李麗 邵翠華 房世保 李京智 徐金娥 楊宗利
[摘要]?目的 應(yīng)用聲觸診組織定量(VTQ)技術(shù)對(duì)妊娠期宮頸硬度進(jìn)行評(píng)估,并探討其對(duì)分娩方式選擇的預(yù)測(cè)價(jià)值。
方法選取在我院進(jìn)行常規(guī)產(chǎn)科超聲檢查的孕婦120例,按妊娠期分為3組(早孕組、中孕組、晚孕組)。選取同期31例正常的已婚未孕女性作為對(duì)照組。所有女性在常規(guī)超聲檢查后,先掃查宮頸縱切面,測(cè)量妊娠女性宮頸長(zhǎng)度,再行VTQ檢查,獲取妊娠各組及對(duì)照組宮頸前、后壁的剪切波速度(SWV),并進(jìn)行比較。同時(shí)對(duì)妊娠期宮頸SWV均值與宮頸長(zhǎng)度、孕周做相關(guān)性分析。追蹤晚孕組分娩方式,記錄Bishop評(píng)分,對(duì)宮頸SWV均值進(jìn)行ROC曲線分析,獲得最佳臨界值,并分析與宮頸SWV均值的相關(guān)性。
結(jié)果3組妊娠女性的宮頸長(zhǎng)度比較具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異(F=8.625,P<0.05)。早孕組宮頸前、后壁SWV分別為(1.99±0.51)m/s和(1.95±0.44)m/s,中孕組分別為(1.63±0.39)m/s和(1.60±0.35)m/s,晚孕組分別為(1.24±0.19)m/s和(1.25±0.19)m/s,各組間比較差異具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(F=64.202,P<0.05)。早孕組宮頸前、后壁SWV與對(duì)照組比較,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(t=-0.981、-1.357,P>0.05)。妊娠各組及對(duì)照組各自宮頸前、后壁SWV比較均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異(P>0.05)。妊娠期宮頸SWV均值與宮頸長(zhǎng)度呈正相關(guān)(r=0.324,P<0.05),與孕周呈負(fù)相關(guān)(r=-0.673,P<0.05)。經(jīng)陰道分娩組與剖宮產(chǎn)組宮頸各指標(biāo)檢測(cè)值比較,具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異(t=-6.107~5.280,P<0.05),其SWV均值與分娩方式之間存在相關(guān)性(r=0.654,P<0.05)。以SWV=1.24 m/s為臨界點(diǎn)選擇分娩方式,其靈敏度、特異度及約登指數(shù)分別為85.00%、81.30%和0.66。
結(jié)論VTQ技術(shù)可便捷、無創(chuàng)地定量分析妊娠期宮頸彈性硬度信息,為宮頸成熟度的評(píng)估提供了一種新的輔助檢查方法,對(duì)預(yù)測(cè)分娩方式有一定的指導(dǎo)作用。
[關(guān)鍵詞]?彈性成像技術(shù);孕婦;宮頸成熟;分娩;超聲檢查,產(chǎn)前
[中圖分類號(hào)]?R445.1
[文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼]?A
[文章編號(hào)]??2096-5532(2019)01-0107-04
VALUE OF CERVICAL STIFFNESS DURING PREGNANCY EVALUATED BY VIRTUAL TOUCH QUANTIFICATION IN PREDICTING THE MODE OF DELIVERY
LI Li, SHAO Cuihua, FANG Shibao, LI Jingzhi, XU Jin′e, YANG Zongli
(Department of Ultrasonography, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266100, China)
[ABSTRACT]ObjectiveTo investigate cervical stiffness during pregnancy using virtual touch quantification (VTQ) and its value in predicting mode of delivery.
MethodsA total of 120 pregnant women who underwent conventional ultrasound in our hospital were divided into early, mid, and late pregnancy groups according to gestational weeks; 31 non-pregnant married women were enrolled as control group. After conventional ultrasound examination, the longitudinal section of the cervix was scanned to measure cervical length for the pregnant women, and then VTQ was performed to obtain the shear wave velocity (SWV) of the anterior and posterior cervical walls of all groups. The correlation of mean SWV values with cervical length and gestational weeks was analyzed. The patients in the late pregnancy group were followed up to record the mode of delivery and Bishop score. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was plotted for mean SWV values to determine the optimal cut-off value for diagnosis, and its correlation with mean SWV values was analyzed.
