曾爽 黎夢(mèng)媛 陳春
[摘要]結(jié)直腸癌是目前國(guó)內(nèi)三大最常見(jiàn)的癌癥類型之一,手術(shù)治療仍然是結(jié)直腸癌最有效的治療方式。隨著腔鏡器械的不斷發(fā)展和手術(shù)技術(shù)的不斷提高,腹腔鏡微創(chuàng)手術(shù)因其具有創(chuàng)傷小、恢復(fù)快等優(yōu)點(diǎn),已被廣泛應(yīng)用于結(jié)直腸癌切除術(shù)中。但術(shù)后的疼痛及相關(guān)并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生仍然影響著患者的術(shù)后康復(fù)。右美托咪定作為一種高度選擇性的α2受體激動(dòng)劑,已在結(jié)直腸癌手術(shù)圍術(shù)期得到廣泛應(yīng)用并獲益。本文就右美托咪定在結(jié)直腸癌手術(shù)后鎮(zhèn)痛及術(shù)后恢復(fù)中的應(yīng)用研究作一綜述。
[關(guān)鍵詞]右美托咪定;腹腔鏡;結(jié)直腸癌切除術(shù);術(shù)后鎮(zhèn)痛及恢復(fù)
[中圖分類號(hào)] R614? ? ? ? ? [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼] A? ? ? ? ? [文章編號(hào)] 1674-4721(2019)6(a)-0020-04
[Abstract] Colorectal cancer is currently one of the three most common types of cancer in China, and surgical treatment is still the most effective treatment for colorectal cancer. With the continuous development of endoscopic instruments and surgical techniques, laparoscopic minimally invasive surgery has been widely used in colorectal cancer resection because of its advantages of small trauma and rapid recovery. However, postoperative pain and related complications still affect the postoperative recovery of these patients. As a highly selective α2 agonist, Dexmedetomidine has been widely used and beneficial in the perioperative period of colorectal cancer surgery. This article reviews the application of Dexmedetomidine in postoperative analgesia and postoperative recovery of colorectal cancer.
[Key words] Dexmedetomidine; Laparoscopy; Colorectal cancer resection; Postoperative analgesia and recovery
目前,癌癥仍是全世界人類死亡的主要原因。結(jié)直腸癌(colorectal cancer,CRC)是第三大最常見(jiàn)的癌癥類型,占所有病例的10%[1]。隨著腹腔鏡技術(shù)的發(fā)展和成熟,其在結(jié)直腸癌根治術(shù)中的應(yīng)用也日益廣泛,且具有損傷小、住院時(shí)間短和恢復(fù)快等優(yōu)點(diǎn)[2]。
然而,許多患者在術(shù)后仍經(jīng)歷疼痛、焦慮、失眠,并出現(xiàn)手術(shù)及麻醉相關(guān)并發(fā)癥,延緩了患者麻醉、術(shù)后的恢復(fù)。右美托咪定(Dexmedetomidine,DEX)作為一種高度選擇性的α2受體激動(dòng)劑,具有鎮(zhèn)靜、催眠、抗焦慮、鎮(zhèn)痛、抑制交感反應(yīng)等作用[3],已被廣泛應(yīng)用于CRC手術(shù)的圍術(shù)期,但關(guān)于DEX在腹腔鏡下CRC切除術(shù)(laparoscopic resection of colorectal cancer,LRC)后鎮(zhèn)痛及恢復(fù)中的應(yīng)用的文獻(xiàn)相對(duì)較少。現(xiàn)就DEX在該方面的應(yīng)用作一綜述,以期為DEX在臨床上的應(yīng)用提供參考。
