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非編碼RNA對瘢痕疙瘩形成的影響機制研究進展

2023-12-10 18:40劉建科楊喜明高棟梁
中國美容醫(yī)學(xué) 2023年11期
關(guān)鍵詞:發(fā)病機制

劉建科 楊喜明 高棟梁

[摘要]瘢痕疙瘩是一種皮膚纖維增生性疾病,多由于傷口愈合過程中成纖維細胞增殖和膠原纖維沉積引起,瘢痕疙瘩的預(yù)防和治療一直是整形外科領(lǐng)域的難題。目前,對瘢痕疙瘩發(fā)病機理的了解仍不夠完整。本文通過對非編碼RNA(lncRNA與miRNA)影響瘢痕疙瘩和增生性瘢痕形成的機制進行檢索和歸納總結(jié),以期為人瘢痕疙瘩的發(fā)生機制有更新、更全面的認識。

[關(guān)鍵詞]瘢痕疙瘩;增生性瘢痕;microRNA;lncRNA;發(fā)病機制

[中圖分類號]R619+.6? ? [文獻標志碼]A? ? [文章編號]1008-6455(2023)11-0199-04

Research Progress on the Mechanism of Influence of Non-coding RNA on Keloid Formation

LIU Jianke,YANG Ximing,GAO Dongliang

(Department of Burn Plastic Hand Surgery,Affiliated Hospital of Yan 'an University,Yan 'an 716000,Shaanxi,China)

Abstract: Keloid is a kind of skin fibroproliferative disease, which is mainly caused by fibroblast proliferation and collagen fiber deposition in the process of wound healing. The prevention and treatment of keloid has always been a difficult problem in the field of plastic surgery. At present, the understanding of the pathogenesis of keloid is still incomplete. In this paper, we searched and summarized the mechanism of non coding RNA (lncRNA and miRNA) affecting keloid and hypertrophic scar formation, in order to have a newer and more comprehensive understanding of the mechanism of human keloid.

Key words: keloid; hypertrophic scar; microRNA; lncRNA; pathogenesis

瘢痕疙瘩多由手術(shù)后傷口愈合異常[1]、燒傷、感染甚至輕微損傷后傷口局部呈現(xiàn)結(jié)締組織增生的一種皮膚纖維增生性疾病,為人類所特有[2]。該疾病的特點為真皮成纖維細胞過度增殖和細胞外基質(zhì)異常沉積,還可能與炎癥細胞浸潤、局部組織缺氧相關(guān)[3]。外觀通常超出原傷口邊界,由于纖維攣縮和細胞過度增殖導(dǎo)致外形突出,發(fā)生顯著外形改變。通常由于外觀變化會給患者帶來心理創(chuàng)傷[4-5],不僅如此,瘢痕疙瘩通常會伴隨瘙癢、疼痛及其他器官功能障礙。因其具有高侵襲性、非典型分化、過度增殖等特點,被認為具有腫瘤特征[6]。目前,針對瘢痕疙瘩有許多治療方案,如類固醇激素、手術(shù)治療、激光照射、壓力輔料等,但因其機制復(fù)雜且尚未明了均未達到理想療效[1],因基因調(diào)控、免疫、細胞因子可能對瘢痕疙瘩的發(fā)生與發(fā)展機制相關(guān)[7],更多的目光投向了分子靶向治療。

1? miRNA

miRNA是一種長度范圍從17到25個核苷酸小的非編碼RNA[8],通常通過與其靶基因的3'非翻譯區(qū)結(jié)合發(fā)揮調(diào)控作用[9]。更多研究將目光聚焦于miRNAs,miRNA通常被用作影響受體細胞表型的分泌信號分子[10],越來越多的證據(jù)表明,miRNAs在腫瘤發(fā)生和瘢痕疙瘩中是重要的調(diào)節(jié)因子,并且在大多數(shù)被分析的癌組織和瘢痕疙瘩中發(fā)現(xiàn)其差異表達[11],miR-466在許多疾病中被下調(diào)并作為抑制基因發(fā)揮作用,包括骨肉瘤、結(jié)直腸癌[12-13]。還有臨床研究表明,miR-96[14]、miR-217[15]、miR-205[16]、miRNA-181a-5P[17]等在瘢痕疙瘩的凋亡和增殖中發(fā)揮重要作用。

