施靜靜
【摘要】在《義務(wù)教育英語課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)(2011年版)》的指導(dǎo)下,筆者結(jié)合自身的教學(xué)經(jīng)驗(yàn),以培養(yǎng)學(xué)生興趣為前提,探討小學(xué)英語寫作教學(xué)的方法與策略,建構(gòu)快樂、多元的寫作課堂,激發(fā)學(xué)生思維,提高學(xué)生綜合語言運(yùn)用能力。
【關(guān)鍵詞】小學(xué)英語寫作 策略 興趣 思維
英語寫作是由語言輸入到語言知識整理再到語言輸出,最后進(jìn)行語言反饋、完善的過程。所以教師要注重對學(xué)生語言知識量的輸入,加強(qiáng)對學(xué)生語言知識質(zhì)的輸入,為學(xué)生提供大量有意義的、具有可理解性的英語輸入材料,強(qiáng)調(diào)對學(xué)生寫作策略培養(yǎng)的輸入;要引導(dǎo)學(xué)生積極地進(jìn)行英語寫作的輸出;要及時(shí)給予學(xué)生反饋,檢驗(yàn)學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)效果,完善輸出質(zhì)量,達(dá)到提高學(xué)生英語寫作水平的效果。好的語篇,不等于正確無誤的語言,而是好的思維展現(xiàn)。語篇寫作重在達(dá)意,而不是語法。在指導(dǎo)時(shí),我們要關(guān)注四個(gè)特點(diǎn):第一,統(tǒng)一。語篇中的所有細(xì)節(jié)都說明同一個(gè)問題,沒有與主題不相關(guān)的細(xì)節(jié)內(nèi)容。第二,連貫。語篇和諧,符合邏輯,前后關(guān)聯(lián)照應(yīng)。第三,豐富。有足夠的細(xì)節(jié)支撐主題。第四,簡潔。表達(dá)簡練,沒有無關(guān)的多余信息,用盡可能少的語言表達(dá)盡可能多的內(nèi)容。下面就從三個(gè)方面具體闡述如何進(jìn)行小學(xué)英語寫作策略的指導(dǎo)。
一、依托教材,挖掘?qū)懽髟?/p>
以教材為依托,幫助學(xué)生不斷積累新知,內(nèi)化語言;發(fā)揮不同版塊對學(xué)生語言和思維發(fā)展的作用。主要寫作形式:仿寫、擴(kuò)寫、續(xù)寫等。教師要做到以下三點(diǎn):
A.借助故事版塊給學(xué)生大量語言輸入(用好教材中的范文);
B.借助語法版塊幫助學(xué)生積累詞匯、規(guī)范語言表達(dá);
C.挖掘教材中可得的寫作元素。
例如:譯林版小學(xué)《英語》五年級下冊Unit 5Helping our parents(Story time),教師根據(jù)語篇的第一段,逐步引導(dǎo)學(xué)生從第一稿、第二稿到第三稿進(jìn)行不斷地完善、修改,學(xué)生通過對細(xì)節(jié)、情感、猜測等的添加,對標(biāo)題的修改,使得文章更具體、更形象、更生動。下文中畫線部分內(nèi)容就是很好的體現(xiàn)。
A Busy Morning
It is Saturday morning. My father is?cleaning the blue car in the garden. I am helping?him. The car is shiny. My mother is cooking?breakfast in the kitchen. She is cooking eggs.?They look nice. Helen is in the living room. She?is sweeping the floor. We are busy. Where is?Tim? What is he doing now? Tim and Ben are?sleeping in the bedroom. Tim is sleeping on the?bed. He is too little. He needs more sleep. Ben?the dog is sleeping on the floor.
