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基于腸道菌群探討心脾同治法治療缺血性心臟病的機(jī)制

2024-04-29 07:18孫立瑩,韓卓君,王培利
關(guān)鍵詞:腸道菌群中藥

孫立瑩,韓卓君,王培利

摘要缺血性心臟病的發(fā)生發(fā)展嚴(yán)重影響人民的生命健康。心脾同治法,即益氣活血健脾法,作為治療缺血性心臟病的重要方法,符合缺血性心臟病氣虛血瘀的本質(zhì)。腸道菌群的生理功能與中醫(yī)的脾臟關(guān)系密切,腸道菌群及其代謝產(chǎn)物影響缺血性心臟病的發(fā)生發(fā)展,心脾同治類中藥通過腸道菌群改善缺血性心臟病的預(yù)后。本研究探討心脾同治類中藥通過抑制不良產(chǎn)物、促進(jìn)血管新生、抗炎等方面改善心肌缺血缺氧的機(jī)制。

關(guān)鍵詞缺血性心臟病;心脾同治;腸道菌群;中藥

doi:10.12102/j.issn.1672-1349.2024.04.037

心血管疾病是威脅我國居民生命和健康的重大公共衛(wèi)生問題,每年死亡人數(shù)達(dá)400萬人,占總死亡人數(shù)的40%以上,也是傷殘和壽命縮短的重要原因[1]。缺血性心臟病是全球的主要死亡原因之一,研究顯示,預(yù)計(jì)全球每年有約900萬人死于缺血性心臟?。?]。缺血性心臟病指冠狀動(dòng)脈發(fā)生粥樣硬化引起管腔狹窄或閉塞,導(dǎo)致心肌缺血缺氧或壞死引起的心臟病。因此,積極尋求改善缺血心肌血流灌注、促進(jìn)缺血心肌損傷修復(fù)的治療策略,是提高心血管疾病病人生存質(zhì)量的重要舉措。王清任在《醫(yī)林改錯(cuò)》[3]中明確提出:“元?dú)饧刺?,必不能達(dá)于血管。血管無氣,必停留而瘀”,創(chuàng)立氣虛血瘀學(xué)說之先河。心脾同治法即益氣活血健脾法。益氣活血為中醫(yī)藥治療心血管疾病的常用方法,而健脾主要有以下兩個(gè)目的:一是脾胃為宗氣與營血生化之源,脾旺則營血充盈,宗氣充盛;二是心為脾之母,脾為心之子,補(bǔ)脾亦可助心。

1腸道菌群與缺血性心臟病

腸道菌群與缺血性心臟病的相關(guān)性是心血管研究領(lǐng)域的熱點(diǎn)。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),腸道菌群失調(diào)所產(chǎn)生的代謝物可能會(huì)促進(jìn)或防止缺血性心臟病的發(fā)生,同時(shí),益生菌、飲食、運(yùn)動(dòng)等方法可通過改變腸道菌群發(fā)揮心血管保護(hù)作用[4]。

1.1腸道菌群

寄居人體胃腸道的細(xì)菌、古細(xì)菌和真核生物的集合被稱為腸道菌群,與人體形成了復(fù)雜的互利共生關(guān)系[5-6]。據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì),生活在胃腸道的細(xì)菌細(xì)胞數(shù)量是人類細(xì)胞數(shù)量的10倍,基因組內(nèi)容的數(shù)量更是人類基因組的100多倍[7]。腸道菌群作為腸道的重要屏障[8],從很多角度影響宿主的生命活動(dòng),包括能量代謝[9]、防御病原體的入侵[10]、調(diào)節(jié)免疫系統(tǒng)[11]等。