圍術(shù)期的疼痛管理包括術(shù)前、術(shù)中和術(shù)后的干預(yù)措施,旨在減少或消除出院前的術(shù)后疼痛[4]。術(shù)后疼痛可影響患者的早期活動(dòng),引起肺部和循環(huán)并發(fā)癥,因延遲腸蠕動(dòng)而影響腸功能恢復(fù),加重焦慮,并引起躁狂、失眠和幻覺(jué),甚至導(dǎo)致認(rèn)知功能障礙,特別是在老年患者。當(dāng)治療不當(dāng)時(shí),疼痛也會(huì)引起心動(dòng)過(guò)速、免疫抑制、兒茶酚胺增加[5]。有效的疼痛緩解有助于LRC患者的早期活動(dòng),減少術(shù)后疼痛引起的應(yīng)激反應(yīng)和器官功能障礙,是術(shù)后康復(fù)的先決條件[6]。
鎮(zhèn)痛藥物的理想特性是其能提供安全有效的鎮(zhèn)痛而且副作用最小,多模式疼痛管理(APS)是最優(yōu)選擇[7]。目前臨床上常用的術(shù)后鎮(zhèn)痛方式有:術(shù)后超聲引導(dǎo)下腹橫平面(TAP)阻滯、患者自控鎮(zhèn)痛(PCIA)等。
1 DEX在術(shù)后鎮(zhèn)痛中的應(yīng)用
1.1 DEX在TAP鎮(zhèn)痛中的應(yīng)用
雖然LRC與傳統(tǒng)的開腹手術(shù)相比,具有創(chuàng)傷小的優(yōu)點(diǎn),但在腹腔鏡下游離完直腸系膜后仍需在腹部行縱行切口,做結(jié)腸直腸吻合術(shù),這一創(chuàng)傷必然導(dǎo)致患者術(shù)后的切口疼痛,并影響術(shù)后康復(fù)。
超聲引導(dǎo)下的雙側(cè)TAP阻滯可為腹部手術(shù)后的切口痛提供充分的鎮(zhèn)痛,減少靜脈鎮(zhèn)痛藥用量,降低術(shù)后惡心嘔吐(PONV)評(píng)分,提高康復(fù)質(zhì)量[8]。LRC作為腹部手術(shù)的一種,術(shù)后的TAP阻滯同樣適用于此類手術(shù)。Mishra等[9]的一項(xiàng)腹部手術(shù)的研究表明,TAP阻滯和手術(shù)切口局麻藥浸潤(rùn)相比,最初均能提供明顯的術(shù)后切口鎮(zhèn)痛,而TAP阻滯作用時(shí)間更長(zhǎng),但TAP阻滯所致的感覺(jué)障礙在24 h后可完全消失[10]。
為了延長(zhǎng)感覺(jué)阻滯的時(shí)間,各種聯(lián)合用藥方案已被研究并應(yīng)用于臨床。最近,DEX被報(bào)道與局部麻醉藥聯(lián)合用于腹部手術(shù)后的TAP阻滯可以增強(qiáng)TAP的麻醉效果[8]。Mishra等[7]在開放性下腹部手術(shù)患者的研究中,實(shí)驗(yàn)組將0.5 μg/kg的DEX溶于2 ml生理鹽水中并加入到20 ml 0.2%羅哌卡因中行TAP阻滯,結(jié)果顯示,羅哌卡因聯(lián)合DEX組術(shù)后疼痛評(píng)分明顯低于單純羅哌卡因組。另一項(xiàng)對(duì)LRC術(shù)后的TAP阻滯研究中發(fā)現(xiàn),在0.33%羅哌卡因的局麻藥中加入1 μg/kg的DEX可延長(zhǎng)鎮(zhèn)痛時(shí)間,減輕鎮(zhèn)痛需求,降低視覺(jué)模擬疼痛評(píng)分(VAS)[11]。
DEX可能通過(guò)幾種機(jī)制增強(qiáng)了TAP阻滯的鎮(zhèn)痛效果。首先,激活α2-腎上腺素受體的2A和2C亞型,導(dǎo)致脊髓去甲腎上腺素能下行途徑的激活或突觸前神經(jīng)節(jié)點(diǎn)的脊髓交感神經(jīng)流出減少,抑制釋放C纖維遞質(zhì),增加突觸后角神經(jīng)元的超極化[12],增加了整個(gè)TAP的鎮(zhèn)痛效果并延長(zhǎng)了鎮(zhèn)痛時(shí)間;其次,DEX可使藍(lán)斑中可興奮細(xì)胞超極化,引起的鎮(zhèn)靜作用減輕了患者術(shù)后焦慮和緊張的情緒,從而促進(jìn)了術(shù)后的康復(fù)[13]。
1.2 DEX在術(shù)后PCIA中的應(yīng)用
適當(dāng)?shù)奶弁淳徑庥兄贚RC患者的早期活動(dòng),減少術(shù)后疼痛引起的應(yīng)激反應(yīng)和器官功能障礙,是術(shù)后康復(fù)的先決條件。
