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pVAX—eNOS轉染急性心肌梗死患者早期內皮祖細胞及對其活性的影響

2019-05-28 11:31黃曉燕王沙沈鑫
中國醫(yī)藥導報 2019年11期
關鍵詞:急性心肌梗死

黃曉燕 王沙 沈鑫

[摘要] 目的 探討利用pVAX1介導一氧化氮合酶(eNOS)基因體外轉染急性心肌梗死患者(AMI)外周血早期內皮祖細胞(EPCs)的可行性。 方法 選擇陜西省人民醫(yī)院2017年12月~2018年6月因心臟病發(fā)病入院且經冠脈造影檢查確診為AMI患者30例。Ficoll密度梯度離心法分離患者空腹靜脈外周血單個核細胞誘導培養(yǎng)至EPCs并鑒定,純化pVAX-eNOS質粒。將EPCs分為3組,eNOS轉染組:用陽離子聚合物JetPEITM體外轉染eNOS基因至EPCs。轉染后24 h,硝酸還原酶法檢測EPCs中一氧化氮(NO)的含量,ELISA和Western blot檢測EPCs分泌eNOS及血管內皮生長因子(VEGF)的能力;采用Wst-1法檢測EPCs增殖情況,用Transwell小室檢測各組EPCs遷移及黏附功能;空質粒轉染組:只轉染pVAX空質粒至EPCs中;對照組:不轉染EPCs。 結果 成功轉染pVAX-eNOS基因至AMI患者早期EPCs,轉染后24 h,與空質粒轉染組及對照組比較,NO含量明顯升高(P < 0.01),eNOS表達量明顯增加(P < 0.01),分泌VEGF的能力明顯增強(P < 0.01);EPCs增殖、遷移及黏附能力明顯增加(P < 0.01),空質粒轉染組與對照組比較,差異無統(tǒng)計學意義(P > 0.05)。 結論 陽離子聚合物JetPEITM可成功介導pVAX-eNOS有效轉染AMI患者早期EPCs,并有效增強EPCs增殖、遷移、黏附及分泌功能,為AMI患者進行自體EPCs移植改善心肌缺血奠定了基礎。

[關鍵詞] pVAX-eNOS;內皮祖細胞;轉染;急性心肌梗死

[中圖分類號] R542 [文獻標識碼] A [文章編號] 1673-7210(2019)04(b)-0009-05

Effect of pVAX-eNOS transfection on the early endothelial progenitor cells from the patients with acute myocardial infarction

HUANG Xiaoyan1 WANG Sha2 SHEN Xin3 SUN Jingying1 DONG Xianghui4 JIN Zhankui4 SONG Baoguo2 LIANG Daoyan1 XU Cuixiang5

1.Department of Labratory Center, Shaanxi Provincial People′s Hospital, Shaanxi Province, Xi′an 710068, China; 2.Department of Cardial Surgery, Shaanxi Provincial People′s Hospital, Shaanxi Province, Xi′an 710068, China; 3.Department of Obstetric, Shaanxi Provincial People′s Hospital Maternity Hospital, Shaanxi Province, Xi′an 710068, China; 4.Department of Clinical Center, Shaanxi Provincial People′s Hospital, Shaanxi Province, Xi′an 710068, China; 5.Visitthe Cencer, Shaanxi Provincial People′s Hospital, Shaanxi Province, Xi′an 710068, China

[Abstract] Objective To investigate the feasibility of transfection of early endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) in peripheral blood of patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) in vitro using pvax1-mediated nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) gene. Methods From December 2017 to June 2018, 30 cases of AMI patients admitted to Shaanxi Provincial People′s Hospital due to heart disease and diagnosed by coronary angiography were selected. The Ficoll density gradient centrifugation method was used to isolate mononuclear cells in the peripheral blood of patients with fasting veins and induce them to culture into EPCs for identification and purification of pvax-enos plasmids. EPCs were divided into three groups: eNOS transfection group, cationic polymer JetPEITM was used to transfect eNOS gene into EPCs in vitro. After transfection for 24 h, nitric oxide (NO) content in EPCs was detected by nitrate reductase method, and the ability of eNOS and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) secretion by EPCs was detected by ELISA and Western blot. The proliferation of EPCs was detected by Wst-1 method, and the migration and adhesion of EPCs in each group were detected by Transwell chamber. Empty plasmid transfection group, only pVAX empty plasmid was transfected into EPCs. Control group, no transfection of EPCs. Results Pvax-enos gene was successfully transfected into early EPCs of AMI patients, and 24 h after transfection, the content of NO was significantly increased compared with the blank plasmid transfection group and the control group (P < 0.01), The expression of eNOS was significantly increased (P < 0.01), and the ability to secrete VEGF was significantly increased (P < 0.01). The ability of proliferation, migration and adhesion of EPCs was significantly increased (P < 0.01), and there was no significant difference between the empty plasmid transfection group and the control group (P > 0.05). Conclusion Cationic polymer JetPEITM can successfully mediate the effective transfection of pvax-enos into early EPCs in AMI patients, and effectively enhance the proliferation, migration, adhesion and secretion of EPCs, which lays a foundation for the improvement of myocardial ischemia in AMI patients by autologous EPCs transplantation.