ResultsThere was a significant difference in cervical length between the early, mid, and late pregnancy groups (F=8.625,P<0.05). The mean SWV values of the anterior and posterior cervical walls were (1.99±0.51) m/s and (1.95±0.44) m/s in the early pregnancy group, (1.63±0.39) m/s and (1.60±0.35) m/s in the mid pregnancy group, and (1.24±0.19) m/s and (1.25±0.19) m/s in the late pregnancy group, and there were significant differences between these three groups (F=64.202,P<0.05). There were no significant differences in the SWV values of the anterior and posterior cervical walls between the early pregnancy group and the control group (t=-0.981 and -1.357,P>0.05), while there were no significant differences between the three pregnancy groups and the control group (t=0.465,P>0.05). Mean SWV value during pregnancy was positively correlated with cervical length (r=0.324,P<0.05) and negatively correlated with gestational weeks (r=-0.673,P<0.05). There were significant differences in mean SWV values between the vaginal delivery group and the cesarean section group (t=-6.107 to 5.280,P<0.05), and there was a correlation between mean SWV values and mode of delivery (r=0.654,P<0.05). At the optimal cut-off value of 1.24 m/s, SWV had a sensitivity of 85.00%, a specificity of 81.30%, and a Youden index of 0.66.
ConclusionVTQ is a convenient and noninvasive method for the quantitative analysis of cervical stiffness during preg-nancy and provides a new auxiliary examination for evaluating cervical maturity, and therefore, it may play a guiding role in predicting mode of delivery.
[KEY WORDS]elasticity imaging techniques; pregnant women; cervical ripening; parturition; ultrasonography, prenatal