阿片類藥物,特別是以嗎啡為基礎(chǔ)的PCIA中,廣泛用于LRC術(shù)后的疼痛控制。為了對(duì)抗諸如惡心、嘔吐、瘙癢等副作用,人們一直在尋找新的藥物,或者更多關(guān)于聯(lián)合用藥的信息[14]。
臨床研究表明[15],術(shù)前、術(shù)中或術(shù)后靜脈輸注DEX可減少PCIA術(shù)后阿片類藥物的消耗,提高PCIA的鎮(zhèn)痛效能,證實(shí)了DEX作為聯(lián)合用藥的鎮(zhèn)痛增強(qiáng)作用。Gao等[16]的一項(xiàng)多中心臨床研究中,實(shí)驗(yàn)組使用舒芬太尼100 μg聯(lián)合DEX 200 μg的PCIA方案,結(jié)果顯示,DEX用于LRC術(shù)后的PCIA能減少舒芬太尼的消耗量、PCIA按壓次數(shù)和鎮(zhèn)痛泵的有效按壓次數(shù),其結(jié)果與相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)[15,17]報(bào)道的一致,即與對(duì)照組相比,實(shí)驗(yàn)組惡心嘔吐的發(fā)生率明顯降低,這可能與舒芬太尼的劑量減少有關(guān)。另一項(xiàng)研究表明,在LRC的術(shù)后PCIA中,加用DEX增加了患者術(shù)后首次要求鎮(zhèn)痛時(shí)間,并減少了術(shù)后首個(gè)24 h內(nèi)嗎啡的總消耗量[18]。此外,在各種內(nèi)科和外科患者中,DEX已被證明能降低惡心和嘔吐發(fā)生率,改善情緒并加速患者康復(fù)[19]。
此外,Xin等[20]采用0.04 μg/(kg·h)的DEX聯(lián)合0.02 μg/(kg·h)的舒芬太尼的方案對(duì)LRC患者實(shí)施術(shù)后PCIA,結(jié)果顯示,與對(duì)照組相比,此方案能顯著改善患者恢復(fù)質(zhì)量量表(QoR)的疼痛評(píng)分維度,而且術(shù)后VAS疼痛評(píng)分也較低。Cheng等[5]的對(duì)照試驗(yàn)中,評(píng)估了59例接受DEX聯(lián)合用藥的PCIA的LRC患者,結(jié)果顯示,術(shù)后疼痛評(píng)分與對(duì)照組相比顯著降低。然而,在另外一項(xiàng)隨機(jī)調(diào)查研究中顯示,術(shù)后PICA中加用DEX對(duì)接受腹部手術(shù)的患者的疼痛評(píng)分無(wú)顯著影響[21]。還有一項(xiàng)臨床研究顯示,加用了DEX的PCIA,LRC術(shù)后PCIA嗎啡消耗量減少而疼痛評(píng)分并未降低[22],造成這一不同結(jié)果的原因,可能歸咎于各自研究的樣本量及混雜因素的不同,這就需要進(jìn)一步行大樣本多中心的臨床研究來(lái)探討DEX對(duì)術(shù)后疼痛評(píng)分的影響。
DEX對(duì)接受LRC患者的內(nèi)臟和皮膚疼痛均有鎮(zhèn)痛作用,但兩者的機(jī)制不同,來(lái)自內(nèi)臟的傷害性輸入機(jī)制可能不同于皮膚傷害性輸入,這不僅是因?yàn)橹袠猩窠?jīng)系統(tǒng)輸入的來(lái)源不同,也因?yàn)槭荏w水平在類型、位置和功能機(jī)制方面可能存在差異[23]。DEX對(duì)皮膚和內(nèi)臟疼痛的這一鎮(zhèn)痛作用,可以通過(guò)納洛酮預(yù)處理逆轉(zhuǎn),表明其鎮(zhèn)痛機(jī)制可能通過(guò)阿片系統(tǒng)相互作用產(chǎn)生[23]。研究表明,α2受體激動(dòng)劑在大鼠內(nèi)臟痛的結(jié)直腸擴(kuò)張模型中具有鎮(zhèn)痛作用,減少了與有害內(nèi)臟刺激相關(guān)的內(nèi)臟和自主心血管反應(yīng),并增加疼痛相關(guān)反應(yīng)的閾值壓力[24]。全身給予α2受體激動(dòng)劑起到的內(nèi)臟痛的鎮(zhèn)痛機(jī)制,可能是由脊髓水平的作用所產(chǎn)生。
2 DEX對(duì)術(shù)后恢復(fù)的影響
增強(qiáng)手術(shù)后康復(fù)(ERAS)的概念是用來(lái)強(qiáng)調(diào)在圍術(shù)期采取綜合措施以加速患者的術(shù)后早期康復(fù)。EARS程序可以降低術(shù)后并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率,降低住院費(fèi)用,增加患者滿意度[25]。研究表明,DEX在普通外科各種手術(shù)中的使用有助于患者術(shù)后早期恢復(fù)[26]。
