(yuǎn)是正確的;比如:我們深知不可闖紅燈,但如果我們的親人身患重病,必須第一時(shí)間送她/他去醫(yī)院時(shí),又當(dāng)如何處理?”。此時(shí),學(xué)生的熱度已達(dá)到最高點(diǎn),這無疑是學(xué)生們從未想過的問題,這亦是在挑戰(zhàn)他們傳統(tǒng)的思維方式。學(xué)生們辯證地,批判性地看問題的意識(shí)明顯在增強(qiáng)。

Step 7 The title

◆ Complete the title.

◆ Compare your groups title with the authors.

教師發(fā)出如下的指令:

T: Boys and girls, your performance today is fantastic. However, our story today has got no title. Please discuss in groups to name a new title. Later on, lets compare whether our title is better than that of the authors.

S: An Unforgettable Evening/ Fishing/ Father and Son/ Caching a Bass/ The Fish ...

教師先讓學(xué)生討論,分享然后給出作者原來的題目:Catch of a Lifetime (一生的收獲)

【設(shè)計(jì)意圖和實(shí)施情況】

此環(huán)節(jié)力圖讓學(xué)生在深入理解文章主題的同時(shí),培養(yǎng)其創(chuàng)新思維能力。沒有最好的標(biāo)題,只有更好的。學(xué)生們所站的維度,理解的深淺都直接或間接地影響了標(biāo)題的擬定。從現(xiàn)場的生成來看,學(xué)生的標(biāo)題都有針對(duì)性和概括性,例如:Catching More Than a Fish;An Unforgettable Evening etc.

Step 8 Assignment

Continue to write what kind of person the son would become if his father didnt ask him to put the fish back. Share your story later in your English class.

【設(shè)計(jì)意圖】

此環(huán)節(jié)旨在通過續(xù)寫故事的方式,讓學(xué)生對(duì)文章所傳遞的內(nèi)容做進(jìn)一步的思考。最后教師總結(jié)提升“人生要讀三本書:有字之書,無字之書和心靈之書”。(Everyone will have to read three books in his whole life: a book with words, a book without words, a book of his own heart.)

四、教學(xué)反思

整體上,本堂課基本實(shí)現(xiàn)了教學(xué)目標(biāo),并有以下幾點(diǎn)較好的做法和值得反思的地方:

1.導(dǎo)入新穎獨(dú)特

課堂伊始,教師給學(xué)生說要做游戲,而喜歡游戲又是孩子的天性;但這次的游戲又與普通的游戲與眾不同:英文老師讓孩子做的是數(shù)學(xué)游戲。無論哪一種類型的學(xué)生在這樣的環(huán)節(jié)都會(huì)被點(diǎn)燃熱情。一堂好課的開始就當(dāng)如寫文章“起句當(dāng)如爆竹,驟響易徹”。

2.思維訓(xùn)練充分

在本堂課中,師生對(duì)話是多維度的,既有點(diǎn)的東西,也有面的東西。本堂課努力嘗試以說和讀培養(yǎng)思維的訓(xùn)練方式,努力使高二學(xué)生的深度思維能力、審辯式思維能力、創(chuàng)造性思維能力得到一定程度的鍛煉與培養(yǎng)。

3.課堂生成鮮活

現(xiàn)代學(xué)習(xí)觀認(rèn)為,學(xué)習(xí)是學(xué)生主動(dòng)建構(gòu)知識(shí)的過程,是通過參與者的行為和交互作用而生成的,而不是通過教學(xué)計(jì)劃預(yù)先設(shè)定的課程(郝永華, 2010)。學(xué)生的回答都是現(xiàn)場生成的,而往往現(xiàn)場生成的東西,才是最真實(shí)的。

4.德育浸潤合理

在Step 5時(shí),通過“照鏡子”的方式,讓學(xué)生去反思自己平時(shí)的言行,從而在孩子心中悄悄種下一顆德育的種子。期間無須過多的說理,德育目的自然達(dá)到。這在一定程度上詮釋了程曉堂老師所提的,“教師要善于走出教材,活用教材,充分挖掘教材中蘊(yùn)含的德育因素,培養(yǎng)學(xué)生良好的情感態(tài)度(程曉堂, 2002)?!?/p>