2? lncRNA

長非編碼RNA (lncRNA)是一組功能未知的大型異質(zhì)ncRNA。lncRNA與編碼轉(zhuǎn)錄本有許多共同特征,如存在表明差異表達的表觀遺傳標記[18]、存在內(nèi)含子和存在剪接變異體[19]。lncRNA已被證明在人類各種疾病中起重要的中介作用。由于lncRNA具有與DNA、RNA或蛋白質(zhì)結(jié)合的能力,其調(diào)控機制有以下幾種:作為microRNA(miRNA)的來源,通過海綿吸收miRNA,通過靶向mRNA降解,或作為支架招募染色質(zhì)修飾劑來調(diào)節(jié)基因轉(zhuǎn)錄[18]。

2.1 lncRNA通過miRNA參與瘢痕疙瘩的形成:lncRNA是一種長度超過200個核苷酸的RNA轉(zhuǎn)錄本[20],同時具有復(fù)雜且未知的功能。有研究表明在瘢痕疙瘩實驗組中,發(fā)現(xiàn)2 356個lncRNA差異表達,其中表達上調(diào)1 306個,表達下調(diào)1 050個[21]。僅在瘢痕疙瘩實驗組表達有6個lncRNAs,其中表達上調(diào)2個lncRNAs,4個LncRNAs表達下調(diào)。已有研究證明,許多l(xiāng)ncRNAs參與調(diào)節(jié)瘢痕疙瘩成纖維細胞增殖和遷移介導(dǎo)瘢痕疙瘩的形成,如HOXA11-AS和CACNA1G-AS1[19,22],并且有研究報道LncRNAs能夠通過miRNA作為下游調(diào)控因子來調(diào)控瘢痕疙瘩的增殖與凋亡[19,23],并驗證得出靶向軸,如:lncRNA-HOXA11-AS/miRNA124-3p/Smad5、lncRNA-CACNA1G-AS1/miRNA-205、lncRNA-ATB/miR200c/ZNF217/TGF-β2等。有研究發(fā)現(xiàn)[22]長鏈非編碼RNA CACNA1G-AS1 (CAS1)表達的減少可以下調(diào)Ⅰ型膠原蛋白和CACNA1G的表達,但對轉(zhuǎn)化生長因子和Ⅲ型膠原蛋白的表達沒有影響。CAS1可能通過調(diào)節(jié)鈣通道蛋白和Ⅰ型膠原的表達來抑制瘢痕疙瘩成纖維細胞的增殖和侵襲。

隨著對lncRNA作用機制的深入研究,越來越多的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)多種lncRNA可通過調(diào)控miRNA的對瘢痕疙瘩的治療發(fā)揮作用。Xu L等[24]報道通過PCR、WB、雙熒光標記等方法證實lncRNA-H19在瘢痕疙瘩組織以及瘢痕疙瘩成纖維細胞中顯著上調(diào),之后采用si-H19進行了功能缺失實驗、雙熒光素酶載體實驗證實H19在miRNA上的miR-769-5p具有結(jié)合位點,且H19與miR769-5p之間存在互補結(jié)合關(guān)系。H19沉默對瘢痕疙瘩成纖維細胞增殖的抑制可被miR-769-5p抑制劑逆轉(zhuǎn),miR-769-5p能夠促進瘢痕疙瘩成纖維細胞凋亡。此外,抗miR769-5p還逆轉(zhuǎn)了沉默的H19對α-SMA、I型膠原、Ⅲ型膠原和纖維連接蛋白水平的抑制作用,表明miR-769-5p抑制劑促進瘢痕疙瘩成纖維細胞ECM沉積。使用StarBase數(shù)據(jù)庫發(fā)現(xiàn)EIF3A 3'UTR與miR-769-5p具有互補的結(jié)合位點,在瘢痕疙瘩成纖維細胞轉(zhuǎn)染后,miR-769-5p的mimic發(fā)現(xiàn)miR-769-5p的過度表達可以限制mRNA和EIF3A的蛋白質(zhì)水平。因此,H19通過靶向miR-769-5p增強了EIF3A的表達,從而提高了ECM的擴散、入侵和沉積能力。這表明H19/miR-769-5p/eIF3a軸的發(fā)現(xiàn)為瘢痕疙瘩的治療提供了可靠的靶點,并為瘢痕疙瘩的后續(xù)臨床治療提供了基礎(chǔ)。有報道[17]認為lncRNA TRHDE-AS1上調(diào)能夠促進瘢痕疙瘩成纖維細胞凋亡,抑制其侵襲轉(zhuǎn)染,若lncRNA TRHDE-AS1下調(diào)則呈相反結(jié)果;隨后又通過RT-qPCR、雙熒光素酶確認TRHDE-AS1與miRNA-181-5P之間存在靶向關(guān)系,TRHDE-AS1過表達使miRNA-181-5P活性顯著下降,為證實兩者之間關(guān)系,將TRHDE-AS1和miRNA-181-5P分別單獨轉(zhuǎn)染,檢測結(jié)果顯示:TRHDE-AS1抑制miRNA181-5p對瘢痕疙瘩成纖維細胞凋亡的促進作用,表明TRHDE-AS1通過miRNA181-5p調(diào)控瘢痕疙瘩。隨后用TargetScan等方法,推斷PTEN為miRNA-181-5P的靶基因,miRNA-181-5P上調(diào)抑制PTEN的表達,而TRHDE-AS1則能促進PTEN的表達,因此得出結(jié)論,TRHDE-AS1通過負向調(diào)控miRNA-181-5P促進PTEN表達,lncRNA TRHDE-AS1通過lncRNA TRHDE-AS1→miR-181a-5p→PTEN軸調(diào)控瘢痕疙瘩形成。上述研究提示LncRNAs可以通過miRNA以及其他途徑參與瘢痕疙瘩的形成,再次證明了lncRNA在瘢痕疙瘩的形成中扮演重要角色[25]。

