動(dòng)詞不定式是高中學(xué)生英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)的重點(diǎn)和難點(diǎn),掌握好這一個(gè)重點(diǎn),并突破這個(gè)難點(diǎn),對(duì)于學(xué)生的高考很重要。因此,本文將從以下五個(gè)方面歸納且探究其用法。
一、動(dòng)詞不定式的定義
不定式是動(dòng)詞的一種非謂語(yǔ)形式,由不定式符號(hào)to+動(dòng)詞原形構(gòu)成。
二、不定式有以下幾種形式
1. to do sth.(一般時(shí))
2. to be doing sth.(進(jìn)行時(shí))
3. to have done(完成時(shí))
4. to be done(被動(dòng)式)
5. to have been done(完成被動(dòng))
6. not (never) to do sth.(否定式)
三、不定式的特點(diǎn)
1.沒有人稱和數(shù)的變化,在句中不能做謂語(yǔ)(由于它為非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞),但是有時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)的變化。
2.仍保留有動(dòng)詞的特點(diǎn),即可有自己的賓語(yǔ)和狀語(yǔ),和他們一起構(gòu)成不定式短語(yǔ)。
3.具有名詞、形容詞和副詞的特點(diǎn)。
4.在句子中可以作下成分:主、賓、表、賓補(bǔ)、定、狀語(yǔ)。
四、不定式的具體用法
1.作主語(yǔ),常用it做形式主語(yǔ)。To master a foreign language is necessary. → It is necessary to master a foreign language.
2.作賓語(yǔ):
(1) vt.+to do sth.He decided to go to New York this summer vacation.以下這些動(dòng)詞常用這個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu):hope wish want; demand ask; agree promise; manage learn decide; refuse pretend choose
(2) vt.+(疑問詞)+to do sth. I dont know what to do next.
(3) 如果作賓語(yǔ)的不定式太長(zhǎng),用it作形式賓語(yǔ),而把不定式放在后面。I think it useful to learn English.
3.作表語(yǔ), 說明主語(yǔ)的內(nèi)容。在多數(shù)情況下,不定式作表語(yǔ)可換為作主語(yǔ)。The most important thing is to work hard. = To work hard is the most important thing.
4.作賓補(bǔ), 放在賓語(yǔ)之后。
(1) vt. sb. to do sth.→advise, ask, expect, order, require, teach, want, forbid, drive, permit, tell, warn, request, allow, cause, command, direct(指示), force, invite, lead, prefer, wish,He advised me to take more exercise and drink enough water every day.
(2) 使役動(dòng)詞或感官動(dòng)詞+ sb. do sth. →make, let, have; hear; see, watch, notice, observe; feel
He made me take more exercise every day.
5.作定語(yǔ):
(1) 置名詞或代詞之后;(2) 在時(shí)間上尚未發(fā)生;(3) 與所修飾詞之間有邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系或動(dòng)賓關(guān)系:He is the last man to leave the classroom.(主謂關(guān)系)I have a lot of work to do.(動(dòng)賓關(guān)系)
6.作狀語(yǔ):
(1) 表目的:in order to do sth. / so as to do sth. / to do sth.置句末時(shí),其前無(wú)逗號(hào), 置句首時(shí)不定式短語(yǔ)之后有逗號(hào)。注意:1)不定式或不定式短語(yǔ)表示的是主語(yǔ)的目的,所以不定式的邏輯主語(yǔ)必須與句子主語(yǔ)一致。2)如果不定式的邏輯主語(yǔ)和句子的主語(yǔ)不一致,則需要用for sb. 來引出其邏輯主語(yǔ),構(gòu)成不定式的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)。He opened the door for the students to come in.3)目的狀語(yǔ)從句與不定式的轉(zhuǎn)換:當(dāng)目的狀語(yǔ)從句的主語(yǔ)與主句的主語(yǔ)一致時(shí),從句作狀語(yǔ)可以轉(zhuǎn)換成不定式作狀語(yǔ)。so that 和in order that 引導(dǎo)目的狀語(yǔ)從句時(shí),常與情態(tài)動(dòng)詞can/could/may/might等連用。
(2)表原因:Im very glad / sorry to hear that.
(3)表結(jié)果:
1)熟悉 too + adj.+ to do sth 與so+ adj.+ that從句的轉(zhuǎn)換。
△He is too young to go to school=He is so young that he cant go to school.
2) only to do sth出乎意料的結(jié)果。
△He hurried to the station, only to find the train had gone.
△He hurried to the airport only to be told that the tickets had been sold out.
五、不定式的其它用法及特點(diǎn)
1. 不定式在but之后的用法
He has nothing to do but listen to some light music.
He has no choice but to sleep.
I cant but admire her courage and bravery.
= I cant help but admire her courage and bravery.
= I cant choose but admire her courage and bravery.
2. 不定式在adj. (easy, hard, difficult……)之后用主動(dòng)表被動(dòng)。 These problems are not easy to solve.
3. 不定式的省略。
1)當(dāng)重復(fù)to do sth. 時(shí),用to替代。I wanted to ride in the street, but my father told me not to.
2)當(dāng)重復(fù)to be sth. 時(shí),用to be替代。 —Would you like to be my friend? —Yes, Id like to be.
3)當(dāng)重復(fù)to have done sth. 時(shí),用to have替代。 —Do you know he finished his work? Yes! He is said to have.
總之,所有學(xué)生要通過歸納和探究的方式去學(xué)習(xí)動(dòng)詞不定式的用法,并且通過大量的練習(xí)去鞏固其用法,這樣就可以輕松地掌握其用法和規(guī)律并應(yīng)對(duì)高考。
【作者簡(jiǎn)介】張靜,陜西省鎮(zhèn)安中學(xué)。