1.2腸道菌群對(duì)缺血性心臟病的有利影響

相關(guān)研究發(fā)現(xiàn),通過益生元/益生菌、飲食、運(yùn)動(dòng)、糞菌移植等方式,可以改變腸道菌群結(jié)構(gòu),進(jìn)而影響心血管疾病的發(fā)生發(fā)展[3]。研究顯示,益生菌可降低低密度脂蛋白(low-density lipoprotein,LDL)水平,改善LDL/高密度脂蛋白(high-density lipoprotein,HDL)比率,并降低血壓、血糖水平和體質(zhì)指數(shù)[12]。益生菌可以通過控制心血管危險(xiǎn)因素如高膽固醇血癥、高血壓、肥胖和2型糖尿病等影響心血管疾病的發(fā)生發(fā)展[13]。除此之外,益生菌還可以降低腸道內(nèi)產(chǎn)生內(nèi)毒素的致病菌數(shù)量,從而預(yù)防心血管疾病的發(fā)生[14]。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),糞菌移植可有效改變腸道菌群結(jié)構(gòu),重建生物群平衡,維持生物群的穩(wěn)態(tài),進(jìn)而控制心血管疾病的危險(xiǎn)因素,如肥胖等[15]。

通過各種手段適當(dāng)改變體內(nèi)腸道菌群結(jié)構(gòu),調(diào)整體內(nèi)菌群比例,增加相對(duì)有益菌,減少有害菌,通過調(diào)節(jié)病人的代謝減緩動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化斑塊的發(fā)展,防止疾病惡化,有益于缺血性心臟病的預(yù)后。

1.3腸道菌群對(duì)缺血性心臟病的不利影響

腸道菌群代謝所產(chǎn)生的三甲胺(trimethylamine,TMA)、氧化三甲胺(trimethylamine-N-oxide,TMAO)、膽汁酸(bile acid,BAs)、短鏈脂肪酸(short chain fatty acids,SCFAs)和芳香族氨基酸(aromatic amino acid,AAAs)與心血管疾病的發(fā)病密切相關(guān)[16-18]。

在腸道中,膽堿、磷脂酰膽堿和肉毒堿被腸道菌群代謝為TMA,在肝臟中的黃素單加氧酶3(flavin monooxygenase 3,F(xiàn)MO3)的作用下,TMA轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)門MAO,TMAO通過對(duì)膽固醇的逆向轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)促進(jìn)動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化[19],研究發(fā)現(xiàn),腸道菌群的代謝產(chǎn)物TMAO通過血管緊張素Ⅱ可能激活相關(guān)通路,誘導(dǎo)血管平滑肌細(xì)胞增殖和遷移[20]。游離膽汁酸可以誘導(dǎo)心肌細(xì)胞的凋亡,激活法尼類X受體(farnesoid X receptor,F(xiàn)XR)和半胱氨酸蛋白酶(Caspase)-9/Caspase-3通路,引起線粒體功能障礙,最終導(dǎo)致心肌細(xì)胞缺血再灌注損傷[21]。

色氨酸(來自芳香族氨基酸的代謝物)在吲哚胺2,3-雙加氧酶作用下響應(yīng)炎癥刺激,從而促進(jìn)色氨酸的降解;然而,當(dāng)吲哚胺2,3-雙加氧酶的活性高時(shí),其可能會(huì)加速血管炎癥和動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化,使心血管疾病惡化[22]。有研究顯示,急性冠脈綜合征病人在血清代謝組學(xué)和腸道微生物組學(xué)上較正常人有顯著差異,如缺乏梭狀芽孢桿菌科細(xì)菌,并影響了血清中多種代謝物的水平,這可能與發(fā)生冠狀動(dòng)脈疾病的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)密切相關(guān)[23]。

2心脾同治與腸道菌群的內(nèi)在聯(lián)系

2.1心脾同治的內(nèi)涵

心脾同治法,即益氣活血健脾法。心脾兩臟,在生理上密切相關(guān),病理上相互影響。在生理上,心脾兩臟通過經(jīng)絡(luò)相互關(guān)聯(lián),此外,心血源于脾土。《血證論》云:“脾經(jīng)化汁,上奉心火,心火得之,變化而赤是為血”[24]。在病理上,心主血,心病則血行不暢,易致血瘀,累及脾臟之經(jīng)絡(luò)血行;脾失健運(yùn)則易導(dǎo)致痰濁,水飲停滯,從而痹阻心脈,影響血液運(yùn)行。脾胃又為氣血生化之源,脾失健運(yùn)則氣血虧虛,導(dǎo)致氣虛血瘀之證。由此可見,心脾兩臟關(guān)系十分密切。