[Key words] pVAX- endothelialnitric oxide synthase; Endothelial progenitor cells; Transfection; Acute myocardial infarction

內皮損傷是急性心肌梗死(acute myocardial infarction,AMI)的始動環(huán)節(jié)[1]。因此,心肌梗死部位血管新生、內皮修復和心肌再生是改善AMI預后的關鍵[2]。內皮祖細胞(endothelial progenitor cells,EPCs)是成熟內皮細胞的前體細胞,具有新生血管和新生皮化作用,但其生物學特征及鑒定方法仍存爭議。目前,EPCs公認的表面標記有CD133+、CD34+及血管內皮細胞生長因子受體2(VEGFR-2)[3]。有研究[4-5]表明,外周血中循環(huán)EPCs水平與冠脈病變程度及狹窄的百分比息息相關,并且EPCs及其分泌的細胞因子參與血管形成和組織修復,增強局部缺血心肌的恢復[6-8],促進心肌缺血區(qū)域的側支循環(huán)和血管新生。目前,治療性血管生成用于治療AMI有著非常大的潛在臨床應用價值[9]。

然而,AMI患者體內由于病理微環(huán)境及多種冠心病危險因素嚴重影響EPCs數(shù)量及功能[10-12],這些限制了EPCs自體移植的臨床效果。EPCs在分化成為內皮細胞時可釋放一氧化氮(NO),內皮型一氧化氮合酶(endothelialnitric oxide synthase,eNOS)是一氧化氮合成的關鍵酶。有研究[13]證實eNOS體外轉染EPCs可增殖EPCs,修復受損血管。但所用載體大多為重組腺病毒,無法進行臨床治療。pVAX質粒是由美國食品和藥品管理委員會(FDA)推薦的唯一可以應用于人體實驗的載體質粒[14]。本研究將構建的pVAX1-eNOS質粒轉染至AMI患者早期EPCs中,檢測pVAX1介導的eNOS基因是否能有限轉染和成功表達,并以觀察其效果及可能的作用機制,為AMI患者自體EPCs移植改善血管功能奠定基礎。

1 材料與方法

1.1 材料

pVAX1-eNOS質粒由渥太華總醫(yī)院Duncan J. Stewart教授所惠贈。AMI患者外周血(經冠脈造影診斷的AMI的患者);人外周血淋巴細胞分離液(購自北京索萊寶公司);人纖連蛋白(購自源葉公司);胎牛血清(購自Hyclone公司);EMB-2血管內皮細胞生長培養(yǎng)試劑盒(購自美國Lonza公司);抗人CD34-FITC抗體、抗人CD133-FITC抗體、抗人VEGFR2-FITC抗體(購自美國ebioscience公司);兔抗人eNOS mAb、兔抗人VEGF mAb(購自ABcam公司)、HRP標記的山羊抗兔二抗和HRP標記的兔抗小鼠二抗、小鼠抗β-actin mAb、細胞消化酶液(購自依科生物科技有限公司);eNOS ELISA檢測試劑盒、NO檢測試劑盒、血管內皮細胞生長因子(VEGF)ELISA檢測試劑盒(購自Sigma公司);Wst-1細胞增殖檢測試劑盒(購自上海貝博有限公司)、JetPEI體外轉染試劑盒(購自法國Polyplus-transfection公司)。

1.2 方法

1.2.1 EPCs分離、培養(yǎng)與鑒定 選擇陜西省人民醫(yī)院2017年12月~2018年6月因心臟病發(fā)病入院并經冠脈造影檢查確診為AMI患者30例,其中男14例,女16例。無菌采集患者外周血,所有患者均符合WHO診斷標準,且均簽署知情同意書,每份20 mL。Ficoll密度梯度離心分離單個核細胞。以1.5×106個/mL分別接種于人纖連蛋白包被的25 cm2的塑料培養(yǎng)瓶中,每瓶4 mL,置含20%胎牛血清的EBM-2的培養(yǎng)基中培養(yǎng);置5% CO2持續(xù)通氣、濕度95%、37℃恒溫培養(yǎng)箱中培養(yǎng)48 h后首次換液;每2天換液1次,第6天挑選長梭形細胞進行流式細胞鑒定[15]。將FITC-CD34、FITC-VEGFR2(KDR)、FITC-CD133抗體分別加入收集的貼壁細胞中,于4℃避光孵育30 min,磷酸鹽緩沖液(PBS)洗滌后,制成單細胞懸液,取1×105個細胞經280 μL PBS懸浮后,分裝成7管用流式細胞儀檢測,其中一管不加抗體作為空白對照組。