2.2 miRNA調(diào)控瘢痕疙瘩:Li J等[26]認為miR-101通過影響膠microRNA (miRNA)與靶基因之間存在復(fù)雜的相互作用。miRNAs參與調(diào)節(jié)生物細胞增殖、分化、成熟和凋亡。細胞外基質(zhì)(ECM)過度沉積是瘢痕形成的重要特征之一。正常情況下,ECM主要由膠原、纖維蛋白、層粘連蛋白等組成。細胞外基質(zhì)參與瘢痕疙瘩增殖的機理是加速ECM合成和減緩ECM降解。研究表明,miRNAs可能通過調(diào)節(jié)ECM的合成和裂解而影響瘢痕的形成[27]。Chao L等[14]認為miR-96在瘢痕疙瘩中過表達,miR-96與Smad7-3'UTR區(qū)存在可能的結(jié)合位點,共同轉(zhuǎn)染后證實miR-96靶向調(diào)控Smad7,同時miR-96抑制Ⅰ/Ⅲ膠原蛋白增殖,因此,miR-96通過靶向調(diào)控Smad7通路抑制Ⅰ/Ⅲ膠原蛋白增殖,并參與瘢痕疙瘩的增殖、凋亡。還有研究表明miR-217靶向FN(纖維粘連蛋白)調(diào)控KS增殖[15],在KS中miR-217表達顯著被抑制。FN-3'UTR區(qū)存在與miR-217結(jié)合位點,且兩者呈負相關(guān);當miR-217過表達,Csapase-3表達上調(diào),F(xiàn)N、Col-1、Col-3表達下調(diào)。

在瘢痕疙瘩組織侵襲進程中,纖維形成的細胞被認為是發(fā)揮作用的主要細胞。纖維細胞的激活、增殖和凋亡的不平衡,向肌成纖維細胞分化,遷移和增強侵襲能力有助于瘢痕的發(fā)生。大量的研究表明,與普通皮膚組織相比,在KD和某些來源于KD的成纖維細胞中一些miRNA差異化表達,提高或降低KF生物活性水平,從而影響傷口的愈合[28]。Pang Q等[29]研究miR-152-5p參與調(diào)控瘢痕疙瘩成纖維細胞的增殖。在瘢痕疙瘩中測得miR-152-5p下調(diào),當miR-152-5p高表達時抑制瘢痕疙瘩成纖維細胞增殖。Smad3被檢測到為miR-152-5p的靶基因,miR-152-5p通過ERK1/2和AKT連接并負向調(diào)控Smad3,miR-152-5p過表達,Smad3隨之下調(diào)抑制瘢痕疙瘩成纖維細胞的遷移和侵襲。此外,還有研究認為在經(jīng)過巨大戟醇甲基丁烯酸酯(Ingenol mebutate)處理后miR-34上調(diào),miR-34可能是通過靶向Tp53實現(xiàn)調(diào)控[30-31]。原蛋白的合成,抑制增生性瘢痕的侵襲。在增生性瘢痕中,miR-101低表達,當miR-101過表達時增生性瘢痕的侵襲性降低、凋亡增加,同時增生性瘢痕組織中Col1、Col2、α-SMA均表達降低。EZH2(組蛋白賴氨酸N-甲基轉(zhuǎn)移酶[32])過表達能夠在蛋白質(zhì)和miRNA水平抑制α-SMA和膠原蛋白的表達。miR-101通過與EZH2的3'非翻譯區(qū)結(jié)合,抑制Col1、Col2、α-SMA表達,促進增生性瘢痕組織凋亡。