2.2心脾同治與腸道菌群

《素問·經(jīng)脈別論》云:“飲入于胃,游溢精氣,上輸于脾,脾氣散精,上歸于肺”。[25]“脾主運(yùn)化,胃主受納腐熟”是對(duì)脾胃為后天之本的生理功能的高度概括?,F(xiàn)代醫(yī)學(xué)認(rèn)為,胃腸道是消化系統(tǒng)的重要組成部分,是人體吸收營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)的主要途徑,而腸道菌群主要定植于胃腸,腸道微生物是人體吸收營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)的重要影響因素。研究顯示,腸道菌群通過協(xié)助脂肪酸的轉(zhuǎn)化,參與膽固醇的代謝吸收[26]。在膽汁酸代謝的替代途徑中,牛磺膽酸在腸道細(xì)菌的作用下形成去氧膽酸[27]。此外,腸道微生物也參與多種來自飲食的碳水化合物的降解,如抗性淀粉、纖維素等[28]。這與中醫(yī)學(xué)說對(duì)于脾的定義相符合,《素問·玉機(jī)真藏論》云:“脾為孤臟,中央土以灌四旁”[25],《中藏經(jīng)》亦云:“脾者,土也,諫議之官……消磨五谷,寄在其中,養(yǎng)于四旁”[29]。

2.3心脾同治類中藥對(duì)腸道菌群的調(diào)節(jié)作用

心脾同治類中藥主要包括了黃芪、白術(shù)等益氣健脾藥,以及當(dāng)歸、丹參等活血藥,這些中藥均有調(diào)節(jié)腸道菌群的作用。研究表明,黃芪甲苷可以正向調(diào)節(jié)2型糖尿病模型小鼠腸道菌群的豐度和多樣性[30]。黃芪與丹參合用,改善了自發(fā)性高血壓大鼠中的腸道菌群平衡,并降低了菌絲與擬桿菌占比,此外,還改善了血清代謝模式,與炎癥、氧化應(yīng)激等相關(guān)的潛在生物標(biāo)志物發(fā)生了顯著變化[31]。白術(shù)多糖有助于恢復(fù)被疾病破壞的腸道菌群,廣泛調(diào)節(jié)腸道菌群和宿主代謝[32]。研究顯示,當(dāng)歸多糖通過調(diào)節(jié)腸道微生物群和基因表達(dá),可以改善類風(fēng)濕關(guān)節(jié)炎小鼠的關(guān)節(jié)腫脹[33]。

3心脾同治類中藥通過調(diào)節(jié)腸道菌群治療缺血性心臟病的可能機(jī)制

3.1抑制不良代謝產(chǎn)物

磷脂酰膽堿、肉堿、甜菜堿等營養(yǎng)底物在腸道中被腸道菌群代謝為TMA,TMA吸收入血,經(jīng)過肝黃素單加氧酶(hepatic flavin monooxygenases,F(xiàn)AMO),轉(zhuǎn)化為TMAO[34]。TMAO的濃度升高可能會(huì)增加心力衰竭、動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化、高血壓、代謝綜合征等疾病的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[35]。而胸痛病人的血漿TMAO水平可以預(yù)測心血管事件的近期和遠(yuǎn)期風(fēng)險(xiǎn),指導(dǎo)疑似急性冠脈綜合征病人的危險(xiǎn)分層[36]。有研究發(fā)現(xiàn),益氣活血降濁方可以通過下調(diào)外周血中TMAO水平,從而有效保護(hù)慢性腎功能不全小鼠的心功能,預(yù)防心血管并發(fā)癥[37]。由白術(shù)、澤瀉和鹿銜草組成的澤瀉飲,可以有效降低高脂飼養(yǎng)小鼠血清中的TMAO濃度,從而發(fā)揮抗動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化的作用[38]。研究顯示,由人參、丹參、桂枝、枳實(shí)、澤瀉組成的養(yǎng)心通脈方,治療冠心病血瘀證大鼠時(shí),可有效抑制TMA的產(chǎn)生[39]。血府逐瘀湯作為活血名方,通過抑制FMO3,減少了TMA向TMAO的轉(zhuǎn)化[40]。

