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肝細(xì)胞癌精準(zhǔn)肝切除在基層醫(yī)院的應(yīng)用研究

2024-07-06 17:10:52鄧少偉賴彥華周厚富
醫(yī)學(xué)信息 2024年12期
關(guān)鍵詞:肝細(xì)胞癌

鄧少偉 賴彥華 周厚富

摘要:目的? 探討基層醫(yī)院開展精準(zhǔn)肝切除治療肝細(xì)胞癌的可行性。方法? 回顧性分析2010年1月-2017年12月鐘山縣人民醫(yī)院完成的188例行開放性肝切除的肝細(xì)胞癌患者資料,根據(jù)手術(shù)方式分為精準(zhǔn)肝切除術(shù)組和常規(guī)肝切除術(shù)組,術(shù)后隨訪5年,比較兩組手術(shù)耗時(shí)、術(shù)中出血量、術(shù)中輸血量、住院時(shí)間、術(shù)后第3天轉(zhuǎn)氨酶和總膽紅素、并發(fā)癥及生存率。結(jié)果? 納入精準(zhǔn)肝切除術(shù)組95例,常規(guī)肝切除術(shù)組93例。兩組手術(shù)時(shí)間、術(shù)中輸血例數(shù)以及并發(fā)癥比較,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);精準(zhǔn)肝切除術(shù)組術(shù)中出血量,住院時(shí)間,術(shù)后第3天血清谷丙轉(zhuǎn)氨酶、谷草轉(zhuǎn)氨酶和總膽紅素低于常規(guī)肝切除術(shù)組(P<0.05);兩組術(shù)后1、3、5年總體生存率比較,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);精準(zhǔn)肝切除術(shù)組后1、3、5年無(wú)瘤生存率高于常規(guī)肝切除術(shù)組(P<0.05)。結(jié)論? 精準(zhǔn)肝切除術(shù)比常規(guī)肝切除術(shù)根治肝細(xì)胞癌具有手術(shù)創(chuàng)傷小、術(shù)后肝功能恢復(fù)快、無(wú)瘤生存率高等明顯優(yōu)勢(shì),值得在基層醫(yī)院應(yīng)用。

關(guān)鍵詞:精準(zhǔn)肝切除;肝細(xì)胞癌;常規(guī)肝切除

中圖分類號(hào):R9735.7? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼:A? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1006-1959.2024.12.021

文章編號(hào):1006-1959(2024)12-0098-05

Application of Precise Hepatectomy for Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Primary Hospitals

Abstract:Objective? To explore the feasibility of precise hepatectomy in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma in primary hospitals.Methods? The clinical data of 188 patients with hepatocellular carcinoma who underwent open hepatectomy in the Peoples Hospital of Zhongshan County from January 2010 to December 2017 were retrospectively analyzed. According to the surgical methods, the patients were divided into precise hepatectomy group and conventional hepatectomy group. The patients were followed up for 5 years. The operation time, intraoperative blood loss, intraoperative blood transfusion, hospitalization time, transaminase and total bilirubin on the 3rd day after operation, complications and survival rate were compared between the two groups.Results? ?There were 95 cases in the precise hepatectomy group and 93 cases in the conventional hepatectomy group. There was no significant difference in operation time, the number of intraoperative blood transfusion cases and complications between the two groups (P>0.05). The intraoperative blood loss, hospitalization time, serum alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase and total bilirubin on the 3rd day after operation in the precise hepatectomy group were lower than those in the conventional hepatectomy group (P<0.05). There was no significant difference in the 1-, 3-, and 5-year overall survival rates between the two groups(P>0.05). The 1-, 3- and 5-year free survival rates in the precise hepatectomy group were higher than those in the conventional hepatectomy group(P<0.05).Conclusion? Compared with conventional hepatectomy, precise hepatectomy has the obvious advantages of less surgical trauma, faster postoperative liver function recovery and higher free survival rate, which is worthy of application in primary hospitals.