教師充分依托故事版塊,淋漓盡致地向?qū)W生展示了一篇優(yōu)秀范文,接著要求學(xué)生根據(jù)書中Checkout time中的圖片提示,仿照范文,以It is Saturday Evening為題,續(xù)寫“晚上篇”。學(xué)生的創(chuàng)意精彩紛呈。
二、整合教材,訓(xùn)練寫作技能
整合教材,融匯新舊知識,結(jié)合學(xué)生生活實(shí)際開展寫作教學(xué),注重對學(xué)生寫作微技能的訓(xùn)練。主要寫作形式:任務(wù)式寫作。
例如:譯林版小學(xué)《英語》六下Unit 7 Summer?holiday plans單元寫作教學(xué),要求學(xué)生能用一般將來時(shí)談?wù)撟约旱氖罴俪鲇斡?jì)劃,并運(yùn)用本課所教的寫作策略,以暑假出游計(jì)劃為主題進(jìn)行寫作,培養(yǎng)學(xué)生根據(jù)主題建構(gòu)思維導(dǎo)圖,根據(jù)思維導(dǎo)圖組織寫作的能力,提高學(xué)生根據(jù)寫作策略修改、完善作文的能力。在上課一開始,教師直截了當(dāng)說出自己第一次來到鎮(zhèn)湖這個(gè)地方,這個(gè)地方很美,想游覽一下,讓孩子們推薦一些有趣的地方給他,學(xué)生們的思維一下子被帶動起來:
S1: (You can go to) Taihu Lake.Its beautiful.
S2: (You can go to)Taihu Wetland Park.You?can fly a kite there.
S3: (You can go to) Chinese Embroidery Art?Museum.
接著教師在寫作指導(dǎo)時(shí)通過四大策略循序漸進(jìn)的訓(xùn)練,點(diǎn)燃學(xué)生的思維火花:
策略一:思維導(dǎo)圖,確定內(nèi)容
【設(shè)計(jì)思路:問題導(dǎo)向,引出思維導(dǎo)圖,演變成短文,提出策略一?!?/p>
T: Thank you for your advice. Theyre all?wonderful places. I think I will go to Zhenhu in?this summer holiday. If I want to make a travel?plan, what questions should I think?
S2: How will you go there?
S3: How long will you stay there?
S4: What will you do there?
S5: Who will you go with?
T: Look.This is my writing according to my?mind map.
Can you complete it? So heres a tip for you.(思維導(dǎo)圖,確定內(nèi)容。)
策略二:長短結(jié)合,避免重復(fù)
【設(shè)計(jì)思路:讓學(xué)生發(fā)現(xiàn)問題,主動思考,提出修改,引出策略二?!?/p>
T: Look at my writing. These sentences all?start with“I will go”.Theyre the same. Can you?put some of them together?
說完,教師呈現(xiàn)以下句子:
This summer holiday,
I will go to Zhenhu.
I will go there by car.
I will go there with my family.
I will go there in July.
I will stay there for two days.
I will visit Taihu Wetland Park.
I will travel around Taihu.
I will eat fish and crabs.
教師引導(dǎo)學(xué)生將前面四句合并成:This?summer holiday, I will go to Zhenhu with my?family by car. 把第五、六句合并成:I will go?there in July and stay there for two days.最后三句,教師提供and, but, also, too, because, so,first, then, finally等詞讓學(xué)生將這三句合并,進(jìn)行不同的表達(dá),學(xué)生們一下子腦洞大開。
S1: I will visit Taihu Wetland Park and?travel around Taihu. I will eat fish and crabs, too.
S2: First, I will visit Taihu Wetland Park.?Then,I will travel around Taihu. Finally, I will?eat fish and crabs.
S3: I will visit Taihu Wetland Park. I will?also travel around Taihu, because I will eat fish?and crabs.
S4: ...
這樣一來,不僅句式顯得非常靈活,而且也避免了重復(fù)。
策略三:發(fā)揮想象,豐富細(xì)節(jié)
【設(shè)計(jì)思路:逐步引導(dǎo)學(xué)生發(fā)散思維,拓展內(nèi)容,提出策略三?!?/p>
T: Now,its your time to practice.I know you?made a mind map about your travel plan before.Please talk about your travel plan according to?Tip 2.