焦慮是影響接受LRC患者術(shù)后恢復(fù)的主要原因之一,為了促進(jìn)患者康復(fù),術(shù)后應(yīng)注意生理和心理應(yīng)激治療。在Xin等[20]的研究中,DEX對(duì)接受LRC患者的術(shù)后情緒狀態(tài)有良好的影響(根據(jù)情緒QoR-15維度評(píng)估)。改善情緒狀態(tài)可通過(guò)DEX對(duì)中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)的影響而引起。DEX具有抗炎作用,可能有助于改善情緒狀態(tài)[27],此外,DEX的鎮(zhèn)痛作用也有助于緩解焦慮。有研究表明[28],小劑量DEX輸注能產(chǎn)生可逆鎮(zhèn)靜,輕度鎮(zhèn)痛,減少此類患者惡心、嘔吐的發(fā)生等不良反應(yīng)的作用。
腹腔鏡手術(shù)具有創(chuàng)傷小、恢復(fù)快等優(yōu)點(diǎn),然而在腹腔鏡手術(shù)中使用的氣腹也會(huì)損害腸功能,這與術(shù)后的高死亡率有關(guān)[29]。術(shù)中氣腹對(duì)腸功能的損害可能與腹腔高壓引起的氧化應(yīng)激、腸黏膜缺血、缺氧有關(guān)[29]。手術(shù)過(guò)程中血壓和心率的變化也會(huì)加重腸缺血再灌注(I-R)損傷。在腹腔鏡手術(shù)中,腸功能受損主要表現(xiàn)為胃腸道傳輸延遲和腸道蠕動(dòng)受阻,并伴有消化道細(xì)菌過(guò)度生長(zhǎng)[30]。相關(guān)研究表明,血漿中血清二胺氧化酶(DAO)的活性是衡量腸I-R損傷的標(biāo)志物[31]。與DAO一樣,腸型的腸道脂肪酸結(jié)合蛋白(I-FABP)被證明是小腸疾病缺血的敏感標(biāo)志物[32]。因此,DAO和I-FABP水平可反映腸缺血再灌注損傷的程度。Chen等[30]的研究表明,DEX在LRC圍術(shù)期的應(yīng)用能顯著降低患者術(shù)后DAO和I-FABP的表達(dá),提示DEX可能對(duì)腸黏膜屏障功能有利。然而,需要進(jìn)一步研究DEX在胃腸道功能中的作用機(jī)制。
對(duì)于已提倡的針對(duì)患者的個(gè)體化、多模式鎮(zhèn)痛方式,DEX被認(rèn)為是一種有前景的藥物選擇,這對(duì)于接受LRC患者的EARS方案可能特別重要,其中疼痛和阿片類藥物消耗的減少可降低胃腸道的不良反應(yīng)發(fā)生率,加快腸功能恢復(fù),縮短住院時(shí)間[33]。在Cheung等[34]的研究中,用DEX鎮(zhèn)靜的患者有早期排氣或排便;其次,已有研究表明,DEX具有抗炎作用,并且可以潛在地減輕腹腔鏡手術(shù)應(yīng)激或胃腸功能障礙引起的炎癥;再次,術(shù)后減少了鎮(zhèn)痛藥(如阿片類藥物等)的使用,可以相應(yīng)減少藥物相關(guān)的副作用(如抑制腸平滑肌和動(dòng)力等,這可能會(huì)延遲胃腸功能的恢復(fù))[4]。
綜上所述,在LRC術(shù)后將DEX加入到包含阿片類藥物的術(shù)后鎮(zhèn)痛方案中,顯著提高了接受LRC患者的術(shù)后QoR評(píng)分和腸道功能的恢復(fù),同時(shí)能降低靜息時(shí)的疼痛評(píng)分及術(shù)后惡心嘔吐的發(fā)生率。此外,患者對(duì)早期康復(fù)過(guò)程的滿意度得分較高,疼痛控制較好。Xin等[20]建議使用DEX作為L(zhǎng)RC術(shù)后PCIA的重要輔助手段,以改善以患者為中心的QoR。
3小結(jié)
目前,DEX已廣泛用于臨床手術(shù)的圍術(shù)期,其在LRC的應(yīng)用已表現(xiàn)出對(duì)患者術(shù)后康復(fù)的積極作用,包括在保證合適的靜息鎮(zhèn)痛評(píng)分的前提下減少術(shù)后鎮(zhèn)痛藥物的用量,從而在增強(qiáng)鎮(zhèn)痛作用的同時(shí),降低術(shù)后惡心嘔吐的發(fā)生率,并促進(jìn)了腸道功能的恢復(fù),整體提高了以患者為中心的QoR。
但是,DEX仍有待于更多的前瞻性大樣本、多中心隨機(jī)對(duì)照研究以進(jìn)一步指導(dǎo)其在LRC的臨床應(yīng)用。隨著研究的不斷深入,DEX在LRC圍術(shù)期的應(yīng)用將會(huì)有更廣闊的臨床應(yīng)用前景。
[參考文獻(xiàn)]
[1]Siegel R,Desantis C,Jemal A.Colorectal cancer statistics,2014[J].CA Cancer J Clin,2014,64(2):104-117.
