祝彩霞 楊娟 何勉
【摘要】妊娠合并腸道子宮內(nèi)膜異位癥囊腫破裂臨床上少見(jiàn)。該文報(bào)道了1例未足月妊娠合并回結(jié)腸子宮內(nèi)膜異位癥囊腫破裂患者的診治經(jīng)過(guò)。該患者29歲,孕1產(chǎn)0,停經(jīng)30+1周,因左下腹疼痛8 h入院,入院后完善檢查,經(jīng)抗炎對(duì)癥處理癥狀緩解,7 d后因發(fā)熱伴下腹痛加劇行剖宮產(chǎn)術(shù)及剖腹探查術(shù)并分娩一健康男嬰,術(shù)中可見(jiàn)腹腔大量膿性液體,乙狀結(jié)腸可捫及一包塊,邊界不清,已破裂,術(shù)后病理回報(bào)符合回結(jié)腸子宮內(nèi)膜異位癥。該例提示,妊娠合并回結(jié)腸子宮內(nèi)膜異位癥囊腫破裂的臨床癥狀無(wú)特異性,術(shù)前、術(shù)中易誤診,其確診需依賴術(shù)后病理檢查。
【關(guān)鍵詞】妊娠;回結(jié)腸;子宮內(nèi)膜異位囊腫;破裂
【Abstract】Pregnancy complicated with the cyst rupture of ileocolonic endometriosis is rarely encountered in clinical practice. In this article, we reported the diagnosis and treatment of a woman of preterm pregnancy complicated with the cyst rupture of ileocolonic endometriosis. The 29-year-old patient (G1P0) was admitted due to the left lower abdominal pain for 8 h at the 30+1 gestational weeks. After admission, she received comprehensive examinations. The symptoms were alleviated after anti-inflammatory therapy. After 7-d treatment, the patient presented with fever complicated aggravated lower abdominal pain. Subsequently, she underwent cesarean section and laparotomy. Intraoperatively, a large quantity of pus was seen in the abdominal cavity. A ruptured mass with unclear margin was palpable in the sigmoid colon. Pathological examination confirmed the diagnosis of ileocolonic endometriosis. This case prompted that pregnancy complicated with the cyst rupture of ileocolonic endometriosis has no specific symptoms, which is likely to be misdiagnosed before and during surgery. The diagnosis depends upon postoperative pathological examination.
【Key words】Pregnancy;Ileocolon;Endometriosis cyst;Rupture
子宮內(nèi)膜異位癥指有活性的子宮內(nèi)膜細(xì)胞種植在子宮內(nèi)膜以外的位置,是婦科的常見(jiàn)疾病之一[1]。腸道子宮內(nèi)膜異位癥是子宮內(nèi)膜細(xì)胞種植到腸道的一種深部子宮內(nèi)膜異位癥,患者如囊腫破裂可引起嚴(yán)重的急腹癥。妊娠合并腸道子宮內(nèi)膜異位癥發(fā)病率低,約占子宮內(nèi)膜異位癥發(fā)病率的3.8%,臨床癥狀無(wú)特異性,超聲和MRI檢查受妊娠子宮的影響,術(shù)前確診率低,需要手術(shù)中探查和活組織病理檢查(活檢)確診。目前該類病例報(bào)道較少,本文總結(jié)了我院近年收治的一例妊娠合并回結(jié)腸子宮內(nèi)膜異位癥囊腫破裂患者診療經(jīng)過(guò),以供臨床同道參考。
病例資料
一、病史與體格檢查
患者女,29歲。因“停經(jīng)30+1周,左下腹疼痛8 h”于2016年12月29日入院?;颊咴?產(chǎn)0,月經(jīng)史無(wú)特殊,既往體健,否認(rèn)特殊病史。孕期規(guī)律行產(chǎn)前檢查,孕早期核對(duì)孕周準(zhǔn)確。孕9周因腹痛住院,行超聲檢查示子宮上方實(shí)性腫塊,約5 cm×3 cm,考慮腸道來(lái)源腫塊,婦科腫瘤標(biāo)志物組合未見(jiàn)異常。予抗炎、補(bǔ)液對(duì)癥治療后出院,孕期定期復(fù)查超聲,腫塊無(wú)明顯變化。孕30+1周無(wú)明顯誘因出現(xiàn)左下腹持續(xù)性疼痛,4 h后自行緩解,于我院急診入院。