根據(jù)策略二,讓學(xué)生談?wù)勛约旱穆眯杏?jì)劃。
T: But look carefully,XX will stay in ...for ...?Will he/she go to ... all the days?
T: So I think he/she will do many things in...Lets make a new plan for him/her.
Look, this is the passage. But some words?are missing. Lets help him/her complete it,OK?
教師給出一些提示詞,讓學(xué)生發(fā)揮想象,豐富細(xì)節(jié)。
I will do many things in Shanghai. I will go?to the Bund. Its at night. I will visit Shanghai?Museum. I will go to Disneyland. I will meet?Mickey Mouse. I will eat a lot of delicious food.
T: Now its your time to practice. Please?say more about your travel plan according to?Tip 3. These words and sentences may help you.
S: This summer holiday, I will go to ... I will?do many things there. I will ...
策略四:結(jié)構(gòu)清晰,篇章完整
【設(shè)計(jì)思路:整體呈現(xiàn)短文,理清結(jié)構(gòu),提出策略四?!?/p>
T: Look, this is the title“My Travel Plan”.This is the beginning. Its about“where,when,?how, how long, who”.
Its the body. Its about“what”. At last,we?need an ending. I will do many things in?Shanghai.Will I have a good time? So whats the?ending?
S1: I will have a good time in Shanghai.
T: The ending is used to express emotions.We can also say“, I love the city/country.”“I cant?wait to visit there”
這樣文章就顯得結(jié)構(gòu)清晰,篇章完整。學(xué)生也就可以根據(jù)教師提出的四大策略,開始書寫自己的旅行計(jì)劃,并與同桌分享,相互修改。
三、跳出教材,創(chuàng)新寫作視角
跳出教材,豐富寫作語料,使寫作內(nèi)容更豐滿,句式表達(dá)更豐富,寫作視角更多元。主要寫作形式:主題式創(chuàng)寫。
例如:譯林版小學(xué)《英語》四年級(下冊)Unit 5 Seasons。學(xué)生在學(xué)完語篇小詩之后,教師利用看圖說話的形式同學(xué)生一起談?wù)勄锾?,得出思維導(dǎo)圖:談?wù)摷竟?jié)可以從天氣、感覺、活動、衣服、景物、食物與飲料等方面下手。習(xí)作也就能輕而易舉地完成:
In summer, it is hot.
I see lovely frogs. I see beautiful butterflies.I eat sweet watermelons. I drink ice lemon tea.
In summer, I wear lovely shirts, cool shorts,colourful dresses. How nice!
Its time to go to the sea. I can go swimming?in the sea. Its fun!
Summer is wonderful. I love summer.
教師還將自己的習(xí)作展示給學(xué)生看,讓學(xué)生思考,教師寫的文章與他們寫的有什么不同。
Winter
What colour is winter?
Winter is white. The snow is here and there.
Winter is green. We have Christmas.
Winter is red. We have Spring Festival.
Winter is colourful!
學(xué)生的思維浪花被激起,季節(jié)還可以抓住顏色來寫,不同的視角,讓學(xué)生腦洞大開,產(chǎn)生了強(qiáng)烈的創(chuàng)作激情,都想一顯身手。
小學(xué)英語寫作訓(xùn)練是個(gè)長期而復(fù)雜的過程,要求教師有計(jì)劃、有目的、有反饋,由易到難,循序漸進(jìn)地進(jìn)行寫作教學(xué)指導(dǎo)。教師要充分結(jié)合教材內(nèi)容和學(xué)生年齡特點(diǎn),設(shè)計(jì)寫作任務(wù),加強(qiáng)過程指導(dǎo),注重策略研究,點(diǎn)燃學(xué)生寫作的思維火花,努力使學(xué)生聽、說、讀、寫的綜合語用能力得到全面的發(fā)展與提高。
(作者單位:江蘇省昆山市開發(fā)區(qū)晨曦小學(xué))