聲觸診組織定量(VTQ)技術(shù)是一種新型的超聲檢查方法,通過測(cè)量感興趣區(qū)域(ROI)的橫向剪切波速度(SWV),對(duì)組織彈性進(jìn)行定量評(píng)估,能夠取代當(dāng)前主觀、半定量的觸診方法[1]。目前,VTQ 技術(shù)已經(jīng)廣泛應(yīng)用于甲狀腺[2]、肝臟[3]、腎臟[4]、乳房[5]等病變,在婦科子宮病變中的應(yīng)用也有一定的研究[6-7]。自2006 年 THOMAS[8]?首次發(fā)表關(guān)于超聲彈性成像評(píng)估妊娠期宮頸組織的報(bào)道后,彈性成像在產(chǎn)科的研究相繼出現(xiàn),現(xiàn)已應(yīng)用于早產(chǎn)和引產(chǎn)結(jié)局的預(yù)測(cè)[9-11]。而利用 VTQ 這一彈性技術(shù)定量評(píng)估妊娠期宮頸硬度,國(guó)外僅見少量報(bào)道[12],國(guó)內(nèi)尚未見相關(guān)報(bào)道。本研究旨在利用 VTQ 技術(shù)定量分析妊娠期宮頸硬度信息,為臨床上評(píng)估宮頸成熟度以便選擇分娩方式提供一種新的檢查方法。
1?資料與方法
1.1?對(duì)象及分組
2016年11月—2017年5月,選取來我院進(jìn)行超聲檢查的女性151例,其中孕婦120例,正常已婚未孕女性31例(對(duì)照組),年齡為17~45歲,平均為(25.3±12.4)歲。所有孕婦均為單胎妊娠初產(chǎn)婦,妊娠晚期胎位均為頭位,無早產(chǎn)、頭盆不稱、羊水過多、臍帶繞頸、胎盤低置、胎兒畸形等因素,
均無其他宮頸病變;根據(jù)妊娠期分為3組,即早孕組(11~13周,28例)、中孕組(14~25周,30例)和晚孕組(35~41周,62例),妊娠期長(zhǎng)短以機(jī)器測(cè)量為準(zhǔn)。對(duì)照組均無宮頸疾病,排除宮頸炎癥和宮頸腺體囊腫者。
1.2?儀器與方法
采用Siemens S2000彩色多普勒超聲診斷儀,扇形探頭4C1,頻率4.5 MHz,配備ARFI軟件。所有受檢者取仰臥位并適度充盈膀胱,常規(guī)超聲檢查后掃查宮頸縱切面,觀察宮頸長(zhǎng)度、內(nèi)部回聲及血流情況,并測(cè)量妊娠期宮頸長(zhǎng)度。然后切換至VTQ彈性模式,將取樣框置于宮頸ROI,避開宮頸管線及漿膜線,囑受檢者平靜呼吸,必要時(shí)屏住呼吸。待平穩(wěn)后按Update鍵,儀器自動(dòng)計(jì)算出SWV,并顯示在屏幕右上方。同時(shí)顯示ROI測(cè)量深度,記錄宮頸前、后壁SWV,單位以“m/s”表示,有效測(cè)量3次后取其平均值(圖1)。追蹤晚孕組分娩方式,并記錄Bishop評(píng)分。為保持結(jié)果穩(wěn)定,所有操作均由一名有經(jīng)驗(yàn)的超聲科醫(yī)師完成。
1.3?統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法
采用SPSS 17.0統(tǒng)計(jì)軟件進(jìn)行分析。計(jì)量資料以[AKx-D]±s表示,同一組宮頸前、后壁SWV比較采用配對(duì)樣本的t檢驗(yàn),多組間比較采用單因素方差分析,組間進(jìn)一步比較采用LSD-t法。宮頸SWV均值與宮頸長(zhǎng)度、孕周之間的相關(guān)性均采用Pearson相關(guān)分析。晚孕組已分娩孕婦宮頸SWV均值與分娩方式之間的相關(guān)性采用Spearman相關(guān)分析。繪制宮頸SWV均值的ROC曲線,獲得最佳臨界值。
2?結(jié)??果
2.1?妊娠各組宮頸長(zhǎng)度、妊娠各組及對(duì)照組宮頸前后壁SWV比較
早、中、晚孕組孕婦宮頸長(zhǎng)度均數(shù)比較差異具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(F=8.265,P<0.05)。妊娠各組和對(duì)照組各自宮頸前、后壁SWV比較均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異(P>0.05)。妊娠期3組宮頸前、后壁SWV組間比較均有顯著差異(F=64.202,P<0.05),早孕組>中孕組>晚孕組;而對(duì)照組宮頸前、后壁SWV與早孕組比較均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異(t=-1.105,P>0.05)。晚孕組有5例于外院分娩,2例自行發(fā)動(dòng)分娩,8例因胎盤低置、頭盆不稱等因素均未納入研究范圍;其余符合研究條件的孕婦均進(jìn)行引產(chǎn),引產(chǎn)方法相同,給藥途徑和藥物品種均無差別,最終經(jīng)陰道分娩27例(經(jīng)陰道分娩組,A組),剖宮產(chǎn)20例(剖宮產(chǎn)組,B組)。經(jīng)陰道分娩組宮頸前后壁SWV、宮頸長(zhǎng)度及Bishop評(píng)分與剖宮產(chǎn)組比較均具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異(t=-6.107~5.280,P<0.05),兩組孕婦年齡、孕周、胎兒體質(zhì)量比較均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異(t=-0.999~1.105,P>0.05)。見表1、2。