Key words:Precision hepatectomy;Hepatocellular carcinoma;Conventional hepatectomy

肝細(xì)胞癌(hepatocellular carcinoma, HCC)當(dāng)前是全球最常見的惡性腫瘤之一,其死亡率在全部惡性腫瘤中位居第3位[1]。手術(shù)切除是目前治療HCC主要手段,分為精準(zhǔn)肝切除(precision hepatectomy, PH)和常規(guī)肝切除(conventional hepatectomy, CH),但術(shù)后復(fù)發(fā)是影響患者生存質(zhì)量的重要因素[2,3]。鑒于HCC血管侵犯、復(fù)發(fā)轉(zhuǎn)移等生物學(xué)特性,PH具有術(shù)中出血少、住院時(shí)間短、無(wú)瘤生存期長(zhǎng)等優(yōu)點(diǎn)逐漸成為HCC手術(shù)切除首選方式[4,5]。然而,有研究認(rèn)為,PH在整體存活率方面非優(yōu)于CH,且非所有HCC均可從解剖性肝切除獲益[6,7]。此外,該術(shù)式對(duì)手術(shù)者技術(shù)及肝內(nèi)解剖結(jié)構(gòu)熟悉程度的要求較高,易出現(xiàn)血管和膽管損傷、術(shù)中大出血等并發(fā)癥,以致在基層醫(yī)院開展中受到質(zhì)疑[8-10]。因此,本研究旨在通過(guò)對(duì)單中心臨床資料的回顧,探討基層醫(yī)院開展精準(zhǔn)肝切除治療HCC的可行性,為該術(shù)式的臨床應(yīng)用提供參考。

1資料與方法

1.1一般資料? 收集2010年1月-2017年12月鐘山縣人民醫(yī)院行開放性肝切除的HCC患者資料。根據(jù)患者肝切除方式分為PH組95例和CH組93例。研究對(duì)象均知情同意,簽署同意書。

1.2納入和排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn)? 納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):術(shù)后病理為肝細(xì)胞性肝癌,術(shù)前影像學(xué)檢查提示肝腫瘤為單發(fā)且無(wú)肝外轉(zhuǎn)移。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):術(shù)前影像學(xué)檢查提示腫瘤侵犯血管或伴有肝靜脈血栓形成;伴有其他腫瘤病史;中重度門靜脈高壓。

1.3方法

1.3.1術(shù)前評(píng)估規(guī)劃? 兩組患者術(shù)前均完善相關(guān)檢查并進(jìn)行綜合分析,包括血小板計(jì)數(shù)、谷丙轉(zhuǎn)氨酶、血肌酐、腫瘤學(xué)標(biāo)志物、凝血功能、乙型或丙型肝炎病毒抗體及肝臟CT或MRI影像學(xué)檢查;復(fù)雜病例行3D成像,評(píng)估肝臟儲(chǔ)備功能。所有患者術(shù)前評(píng)估均需滿足所需最小殘肝容積,半肝及以上切除時(shí)依據(jù)患者體重(kg)×0.8%的公式計(jì)算殘肝體積。

1.3.2手術(shù)方法? PH的范圍為切除腫瘤及腫瘤所在的肝葉或肝段/亞段,同時(shí)切除伴行的肝動(dòng)脈、門靜脈分支及膽管分支。步驟如下:取右肋沿下反“L”形切口,逐層入腹后置肝臟拉鉤,根據(jù)手術(shù)需求游離相應(yīng)肝周韌帶,充分顯露肝臟。行右肝相應(yīng)肝葉、段切除病例大部分需同時(shí)切除膽囊。結(jié)合術(shù)前影像評(píng)估及手術(shù)規(guī)劃,通過(guò)解剖Glisson鞘,游離目標(biāo)肝段(或肝葉)相應(yīng)Glisson系統(tǒng)分支,在肝門或肝內(nèi)將相應(yīng)肝段或肝葉的Glisson系統(tǒng)分支游離阻斷或切斷,根據(jù)缺血線標(biāo)記肝膈面及臟面切除線。若腫瘤與第一肝門或肝葉Glisson蒂關(guān)系密切時(shí),行Glisson鞘內(nèi)法解剖第一肝門,通過(guò)荷瘤門靜脈分支、肝動(dòng)脈分支阻斷或門靜脈分支美藍(lán)注射的方式確定肝膈面和臟面切除線。然后盡可能不阻斷入肝血流,必要時(shí)區(qū)域性入肝血流阻斷或Pringle法阻斷入肝血流條件下,采用止血鉗或超聲刀行鉗夾法逐步離斷肝組織,結(jié)扎切斷肝靜脈屬支及肝內(nèi)Glisson蒂,創(chuàng)面通過(guò)電凝或縫扎確切止血,不予對(duì)攏縫合。CH的步驟如下:開腹、游離、顯露肝臟步驟同PH組。根據(jù)術(shù)前影像、術(shù)中探查或超聲引導(dǎo)下,距腫瘤邊緣2 cm處擬定肝切除線,不考慮其荷瘤門脈的流域。在Pringle法阻斷入肝血流條件下,沿腫瘤邊緣盡量大于2 cm處逐步離斷肝組織,斷面血管、膽管予結(jié)扎或縫扎,創(chuàng)面經(jīng)電凝或縫扎止血,部分病例創(chuàng)面予對(duì)攏縫合。