入院體格檢查:體溫36.9℃,脈搏92次/分,血壓116/68 mm Hg(1 mm Hg = 0.133 kPa),呼吸20次/分。腹軟,左下腹壓痛(+),反跳痛(+)。宮高29 cm,腹圍90 cm;胎心140次/分。
二、實(shí)驗(yàn)室及輔助檢查
血常規(guī):血紅蛋白110 g/L,紅細(xì)胞4.6×1012/L,白細(xì)胞18.9×109/L,淋巴細(xì)胞2.4×109/L,中性粒細(xì)胞16.5×109/L。CRP 60 mg/L,降鈣素原0.11 μg/L。產(chǎn)科彩超:宮內(nèi)妊娠,孕32周,受明顯增大的子宮影響,原腹腔腫物不能探及。泌尿系、肝膽胰脾、闌尾超聲檢查未見(jiàn)異常。盆腹腔MRI提示腸道占位性病變(45 mm×32 mm)。
三、診療過(guò)程
入院診斷:孕1產(chǎn)0,宮內(nèi)妊娠30+1周,左枕橫位,單活胎,先兆早產(chǎn);腹痛查因;子宮上方腫物性質(zhì)待查。入院后予頭孢呋辛鈉抗感染、地塞米松促胎肺成熟治療,患者腹痛明顯緩解。7 d后孕婦無(wú)明顯誘因再次出現(xiàn)左下腹疼痛,無(wú)緩解。體格檢查:體溫37.9℃,腹隆,左下腹壓痛及反跳痛明顯,腸鳴音弱;未捫及宮縮,胎心146次/分。
復(fù)查CRP 34 mg/L,白細(xì)胞16.5×109/L??紤]急腹癥,未排除盆腔腫物破裂可能,急診行子宮下段剖宮產(chǎn)術(shù),新生兒出生體質(zhì)量1.90 kg,身長(zhǎng)40 cm,因早產(chǎn)轉(zhuǎn)新生兒科。剖宮術(shù)中探查:子宮形態(tài)正常,子宮左、右側(cè)壁靠近切口處組織質(zhì)脆;右側(cè)附件正常;左側(cè)卵巢正常,左側(cè)輸卵管與腸壁粘連;腹腔見(jiàn)膿性液體滲出,乙狀結(jié)腸可捫及一包塊,邊界不清,與周圍腸管粘連。術(shù)中請(qǐng)外科醫(yī)師會(huì)診,予乙狀結(jié)腸病灶切除術(shù)聯(lián)合回腸部分切除術(shù)。術(shù)中出血500 ml。術(shù)后活檢示乙狀結(jié)腸、回腸子宮內(nèi)膜異位癥伴蛻膜樣變。免疫組織化學(xué)染色示:CD10、雌激素受體(ER)、孕激素受體(PR)、細(xì)胞角蛋白(CK)均(+),CD163、CK20、CDX-2、人絨毛膜促性腺激素、肌動(dòng)蛋白、CD34均(-)。術(shù)后患者生命體征平穩(wěn),繼續(xù)予頭孢哌酮舒巴坦鈉抗感染治療,11 d后出院,3個(gè)月后行小腸造瘺還納術(shù),術(shù)后恢復(fù)好,Ⅱ型傷口甲級(jí)愈合,隨訪超聲未見(jiàn)明顯異常。
討論
妊娠合并腸道子宮內(nèi)膜異位癥囊腫破裂可引起各種妊娠期并發(fā)癥,如早產(chǎn)、自發(fā)腹腔出血和腸穿孔等,是罕見(jiàn)的產(chǎn)科急危重癥,誤診率高[2-3]。有研究認(rèn)為,輔助生殖技術(shù)的應(yīng)用是孕期出現(xiàn)腸穿孔的危險(xiǎn)因素,但本例患者為自然受孕,無(wú)明顯危險(xiǎn)因素[4]。
腸道子宮內(nèi)膜異位癥引起腸穿孔的病理生理機(jī)制仍不明確。腸道子宮內(nèi)膜異位囊腫組織壓迫性壞死可能是導(dǎo)致腸穿孔的主要原因[3]。腸道子宮內(nèi)膜異位囊腫破裂的臨床表現(xiàn)不典型,可表現(xiàn)為發(fā)熱、腹痛、腹膜刺激征、胎兒窘迫等[5]。其確診主要依據(jù)術(shù)中所見(jiàn)和病理診斷。妊娠期超聲、MRI等影像學(xué)檢查具有一定局限性,本例患者多次影像學(xué)檢查均未排除腸道來(lái)源腫瘤、予抗生素抗感染治療后疼痛緩解,可能是導(dǎo)致誤診的主要原因。隨著孕周的增加,腹腔壓力和增大的子宮的壓迫,回結(jié)腸子宮內(nèi)膜異位囊腫受壓可能引起囊腫破裂,導(dǎo)致急腹癥[6]。
妊娠晚期出現(xiàn)急腹癥,需要及時(shí)行剖宮產(chǎn)終止妊娠。剖宮產(chǎn)術(shù)中應(yīng)仔細(xì)探查盆腹腔情況,及時(shí)切除破裂壞死腸道,圍手術(shù)期時(shí)應(yīng)予廣譜抗生素預(yù)防感染,本例患者在剖宮產(chǎn)后行乙狀結(jié)腸病灶切除術(shù)聯(lián)合回腸部分切除術(shù),切除腸道壞死病灶,擇期行小腸造瘺還納術(shù),術(shù)后恢復(fù)好,隨訪超聲未見(jiàn)明顯異常。
綜上所述,對(duì)于妊娠合并腸道腫物的孕婦,要警惕腸道子宮內(nèi)膜異位癥的可能,一旦出現(xiàn)囊腫破裂導(dǎo)致急腹癥,早期發(fā)現(xiàn)、及時(shí)處理治療可有效改善孕產(chǎn)婦和圍生兒預(yù)后。
參 考 文 獻(xiàn)
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(收稿日期:2018-09-18)
(本文編輯:林燕薇)