2.2?妊娠期宮頸SWV均值與宮頸長(zhǎng)度、孕周及分娩方式的相關(guān)性妊娠期宮頸SWV均值與宮頸長(zhǎng)度呈顯著正相關(guān)(r=0.324,P<0.05),與孕周大小呈顯著負(fù)相關(guān)(r=-0.673,P<0.05),晚孕組已分娩孕婦宮頸SWV均值與其分娩方式之間存在顯著正相關(guān)(r=0.654,P<0.05)。
2.3?晚孕組已分娩孕婦宮頸SWV均值的ROC曲線分析
以SWV=1.24 m/s為診斷界值,曲線下面積最大,為0.881,其靈敏度、特異度、Youden指數(shù)分別為85.00%、81.30%、0.66。
3?討??論
隨著妊娠進(jìn)展,宮頸發(fā)生生理性重塑,宮頸逐漸縮短,質(zhì)地變軟成熟而發(fā)動(dòng)自然分娩,因此,宮頸成熟在整個(gè)妊娠分娩過程中發(fā)揮重要作用。目前,評(píng)估宮頸成熟度常用的方法是Bishop評(píng)分和經(jīng)超聲測(cè)量宮頸長(zhǎng)度。Bishop評(píng)分主觀性較強(qiáng),重復(fù)性差,很大程度上依靠檢查者的經(jīng)驗(yàn),而經(jīng)超聲測(cè)量宮頸長(zhǎng)度相對(duì)客觀和準(zhǔn)確。有研究結(jié)果顯示,經(jīng)超聲測(cè)量宮頸長(zhǎng)度能夠預(yù)測(cè)分娩類型,在預(yù)測(cè)價(jià)值上明顯優(yōu)于Bishop評(píng)分[13]。但單純通過測(cè)量宮頸長(zhǎng)度評(píng)估分娩結(jié)局準(zhǔn)確率較低,與Bishop評(píng)分相結(jié)合可提高準(zhǔn)確率[14]。不過這些方法均未反映出宮頸硬度的特點(diǎn),而宮頸硬度的變化被認(rèn)為在自發(fā)性早產(chǎn)的發(fā)病機(jī)制及預(yù)測(cè)分娩方式方面發(fā)揮核心作用[15]。PARRA-SAAVEDRA等[16]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),宮頸縮短之前先變軟,而宮頸長(zhǎng)度所反映出來的宮頸微結(jié)構(gòu)的變化在宮頸成熟進(jìn)程中可能是一個(gè)較晚的指征[17]。EDGER等[18]認(rèn)為,超聲彈性成像可以用于評(píng)估妊娠期宮頸組織的硬度變化,在宮頸管擴(kuò)張、變薄的進(jìn)程中能夠提供額外的信息,對(duì)評(píng)估分娩方式的可能性也有一定的幫助。PERALTA等[19]首次采用動(dòng)物模型對(duì)其宮頸彈性進(jìn)行評(píng)估,認(rèn)為彈性成像能夠定量地評(píng)價(jià)宮頸彈性程度,可作為預(yù)測(cè)引產(chǎn)成功的補(bǔ)充方法。由此可見,宮頸彈性硬度的變化更能反映宮頸的成熟度,而這種變化可被彈性成像技術(shù)定量評(píng)估,較為客觀、可靠。
VTQ技術(shù)是近幾年發(fā)展起來的一種無創(chuàng)的新型彈性成像技術(shù),通過向ROI組織發(fā)射脈沖獲得其SWV,定量反映組織硬度。SWV越大,組織硬度就越大;反之,組織硬度就越小,表示組織越軟。本文研究采用VTQ技術(shù)測(cè)量宮頸前、后壁SWV,通過SWV的大小評(píng)估宮頸軟硬度,結(jié)果顯示早、中、晚孕組宮頸前、后壁SWV比較均具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異,且晚孕組宮頸SWV小于早、中孕組,表明晚孕期宮頸組織較早、中孕期軟。本文結(jié)果還表明,宮頸長(zhǎng)度在晚孕期小于早、中孕期,且宮頸SWV均值與宮頸長(zhǎng)度之間存在正相關(guān),與孕周存在負(fù)相關(guān),說明隨著孕周增大,宮頸長(zhǎng)度變短,宮頸組織變軟,從而促進(jìn)分娩的發(fā)動(dòng),這與FRUSCALZO等[20]的研究結(jié)果一致。