1.4觀察指標(biāo)? 比較兩組性別、年齡,患者術(shù)前轉(zhuǎn)氨酶、總膽紅素、肝功能Child分級(jí),腫瘤直徑和微血管侵犯情況,手術(shù)耗時(shí),術(shù)中出血量和輸血例數(shù),術(shù)后第3天肝功能,住院時(shí)間,并發(fā)癥,術(shù)后1、3、5年總體生存率和無(wú)瘤生存率。

1.5統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法? 應(yīng)用SPSS 21.0統(tǒng)計(jì)軟件進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析,計(jì)量資料符合正態(tài)分布,以(x±s)表示,兩獨(dú)立樣本采用t檢驗(yàn),計(jì)數(shù)資料采用χ2檢驗(yàn)。生存曲線使用Kanplan-Meier法。P<0.05認(rèn)為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。

2結(jié)果

2.1患者一般臨床資料? 共納入患者188例,男女比150∶38,年齡23~76歲,平均年齡(56.51±11.04)歲;168例合并不同程度肝硬化,術(shù)前肝功能Child A級(jí)169例(包括10例Child B級(jí),經(jīng)治療后達(dá)到Child A級(jí)),Child B級(jí)19例。兩組患者術(shù)前年齡、性別、Child分級(jí)、腫瘤大小和血管侵犯、肝功能比較,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),見表1。

2.2手術(shù)情況? 兩組患者手術(shù)時(shí)間和術(shù)中輸血例數(shù)比較,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);PH組術(shù)中出血量少于CH組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),見表2。

2.3術(shù)后并發(fā)癥及肝功能? PH組患者住院時(shí)間和術(shù)后第3天ALT、AST、TBIL均小于CH組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);兩組患者并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率比較,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),見表3。兩組患者并發(fā)癥經(jīng)保守治療后均順利出院,無(wú)圍手術(shù)期死亡病例。

2.4存活率及無(wú)瘤存活率? 患者隨訪中位時(shí)間為48個(gè)月,97例隨訪36個(gè)月,82例隨訪60個(gè)月,9例失訪。PH組和CH組患者術(shù)后1年存活率分別為83.16%、81.72%,術(shù)后3年存活率分別為67.74%、64.33%,術(shù)后5年存活率分別為41.01%、35.16%,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P=0.190)。PH組和CH組患者術(shù)后1年無(wú)瘤生存率分別為76.84%、68.81%,術(shù)后3年無(wú)瘤生存率分別為52.27%、37.46%,術(shù)后5年無(wú)瘤生存率分別為30.65%、14.67%,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P=0.003)。兩組患者總體生存曲線見圖1,無(wú)瘤生存曲線見圖2。

3討論

醫(yī)工技術(shù)進(jìn)步促使PH成為手術(shù)治療HCC的發(fā)展趨勢(shì)。PH與CH主要區(qū)別在于PH需預(yù)先解剖和阻斷擬切除肝段(或肝葉)的入肝和(或)出肝血流,包括肝門解剖、肝外或肝外Glisson鞘處理法,并以Glisson鞘脈管供養(yǎng)的肝段或肝葉為基礎(chǔ)切除完整的肝腫瘤;而CH僅要求腫瘤切緣≥2 cm,常不考慮肝段、肝葉的解剖結(jié)構(gòu),術(shù)中采取間斷同時(shí)阻斷預(yù)切除和保留側(cè)肝段的血流[11]。與CH相比,PH是以手術(shù)操作為核心輔以病情評(píng)估、外科決策、手術(shù)規(guī)劃多方面的全手術(shù)過(guò)程,能在完整切除腫瘤同時(shí),保證剩余肝臟完整性,減少出血、膽漏等并發(fā)癥,降低腫瘤轉(zhuǎn)移復(fù)發(fā)率[12,13]。既往研究已證實(shí)[14,15],PH能降低腫瘤殘留和術(shù)后荷瘤肝段播散轉(zhuǎn)移復(fù)發(fā)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),比常規(guī)肝切除延長(zhǎng)患者總體生存及無(wú)瘤生存率。Kang WH等[16]研究顯示,解剖性肝切除者1、3及5年的無(wú)瘤生存率均顯著高于非解剖性肝切除者。此外,常規(guī)非解剖肝切除因同時(shí)阻斷預(yù)切除和保留側(cè)肝段的血流,不可避免地造成缺血再灌注損傷,易引起肝硬化嚴(yán)重患者出現(xiàn)術(shù)后肝衰竭。本研究參照既往PH和CH術(shù)式文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道經(jīng)驗(yàn),分別開展肝癌切除術(shù),術(shù)后隨訪發(fā)現(xiàn)PH組患者1、3、5年無(wú)瘤生存率優(yōu)于CH患者。術(shù)前通過(guò)3D影像聯(lián)合傳統(tǒng)化驗(yàn)檢查進(jìn)行精準(zhǔn)評(píng)估規(guī)劃,降低PH患者手術(shù)風(fēng)險(xiǎn),兩組患者術(shù)后肺炎、腹腔積液、出血等并發(fā)癥無(wú)明顯差異。這提示基層醫(yī)院醫(yī)師經(jīng)充分術(shù)前評(píng)估后開展PH是安全可行的,能提高患者無(wú)瘤生存率和減輕患者心理負(fù)擔(dān)。