雖然本堂課力求通過一種嘗試,努力讓學(xué)生的思維在一定程度上得到鍛煉,但教學(xué)是門遺憾的藝術(shù),沒有一節(jié)課是完美無缺的。學(xué)生思維的培養(yǎng)是一個(gè)長期的過程。

【參考文獻(xiàn)】

[1]教育部. 普通高中英語課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)(實(shí)驗(yàn))[M]. 北京:人民教育出版社,2003.

[2]龔亞夫. 多元目標(biāo)英語課程[M]. 高等教育出版社,2015.

[3]洛林·安德森. 布盧姆教育目標(biāo)分類學(xué)[M]. 外語教學(xué)與研究出版社出版,2009.

[4]外語教學(xué)與研究出版社. 普通高中課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)試驗(yàn)教科書. 英語(必修 4)高中二年級(jí)上學(xué)期[T]. 北京:外語教學(xué)與研究出版社,2014.

[5]程曉堂. 英語教材分析與設(shè)計(jì)[M]. 北京:外語教學(xué)與研究出版社,2002.

[6]郝永華. 課堂因生成的實(shí)現(xiàn)而精彩[J]. 中小學(xué)英語教學(xué)與研究,2010(11):24-27.

[7]Nunan, D. Task-based Language Teaching[M]. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011.

[8]Cottrell, S. Critical Thinking Skills: Developing Effective Analysis and Argument[M]. Palgrave Macmillan, 2011.

[9]Glaser, Edward M. Experiment in the Development of Critical Thinking (Columbia University Teachers College Contributions to Education No 843) [M]. New York : AMS Press, 1972.

附閱讀材料一則:

Catch of ______________

① He was 11 and went fishing every chance he got from the dock at his familys small house on an island in the middle of a New Hampshire lake.

② On the day before the bass (鱸魚) season opened, he and his father were fishing early in the evening, catching sunfish and bass with worms. Then he tied on a small silver lure (誘餌) and practiced casting (拋線). The lure struck the water and caused colored ripples (漣漪) in the sunset, then silver ripples as the moon rose over the lake. When his fishing pole bent a lot, he knew something big was on the other end. His father watched with admiration as the boy skillfully worked the fish along the dock.

③ Finally, he carefully lifted the exhausted fish from the water. Wow! It was the largest one he had ever seen, but it was a bass.

④ The boy and his father looked at the handsome fish, gills (鰓) playing back and forth in the moonlight. The father lit a match and looked at his watch. It was 22:00PM—two hours before the season opened. He looked at the fish, and then at the boy. “Youll have to put it back, son.” he said. “Dad!” cried the boy. “There will be other fish,” said his father. “But not as big as this one,” cried the boy.

⑤ The boy looked around the lake. No other fishermen or boats were anywhere around in the moonlight. He looked again at his father. Even though no one had seen them, nor could anyone ever know what time he caught the fish, the boy could tell by his fathers clear voice that his decision was not changed. He slowly worked the hook out of the mouth of the big bass and put it into the black water. The creature swung its tail and disappeared. The boy doubted that he would never see such a great fish again.

⑥ That was 34 years ago. Today, the boy is successful in New York. His fathers small house is still there. He takes his own children fishing from the same dock.

⑦ And he was right. He has never again caught such a great fish as the one he freed that night long ago. But he does see that same fish—again and again—every time he faces a question of ethics.

⑧ As his father taught him, ethics are simple matters of right and wrong. It is only the practice of ethics that is difficult. Do we do right when no one is looking? Do we run the red light when therere no cars?

⑨ We would if we were taught to put the fish back when we were young. For we would have learned the truth. The decision to do right always lives fresh in our memory. It is a story we should proudly tell our friends and children. Not about how we had a chance to beat the system and took it, but about how we did the right thing and were forever strengthened.

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