而對(duì)照組與早孕組宮頸前、后壁SWV比較無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異,原因可能是妊娠早期宮頸組織變化不明顯所致。另外本研究結(jié)果顯示,妊娠各組及對(duì)照組各自宮頸前、后壁SWV比較均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異,提示在孕期及非孕期狀態(tài)下,宮頸前、后壁之間的彈性和硬度無顯著差異,與以往報(bào)道結(jié)果相一致[21]。本文比較了經(jīng)陰道分娩組和剖宮產(chǎn)組不同分娩方式的參數(shù),結(jié)果顯示兩組宮頸SWV值、宮頸長(zhǎng)度及Bishop評(píng)分均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異,說明宮頸SWV值、宮頸長(zhǎng)度及Bishop評(píng)分均對(duì)分娩方式的選擇有一定的影響,但Bishop評(píng)分和宮頸長(zhǎng)度對(duì)分娩結(jié)局的預(yù)測(cè)價(jià)值有限[22]。而利用VTQ技術(shù)評(píng)估宮頸軟硬度則較為直接、客觀。同時(shí)通過對(duì)宮頸SWV均值的ROC顯示曲線進(jìn)行分析,當(dāng)最佳臨界值為1.24 m/s時(shí),靈敏度及特異度較高,預(yù)測(cè)價(jià)值最佳。本文結(jié)果表明,宮頸彈性測(cè)量對(duì)分娩結(jié)局的預(yù)測(cè)具有重要意義。然而,分娩是一個(gè)較為復(fù)雜的過程,影響因素
較多,單純利用VTQ技術(shù)預(yù)測(cè)分娩方式的價(jià)值也有限,應(yīng)綜合考慮多種因素,以期對(duì)分娩結(jié)局做出更加準(zhǔn)確的判斷。
VTQ技術(shù)有其自身的局限性,其最大測(cè)量深度為8 cm,由二維圖像切換至彈性成像模式時(shí)圖像質(zhì)量下降,且測(cè)量必須在動(dòng)態(tài)情況下進(jìn)行。本研究在測(cè)量過程中存在以下問題:①較肥胖者測(cè)量時(shí)有困難;②呼吸因素對(duì)SWV測(cè)值有影響,尤其晚期妊娠孕婦呼吸幅度較大;③子宮的生理性收縮等。這些因素會(huì)直接影響彈性測(cè)量,因此應(yīng)盡量避免。另外,本研究樣本量較少,還應(yīng)擴(kuò)大樣本量及研究范圍。
綜上所述,本研究結(jié)果表明,妊娠期宮頸硬度信息可以通過定量的形式表現(xiàn)出來,避免了主觀因素的影響,具有一定的臨床可行性。同時(shí),通過SWV的大小判斷宮頸軟硬度,方便、簡(jiǎn)單、無創(chuàng)、具有可重復(fù)性,易被接受,有望為臨床醫(yī)師評(píng)估宮頸成熟度提供一種新的輔助檢查方法,結(jié)合宮頸長(zhǎng)度及其他臨床指標(biāo)可為預(yù)測(cè)分娩方式提供一種新的檢查途徑。
[參考文獻(xiàn)]
[1]FELTOVICH H, HALL T J, BERGHELLA V. Beyond cervical length: emerging technologies for assessing the pregnant cervix[J]. ?American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 2012,207(5):345-354.
[2]董發(fā)進(jìn),徐金鋒,劉慧玉,等. 聲觸診組織定量技術(shù)鑒別診斷甲狀腺良惡性結(jié)節(jié)[J]. ?中國(guó)醫(yī)學(xué)影像技術(shù), 2015,31(3):347-350.
[3]于風(fēng)霞,李萍,楊雪,等. 聲觸診組織定量技術(shù)鑒別肝臟良惡性病灶[J]. ?中國(guó)醫(yī)學(xué)影像技術(shù), 2016,32(4):556-559.
[4]王亮,呂珂,陳麗萌,等. 聲觸診組織定量技術(shù)在慢性腎病中的初步應(yīng)用[J]. ?中國(guó)醫(yī)學(xué)影像技術(shù), 2014,30(11):1700-1703.
[5]郭丹丹,趙玉珍,武敬平,等. 聲觸診組織量化技術(shù)聯(lián)合超聲BI-RADS分級(jí)鑒別乳腺良惡性腫物的價(jià)值[J]. ?中華超聲影像學(xué)雜志, 2016,25(10):884-887.