[2]Van der Voort M,Heijnsdijk EA,Gouma DJ.Bowel injury as a complication of laparoscopy[J].Br J Surg,2004,91(10):1253-1258.
[3]Ebert TJ,Hall JE,Barney JA,et al.The effects of increasing plasma concentrations of Dexmedetomidine in humans[J].Anesthesiology,2000,93(7):382-394.
[4]Nadeau MH,Saraswat A,Vasko A,et al.Bupivacaine versus liposomal bupivacaine for postoperative pain control after augmentation mammaplasty:a prospective,randomized,double-blind trial[J].Aesthet Surg J,2015,36(2):47-52.
[5]Cheng M,Shi J,Gao T,et al.The addition of Dexmedetomidine to analgesia for patients after abdominal operations:a prospective randomized clinical trial[J].World J Surg,2017, 41(1):39-46.
[6]Carli F,Kehlet H,Baldini G,et al.Evidence basis for regional anesthesia in multidisciplinary fast-track surgical care pathways[J].Reg Anesth Pain Med,2011,36(1):63-72.
[7]Mishra M,Mishra SP,Singh SP.Ultrasound-guided transversus abdominis plane block:what are the benefts of adding Dexmedetomidine to ropivacaine?[J]Saudi J Anaesth,2017,11(1):58-61.
[8]Ding W,Li W,Zeng X,et al.Effect of adding Dexmedetomidine to ropivacaine on ultrasound-guided dual transversus abdominis plane block after gastrectomy[J].J Gastrointest Surg,2017,21(6):936-946.
[9]Mishra M,Mishra SP,Singh SP.Transversus abdominis plane block versus wound infiltration of local anesthesia for post operative analgesia[J].J Med Sci Clin Res,2016,4(6):9916-9922.
[10]McDonnell JG,O′Donnell BD,F(xiàn)arrell T,et al.Transversus abdominis plane block:a cadaveric and radiological evaluation[J].Reg Anesth Pain Med,2007,32(5):399-404.
[11]Rai P,Singh D,Singh SK,et al.Effect of addition of dexmedetomidine to ropivacaine in transversus abdominis plane block on postoperative pain in lower segment caesarean section:a randomized controlled trial[J].J Dent Med Sci,2016,15(2):122-125.
[12]She YJ,Zhang ZY,Song XR.Caudal Dexmedetomidine decreases the required concentration of Levobupivacaine for caudal block in paediatric patients:a randomized trial[J].Paediatr Anesth,2013,23(12):1205-1212.
[13]Xu M,Wei H,Kontinen VK,et al.The dissociation of sedative from spinal antinociceptive effects following administration of a novel alpha-2-adrenoceptor agonist,MPV-2426,in the locus coeruleus in the rat[J].Acta Anaesthesiol Scand,2000,44(6):648-655.
[14]Ge DJ,Qi B,Tang G,et al.Intraoperative Dexmedetomidine promotes postoperative analgesia and recovery in patients after abdominal colectomy:a CONSORT-prospective,randomized,controlled clinical trial[J].Medicine(Baltimore),2015,94(43):e1727.
[15]Ren C,Chi M,Zhang Y,et al.Dexmedetomidine in postoperative analgesia in patients undergoing hysterectomy[J].Medicine(Baltimore),2015,94(32):e1348.
[16]Gao Y,Deng X,Yuan H,et al.Patient-controlled intravenous analgesia with combination of Dexmedetomidine and Sufentanil on patients after abdominal operation:a prospective,randomized,controlled,blinded,multicenter clinical study[J].Clin J Pain,2018,34(2):155-161.