許多研究表明miRNA通過相關(guān)信號轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)途徑參與瘢痕疙瘩的發(fā)生和發(fā)展。Su X等[3]研究表明miR-205在瘢痕疙瘩成纖維細胞中表達降低,且HOXA11-AS表達上調(diào),當HOXA11-AS過表達或者miR-205上調(diào)時抑制瘢痕組織增生、加速其凋亡。miR-205為HOXA11-AS下游靶點,受HOXA11-AS負向調(diào)控;同時FOXM1為miR-205靶點。HOXA11-AS通過靶向miR-205拮抗FOXM1表達,阻斷瘢痕疙瘩成纖維細胞的侵襲、ECM積累以及糖酵解。

還有研究報道[33]HIF-1α參與瘢痕疙瘩發(fā)展進程。HIF-1α(缺氧誘導(dǎo)因子-1)是調(diào)節(jié)缺氧細胞生理行為和介導(dǎo)缺氧應(yīng)激反應(yīng)的核心因子,在缺氧狀態(tài)下HIF-1α表達顯著增加。通過分組檢測得到缺氧刺激HIF-1α過表達促進KSF增殖。細胞缺氧狀態(tài)下還可以刺激KSF分泌多種調(diào)節(jié)因子,如TGF-β、GTGF、VEGF。以TGF-β為例,缺氧刺激KFS中TGF-βⅡ表達促進pSmad 2/3分泌,同樣缺氧還可以通過TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB通路刺激KFS正向調(diào)控IL-6分泌。多條通路均證明了HIF-1α在KSF進程中扮演重要角色,也為瘢痕疙瘩的治療提供新的靶點。在瘢痕疙瘩發(fā)生發(fā)展的進程中細胞基質(zhì)沉積、成纖維細胞增殖,以及多種信號轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)通路均扮演重要角色,這無疑為瘢痕疙瘩的治療開拓廣闊思路。

3? 小結(jié)

瘢痕疙瘩的治療始終是一個難題,近年來針對瘢痕疙瘩的治療手段有很多,如手術(shù)、EB照射、激素治療以及多種手段的綜合治療[34],但多無法達到很好療效?;谏镄畔W(xué)的發(fā)展,更多研究聚焦于基因?qū)用妫蔷幋aRNA在瘢痕疙瘩組織中顯著差異表達被多次揭示,通過實驗驗證lncRNA、miRNA以及其他非編碼RNA在瘢痕疙瘩的進展中發(fā)揮重要作用,LncRNA通過調(diào)控miRNA間接調(diào)控信號轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)通路實現(xiàn)對瘢痕疙瘩的影響,miRNA直接或間接地參與KD的侵襲與凋亡,此外,還有藥物被報道[30,35-36],如胱抑素A、過氧化物酶體增殖物激活受體-γ激動劑、細胞死亡誘導(dǎo)劑、五倍子軟膏等通過參與調(diào)節(jié)miRNA抑制KD的侵襲,這提示我們許多藥物可能通過干預(yù)非編碼RNA抑制瘢痕疙瘩潛在進程。當然,lncRNA、miRNA等基因的機制還不夠完善,眾多非編碼RNA和信號轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)因子在瘢痕疙瘩治療中重要性哪個更顯著?對治療的意義更大?從而針對這些重要的基因和轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)因子進行干預(yù),以期尋找出療效更佳的藥物,甚至是瘢痕疙瘩的靶向藥,推動KD治療的進展,促進基礎(chǔ)研究向臨床治療的轉(zhuǎn)化。

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[收稿日期]2022-03-18

本文引用格式:劉建科,楊喜明,高棟梁.非編碼RNA對瘢痕疙瘩形成的影響機制研究進展[J].中國美容醫(yī)學(xué),2023,32(11):199-202.

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