[6]仲從兵,李嵐,張亦哲,等. 聲輻射力脈沖成像技術(shù)在子宮腺肌癥與子宮肌瘤診斷中的臨床應(yīng)用[J]. ?醫(yī)學(xué)影像學(xué)雜志, 2016,26(5):888-890.
[7]宋琳琳,楊宗利,寧春平,等. 聲觸診組織定量技術(shù)診斷子宮內(nèi)膜病變的初步探討[J]. ?臨床超聲醫(yī)學(xué)雜志, 2016,18(7):483-485.
[8]THOMAS A. Imaging of the cervix using sonoelastography[J]. ?Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology, 2006,28(3):356-357.
[9]WOZNIAK S, CZUCZWAR P, SZKODZIAK P, et al. Elastography for predicting preterm delivery in patients with short cervical length at 18-22 weeks of gestation: a prospective observational study[J]. ?Ginekol Pol, 2015,86(6):442-447.
[10]HERNANDEZ A E, ROMERO R, STEVEN J K. Cervical strain determined by ultrasound elastography and its association with spontaneous preterm delivery[J]. ?J Perinat Med, 2014,42(2):159-169.
[11]SWIATKOWSKA F M, PREIS K. Elastography of the uterine cervix: implications for success of induction of labor[J]. ?Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol, 2011,38:52-56.
[12]LINDSEY C C, HELEN F, MARK L P, et al. Statistical analysis of shear wave speed in the uterine cervix[J]. ?IEEE Trans Ultrason Ferroelectr Freq Control, 2014,61(10):1651-1660.
[13]MARIA GOMEZ-LAENCINA A, PAGES GARCIA C, VILLANUEVA ASENSIO L, et al. Sonographic cervical length as a predictor of type of delivery after induced labor[J]. ?Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics, 2012,285(6):1523-1528.
[14]PENNACHIOTTI PITARELLO P D, YOSHIZAKI C T, RUANO R, et al. Prediction of successful labor induction using transvaginal sonographic cervical measurements[J]. ?Journal of Clinical Ultrasound, 2013,41(2):76-83.
[15]FRUSCALZO A, LONDERO A P, SCHMITZ R. Quantitative cervical elastography during pregnancy: influence of setting features on stain calculation[J]. ?J Med Ultrasonics, 2015,42:387-394.
[16]PARRA-SAAVEDRA M, GOMEZ L, BARRERO A, et al. Prediction of preterm birth using the cervical consistency index[J]. ?Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology, 2011,38(1):44-51.
[17]MCFARLIN B L, BIGELOW T, LAYBED Y, et al. Ultrasonic attenuation estimation of the pregnant cervix:a preliminary report[J]. ?Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology, 2010,36(2):218-225.
[18]EDGER H A, SONIA S, HYUNYOUNG A, et al. Evaluation of cervical stiffness during pregnancy using semiquantitative ultrasound elastography[J]. ?Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology, 2013,41(2):152-161.
[19]PERALTA L, MOURIER E, RICHARD C, et al. In vivo evaluation of cervical stiffness evolution during induced ripening using shear wave elastography, histology and 2 photon excitation microscopy: insight from an animal model[J]. ?PLoS One, 2015,10(8):1-21.
[20]FRUSCALZO A, LONDERO A P, FROEHLICH C, et al. Quantitative elastography for cervical stiffness assessment du-ring pregnancy[J]. ?BioMed Research International, 2014(2014):1-9.
[21]金鑫,闕艷紅,王學(xué)梅,等. 實(shí)時(shí)剪切波彈性成像技術(shù)定量評(píng)價(jià)正常宮頸組織[J]. ?中國(guó)醫(yī)學(xué)影像技術(shù), 2013,29(3):459-462.
[22]BAJPAI N, BHAKTA R, PRATAP K, et al. Manipal cervical scoring system by transvaginal ultrasound in predicting successful labour induction[J]. ?J Clin Diagn Res, 2015,9(5): QC04-QC09.