[17]Peng K,Liu HY,Wu SR,et al.Effects of combining Dexmedetomidine and Opioids for postoperative intravenous patient controlled analgesia:a systematic review and meta-analysis[J].Clin J Pain,2015,31(12):1097-1104.
[18]Fan W,Yang H,Sun Y.Comparison of the pro-postoperative analgesia of intraoperative dexmedetomidine with and without loading dose following general anesthesia:a prospective,randomized,controlled clinical trial[J].Medicine (Baltimore),2017,96(7):e6106.
[19]Ge DJ,Qi B,Tang G,et al.Intraoperative Dexmedetomidine promotes postoperative analgesia and recovery in patients after abdominal hysterectomy:a double-blind,randomized clinical trial[J].Sci Rep,2016,6(3):21 514.
[20]Xin J,Zhang Y,Zhou L,et al.Effect of Dexmedetomidine infusion for intravenous patient-controlled analgesia on the quality of recovery after laparotomy surgery[J].Oncotarget,2017,8(59):100 371-100 383.
[21]Gomez-Vazquez ME,Hernandez-Salazar E,Hernandez-Jimenez A,et al.Clinical analgesic efficacy and side effects of dexmedetomidine in the early postoperative period after arthroscopic knee surgery[J].J Clin Anesth,2007,19(8):576-582.
[22]Chan AK,Cheung CW,Chong YK.Alpha-2 agonists in acute pain management[J].Expert Opin Pharmacother,2010, 11(17):2849-2868.
[23]Ulger F,Bozkurt A,Bilge SS,et al.The antinociceptive effects of intravenous Dexmedetomidine in colorectal distension-induced visceral pain in rats:the role of opioid receptors[J].Anesth Analg,2009,109(2):616-622.
[24]Brusberg M,Ravnefjord A,Lindgreen M,et al.Oral clonidine inhibits visceral pain-related viscerosomatic and cardiovascular responses to colorectal distension in rats[J].Eur J Pharmacol,2008,591(2):243-251.
[25]Gustafsson UO,Scott MJ,Schwenk W,et al.Guidelines for perioperative care in elective colonic surgery:Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS) Society recommendations[J].Clin Nutr,2012,31(6):783-800.
[26]Dang X,Hu W,Yang Z,et al.Dexmedetomidine plus sufentanil for pediatric flexible bronchoscopy:a retrospective clinical trial[J].Oncotarget,2017,8(25):41 256-41 264.
[27]Ueki M,Kawasaki T,Habe K,et al.The effects of Dexmedetomidine on inflammatory mediators after cardiopulmonary bypass[J].Anaesthesia,2014,69(7):693-700.
[28]Chakrabarti D,Kamath S,Madhusudan Reddy KR,et al.Effect of adjunctive Dexmedetomidine on anesthesia and analgesia requirement and recovery characteristics during bispectral index-guided anesthesia for cerebello-pontine angle surgeries: A randomized clinical trial[J].J Anaesthesiol Clin Pharmacol,2018, 34(4):496-502.
[29]Leng Y,Zhang K,F(xiàn)an J,et al.Effect of acute,slightly increased intra-abdominal pressure on intestinal permeability and oxidative stress in a rat model[J].PLoS One,2014,9(10):e109350.
[30]Chen C,Huang P,Lai L,et al.Dexmedetomidine improves gastrointestinal motility after laparoscopic resection of colorectal cancer:a randomized clinical trial[J].Medicine(Baltimore),2016,95(29):e4295.
[31]Rose SG,Thompson JS,Spanta AD,et al.The effect of intestinal autotransplantation on serum diamine oxidase activity[J].J Surg Res,1991,50(3):223-227.
[32]Cronk DR,Houseworth TP,Cuadrado DG,et al.Intestinal fatty acid binding protein(I-FABP) for the detection of strangulated mechanical small bowel obstruction[J].Curr Surg,2006,63(5):322-325.
[33]Morris C,Gold S.Enhanced recovery programmes;coming to a hospital near you![J].Anaesthesia,2011,66(10):864-868.
[34]Cheung CW,Qiu Q,Ying AC,et al.The effects of intra-operative Dexmedetomidine on postoperative pain,side-effects and recovery in colorectal surgery[J].Anaesthesia,2014,69(11):1214-1221.
(收稿日期:2018-12-19? 本文編輯:任秀蘭)