1.2.2 實驗分組及處理 EPCs培養(yǎng)至第6天,EPCs 80%~90%融合時用0.25%胰酶消化,以1×105/孔種植于六孔板,細胞培養(yǎng)液EBM-2 2 mL,置于37℃、5% CO2培養(yǎng)箱內孵育18~24 h,細胞密度為40%~50%。此時,將EPCs分為3組,eNOS轉染組:按照JetPEI體外轉染說明書將pVAX-eNOS轉染至EPCs中;空質粒轉染組:按以上步驟轉染pVAX至EPCs中;對照組:不轉染EPCs。各組EPCs在培養(yǎng)24 h后進行以下檢測。

1.2.3 各組EPCs中NO含量和eNOS表達量的測定 收集各組EPCs細胞培養(yǎng)上清液,用硝酸還原酶法測NO的含量,用人eNOS酶聯(lián)免疫吸附法(ELISA)檢測試劑盒檢測各組eNOS含量,嚴格按照試劑盒說明書操作;用Western blot法檢測各組eNOS蛋白表達水平。

1.2.4 各組EPC細胞上清液中血管內皮生長因子(VEGF)分泌量檢測 采用ELISA試劑盒檢測各組上清液中VEGF的表達情況;用Western blot法驗證各組VEGF蛋白表達水平。

1.2.5 Wst-1檢測各組EPCs增殖實驗 將各組100 μL EPCs分別以5×104/孔的密度種植于96孔培養(yǎng)板中,每組設5個復孔,依據(jù)Wst-1檢測細胞增殖試劑盒說明,在酶聯(lián)免疫檢測儀上490 nm處波長比色,以EBM-2培養(yǎng)基調零,測定各孔平均OD值,檢測各組EPCs增殖情況。

1.2.6 各組EPCs遷移能力測定 各組EPCs,用0.25%胰酶消化后,制成細胞懸液,2×105/孔各組EPCs加到Transwell小室內培養(yǎng)24 h。刮去濾膜上面未移動的細胞,用多聚甲醛溶液固定Giemsa染色濾膜的下室面。計數(shù)5個隨機200倍視野中遷移細胞的數(shù)量。

1.2.7 各組EPCs黏附能力測定 各組EPCs,用0.25%胰酶消化后,制成細胞懸液,以5×104/孔接種于96孔板,37℃、5% CO2培養(yǎng)箱內孵育30 min,洗去未貼壁細胞,倒置顯微鏡下分別隨機選取5個視野(200×),計數(shù)每組黏附細胞數(shù)。

1.2.8統(tǒng)計學方法 采用SPSS 21.0統(tǒng)計軟件對數(shù)據(jù)進行分析,計量資料采用均數(shù)±標準差(x±s)表示,組間比較采用t檢驗,以P < 0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計學意義。

2 結果

2.1 AMI患者早期EPCs培養(yǎng)過程中形態(tài)變化及鑒定

原代分離出的AMI患者外周血單個核細胞體積偏小,大多呈圓形,經EBM-2完全培養(yǎng)基培養(yǎng)至第2天,細胞開始貼壁,呈條索狀、紡錘狀,集落樣生長,第3天細胞逐漸變大,第6天呈現(xiàn)典型早期內皮祖細胞形態(tài),非克隆式、分散生長的長梭形細胞。見圖1A~C,封四。用FITC-CD34、FITC-CD133、FITC-VEGFR2(KDR)抗體進行流式細胞鑒定即為EPCs。其中,細胞表面分子CD34占82.72%,CD133占15.37%,VEGFR2占45.50%。見圖1D~F,封四。

2.2 pVAX-eNOS轉染對AMI患者EPCs分泌NO、eNOS及VEGF的影響

pVAX-eNOS轉染AMI患者EPCs 3 h,培養(yǎng)24 h后,用NO硝酸還原酶檢測各組NO含量,如圖2A所示,eNOS轉染組NO含量均明顯高于空質粒轉染組和對照組(P < 0.01);用ELISA檢測試劑盒檢測各組eNOS和VEGF表達量,結果如圖2B~C所示,eNOS轉染組eNOS和VEGF表達量均明顯高于空質粒轉染組和對照組(P < 0.01);用Western blot檢測各組eNOS和VEGF蛋白表達水平,結果如圖2D所示,eNOS和VEGF轉染組條帶亮度明顯比空質粒轉染組和對照組增強;通過灰度分析可以看出,eNOS轉染組eNOS和VEGF蛋白表達水平均明顯高于空質粒轉染組和對照組(P < 0.01)(圖2E~F)。說明pVAX-eNOS轉染AMI患者EPCs后,可增強EPCs分泌NO、eNOS及VEGF的功能??召|粒轉染組與對照組比較,差異均無統(tǒng)計學意義(P > 0.05),見圖2。