3.2促進(jìn)心肌血管生成

腸道菌群的代謝產(chǎn)物對(duì)血管新生具有雙相調(diào)節(jié)作用。腸道菌群通過影響免疫系統(tǒng),促進(jìn)血管生成因子的釋放;同時(shí)腸道菌群的產(chǎn)物不飽和脂肪酸可以降低腸微血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞的血管生成[41]。腸道內(nèi)的潘氏細(xì)胞可在腸道菌群及其代謝產(chǎn)物的影響下,分泌促血管生成信號(hào)因子,從而促進(jìn)腸道和腸系膜血管生成[42]。研究證實(shí),腸道細(xì)菌誘導(dǎo)人腸微血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生血管生成因子,促進(jìn)血管出芽和體內(nèi)血管生成[43]。

除了影響腸內(nèi)血管生成外,腸道菌群還能直接干預(yù)某些靶器官的血管新生過程。研究表明,含有黃芪、丹參等益氣活血中藥的方劑,通過重塑腸道微生物結(jié)構(gòu),可能調(diào)節(jié)血管內(nèi)皮生長因子(vascular endothelial growth factor,VEGF)信號(hào)通路,從而改善糖尿病導(dǎo)致的下肢缺血[44]。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),高脂飲食可以通過調(diào)節(jié)腸道菌群,促進(jìn)脈絡(luò)膜血管新生,導(dǎo)致黃斑變性的發(fā)生[45-46]。

3.3抗炎等作用

中藥調(diào)整腸道菌群及其代謝物可能還存在抗炎的作用。腸道菌群的組成影響腸道屏障的完整性,腸內(nèi)通透性增加導(dǎo)致細(xì)菌結(jié)構(gòu)物質(zhì)(如脂多糖、鞭毛蛋白等)易位,誘導(dǎo)炎癥的發(fā)生[47]。此外,微生物的代謝產(chǎn)物(如對(duì)甲酚硫酸鹽、吲哚酚硫酸鹽等)還可能加劇機(jī)體原有的炎癥[48]。

心脾同治類中藥可通過影響腸道菌群來減輕炎癥作用。通心絡(luò)膠囊有益氣活血的功效,實(shí)驗(yàn)研究發(fā)現(xiàn),通心絡(luò)膠囊影響腸道菌群和腸道代謝產(chǎn)物,從而抑制血管組織中核苷酸結(jié)合寡聚化結(jié)構(gòu)域樣受體蛋白3(nucleotide binding oligomerization domain-like receptor protein 3,NLRP3)及其下游炎性因子白細(xì)胞介素-1β和白細(xì)胞介素-18的表達(dá),改善動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化斑塊的穩(wěn)定性[49]。研究顯示,用乳桿菌發(fā)酵后的白術(shù)可通過調(diào)節(jié)腸道菌群和腸道通透性降低白細(xì)胞介素-6等炎性因子水平[50]。四君子湯作為益氣的重要方劑,其提取的多糖在體外發(fā)酵中,通過調(diào)節(jié)腸道菌群的豐度發(fā)揮免疫調(diào)節(jié)功能[51]。參苓白術(shù)散作為補(bǔ)脾氣的代表方劑,對(duì)非酒精性肝病大鼠有抗炎作用,通過調(diào)節(jié)腸道菌群,進(jìn)而調(diào)節(jié)短鏈脂肪酸的含量實(shí)現(xiàn)[52]?;钛愔兴幰灿蓄愃频淖饔?,丹皮中含有的丹皮多糖改善了腸道屏障功能,調(diào)節(jié)腸道菌群,并減輕了糖尿病腎病大鼠的全身炎癥反應(yīng)[53]。

以上3種假設(shè)均基于現(xiàn)有研究提出的。許多研究均報(bào)道了中藥可改善疾病及調(diào)整腸道菌群,但較少有研究將調(diào)整腸道菌群與疾病相關(guān)通路相關(guān)聯(lián)。換言之,對(duì)于中藥通過腸道菌群改善疾病的研究有待進(jìn)一步完善。

4小結(jié)

腸道菌群作為人體中重要的組成部分,參與疾病的發(fā)生發(fā)展,腸道菌群與中醫(yī)中“脾”的概念密切相關(guān)。心脾同治作為治療缺血性心臟病的重要治療方法,心脾同治類中藥可能通過改變腸道菌群進(jìn)而改善缺血性心臟病的預(yù)后,這其中的具體分子通路還有待于進(jìn)一步探索。

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(收稿日期:2023-07-12)

(本文編輯鄒麗)

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