然而,肝段內(nèi)血管變異、多肝蒂供血或者肝內(nèi)分流等解剖因素均增加精準(zhǔn)肝切除難度,也是造成對(duì)術(shù)者解剖學(xué)知識(shí)和臨床手術(shù)經(jīng)驗(yàn)要求高、學(xué)習(xí)曲線長(zhǎng)重要因素[17]。既往一項(xiàng)回顧性研究分析學(xué)習(xí)曲線發(fā)現(xiàn)[18],術(shù)者至少完成50例手術(shù)才能明顯控制術(shù)中出血量,至少完成160例手術(shù)才能熟悉各種類型的解剖性肝切除術(shù)。另有研究發(fā)現(xiàn),HCC患者多合并不同程度肝硬化,ICG-15 min滯留率>20%的肝內(nèi)多發(fā)腫瘤患者,行PH后出現(xiàn)肝衰竭風(fēng)險(xiǎn)明顯高于CH[19]。然而,圍手術(shù)期三維重建等影像技術(shù)的進(jìn)步,聯(lián)合傳統(tǒng)肝臟功能檢測(cè)評(píng)估指標(biāo),明顯降低患者術(shù)后肝衰竭發(fā)生率,提高PH的可行性[20-22]。本研究術(shù)者均為外科臨床經(jīng)驗(yàn)豐富的副主任醫(yī)師,并通過(guò)監(jiān)測(cè)術(shù)后肝功能發(fā)現(xiàn)PH組患者轉(zhuǎn)氨酶和膽紅素指標(biāo)優(yōu)于CH組患者,這提示PH術(shù)式對(duì)肝臟損傷較少,增加PH在基層醫(yī)院推廣的可行性。

本研究中PH均由具有臨床手術(shù)經(jīng)驗(yàn)的基層醫(yī)院醫(yī)師經(jīng)過(guò)綜合評(píng)估肝臟后實(shí)施,通過(guò)術(shù)前引入三維重建等影像技術(shù)精確預(yù)評(píng)估肝解剖,術(shù)中首選肝外Glisson鞘法沿鞘外間隙解剖分離Glisson分支,行Glisson鞘內(nèi)法時(shí)遠(yuǎn)離膽總管3點(diǎn)、9點(diǎn)位及肝總管解剖肝動(dòng)脈并從門靜脈主干近左右分支處開始解剖門靜脈等手術(shù)技巧,縮短PH手術(shù)時(shí)間和住院時(shí)間,明顯減少肝臟損傷和術(shù)中出血量,以及把控PH血管損傷、膽管損傷等潛在風(fēng)險(xiǎn),極大緩解患者經(jīng)濟(jì)負(fù)擔(dān)和精神壓力。

綜上所述,PH根治HCC比CH具有創(chuàng)傷小、術(shù)后肝功能恢復(fù)快、無(wú)瘤生存率高等明顯優(yōu)勢(shì),雖對(duì)術(shù)者臨床技術(shù)和肝臟解剖要求高,但經(jīng)過(guò)專業(yè)培訓(xùn)后的基層醫(yī)院醫(yī)師開展該項(xiàng)基礎(chǔ)仍能取得較好臨床效果,值得在基層醫(yī)院應(yīng)用。

參考文獻(xiàn):

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[8]Sato N,Marubashi S.What is the optimal surgical treatment for hepatocellular carcinoma beyond the debate between anatomical versus non-anatomical resection? [J].Surg Today,2022,52(6):871-880.

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