2.3 pVAX-eNOS轉染對AMI患者EPCs增殖、遷移、黏附功能的影響

pVAX-eNOS轉染AMI患者EPCs 3 h,培養(yǎng)24 h后,用Wst-1試劑檢測各組EPCs增殖情況以及在Transwell小室檢測各組EPCs遷移及黏附功能,eNOS轉染組增殖、遷移及黏附能力明顯高于空質粒轉染組和對照組(P < 0.01);空質粒轉染組與對照組比較,差異無統(tǒng)計學意義(P > 0.05)。見圖3。

3 討論

冠心病逐漸發(fā)展導致的AMI是世界上首要的發(fā)病和死亡原因[16]。AMI危險因素(如高血壓、高膽固醇血癥、吸煙、糖尿病等)大都能降低循環(huán)中EPCs數(shù)量,抑制EPCs修復內皮層的潛能[17-18],使基于EPCs的細胞治療手段在臨床中的應用受限。但是,異體輸注健康人捐獻的EPCs要面臨免疫排斥問題,因此經過功能修飾(如促進動員、歸巢、遷移)等自體EPCs移植治療心血管疾病有更廣闊的應用前景。內皮細胞中的eNOS可生成NO,其擴散到鄰近內皮的血管平滑肌細胞中,起到血管舒張作用[19]。有研究[20-21]顯示,AMI患者體內eNOS減少會造成EPC功能障礙,而過表達eNOS可提高EPCs的再生、遷移成血管能力,阻止AMI進一步惡化。因此,eNOS體外修飾自體EPCs成為增殖EPCs、修復受損血管又一新途徑。

本研究首先采用體外Ficoll密度梯度離心法獲取AMI患者外周血單個核細胞,再通過多種細胞因子誘導其分化得到EPCs并鑒定,驗證了其為靶標細胞EPCs,證實此方法可行。然后通過pVAX-1作為載體,將eNOS成功轉染至AMI患者早期EPCs中,結果發(fā)現(xiàn),eNOS轉染AMI患者EPCs后,其分泌NO、eNOS、VEGF的能力明顯增強,這和最新的研究[22]結果一致。本實驗中eNOS轉染EPCs成功后,轉染組細胞中分泌eNOS的量大幅度提高,eNOS通過不同步驟將細胞內L-精氨酸轉化為NO,致使eNOS轉染組NO分泌明顯高于其他組。再者,eNOS磷酸化是血管結構的主要決定因素,通過eNOS磷酸化介導NO分泌,促進內皮細胞血管生成和遷移[23]。這也解釋了轉染組EPCs遷移及黏附能力高的原因。因此,eNOS和NO激活及分泌增多在內皮功能障礙的治療中是重要的。另外,轉染組細胞分泌VEGF的能力較其他組也明顯增強(P < 0.01),VEGF可結合內皮細胞上特異性VEGF受體(VEGFR),引起VEGFR細胞內特定酪氨酸殘基的磷酸化,從而完成VEGF相應的促增殖作用[24]。這也解釋了轉染組EPCs增殖能力高的原因。另外,VEGF可誘導骨髓源性的EPCs動員到外周血循環(huán)中,促進受損血管的新生[25]。因此本研究推測EPCs的旁分泌作用在抑制宿主心肌細胞凋亡從而改善心功能方面發(fā)揮了一定作用,而eNOS轉染進一步增強了其旁分泌功能并促進新生血管形成。

本研究中eNOS轉染組EPCs增殖、遷移及黏附能力明顯高于空質粒轉染組和對照組(P < 0.01),而內皮細胞的增殖、遷移和黏附能力是其血管新生能力的基礎。這樣使基因轉染EPCs相對于單純EPCs在缺血性血管疾病方面具有了顯著的優(yōu)勢。但本實驗僅研究了pVAX-eNOS轉染AMI患者早期EPCs,轉染其晚期EPCs功效及機制有待進一步研究。

綜上所述,本研究通過檢測AMI患者EPCs中eNOS蛋白的表達證實了pVAX-eNOS轉染成功。而轉染后的AMI患者EPCs的增殖、遷移、黏附能力以及分泌NO、eNOS和VEGF的能力明顯增強,這為下一步進行AMI患者自體EPCs移植、改善心肌缺血奠定了基礎,也為人類缺血性疾病進行細胞治療提供了依據(jù)。

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(收稿日期:2018-08-29 本文編輯:封 華)

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