李夢濤 王遷
作者單位:中國醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)院北京協(xié)和醫(yī)院風(fēng)濕免疫科,國家皮膚與免疫疾病臨床醫(yī)學(xué)研究中心(郵編100730)
編者按:結(jié)締組織?。–TD)是一組異質(zhì)性風(fēng)濕病,發(fā)病機(jī)制復(fù)雜,自身免疫、炎癥、纖維化和內(nèi)皮功能障礙等均發(fā)揮重要作用,臨床表現(xiàn)為多系統(tǒng)、多器官受累。間質(zhì)性肺病(ILD)是以肺間質(zhì)炎癥和纖維化為主要表現(xiàn)的彌漫性實(shí)質(zhì)性肺疾病,導(dǎo)致氣體交換障礙,患者表現(xiàn)為干咳、運(yùn)動耐力下降、進(jìn)行性呼吸困難、呼吸衰竭甚至死亡。肺動脈高壓(PAH)是由已知/未知原因引起的肺血管結(jié)構(gòu)和(或)功能改變所致肺血管阻力增加和肺動脈壓力升高的病理狀態(tài),導(dǎo)致患者呼吸困難、右心衰竭甚至死亡。ILD和PAH均顯著增加CTD患者的疾病負(fù)擔(dān)并影響患者預(yù)后。我受《天津醫(yī)藥》編輯部邀約,特組織國內(nèi)CTD相關(guān)肺受累研究領(lǐng)域的知名專家共同就CTD-ILD/PAH研究進(jìn)展及臨床關(guān)注問題進(jìn)行闡述,專題文章內(nèi)容包括CTD-ILD“雙達(dá)標(biāo)”治療策略、自身抗體在CTD-ILD中的臨床意義、CTD-ILD的動物模型研究進(jìn)展、CTD-ILD合并COVID-19感染及肺癌的臨床分析;心臟磁共振在CTD-PAH中的應(yīng)用、MCTD-PAH臨床特征等。以期加強(qiáng)各學(xué)科同道對CTD-ILD/PAH的認(rèn)識,促進(jìn)基礎(chǔ)研究領(lǐng)域與臨床醫(yī)生對CTD-ILD/PAH的共同關(guān)注,并對該領(lǐng)域亟待解決的關(guān)鍵問題進(jìn)行深入討論,推動CTD-ILD/PAH的發(fā)病機(jī)制與臨床診療的研究進(jìn)展。最后,本人對參與和支持本專題工作的全體作者和編審專家所付出的辛勤工作表示由衷感謝!
魏蔚(專題主編)
作者簡介:李夢濤(1972),男,教授,主任醫(yī)師,博士研究生/博士后導(dǎo)師,全國著名風(fēng)濕免疫學(xué)專家。北京協(xié)和醫(yī)院風(fēng)濕免疫科主任,協(xié)和學(xué)者特聘教授。國家衛(wèi)生健康突出貢獻(xiàn)中青年專家,北京醫(yī)學(xué)會風(fēng)濕病學(xué)分會主任委員,中華醫(yī)學(xué)會風(fēng)濕病學(xué)分會副主任委員,中國醫(yī)師協(xié)會風(fēng)濕免疫科醫(yī)師分會副會長兼肺血管/間質(zhì)病學(xué)組組長,國家風(fēng)濕病數(shù)據(jù)中心(CRDC)及中國風(fēng)濕免疫病醫(yī)聯(lián)體聯(lián)盟(CRCA)秘書長,國家皮膚與免疫疾病臨床醫(yī)學(xué)研究中心(NCRC-DID)辦公室主任,風(fēng)濕免疫病學(xué)教育部重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室主任。《Rheumatology and Immunology Research(RIR)》副主編。系統(tǒng)性紅斑狼瘡研究國家十四五重點(diǎn)研發(fā)計劃項目首席專家,十三五重點(diǎn)研發(fā)計劃、首都協(xié)同創(chuàng)新重點(diǎn)項目及國自然課題負(fù)責(zé)人。E-mail:mengtao.li@cstar.org.cn
摘要:結(jié)締組織病(CTD)是一類多器官系統(tǒng)受累的異質(zhì)性疾病,間質(zhì)性肺病(ILD)是多種CTD的嚴(yán)重并發(fā)癥。不同CTD-ILD在發(fā)病機(jī)制、臨床表現(xiàn)、治療等方面存在較大異質(zhì)性?;谶z傳學(xué)、病理生理與免疫學(xué)、蛋白質(zhì)組學(xué)、微生物組學(xué)進(jìn)行相關(guān)基礎(chǔ)及臨床研究來探究CTD-ILD發(fā)病機(jī)制并提出“雙達(dá)標(biāo)”治療策略。影像學(xué)技術(shù)及血清生物標(biāo)志物研究的進(jìn)展同時助力“雙達(dá)標(biāo)”治療策略的實(shí)施,早期控制CTD活動與肺部炎癥、延緩肺纖維化有利于改善CTD-ILD患者生存期與生活質(zhì)量。
關(guān)鍵詞:結(jié)締組織疾?。环渭膊?,間質(zhì)性;診斷;治療;發(fā)病機(jī)制
中圖分類號:R593.2文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼:A? DOI:10.11958/20240260
Connective tissue disease-associated interstitial lung disease: from pathogenesis to
"dual-target" treatment strategies
LI Mengtao, WANG Qian
Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of
Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College; National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and
Immunologic Diseases (NCRC-DID), Beijing 100730, China
Abstract: Connective tissue diseases (CTD) are a spectrum of heterogeneous diseases with multiple organ involvements. Interstitial lung diseases (ILD) are serious complications of CTD. There is great heterogeneity in pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, and treatment of different CTD-ILD. Previous basic and clinical studies have explored the pathogenesis of CTD-ILD, and the "dual-target" treatment strategy has therefore emerged. The implementation of the "dual-target" treatment strategy helps to control CTD activity and lung inflammation in the early stage, prevent the progression of pulmonary fibrosis, and thus improve patient survival and quality of life.
Key words: connective tissue diseases; lung diseases, interstitial; diagnosis; therapy; pathogenesis
結(jié)締組織?。╟onnective tissue diseases,CTD)是一組累及皮膚、肌肉、骨關(guān)節(jié)及重要臟器的異質(zhì)性疾病。間質(zhì)性肺病(interstitial lung diseases,ILD)是系統(tǒng)性硬化癥(systemic sclerosis,SSc)、類風(fēng)濕關(guān)節(jié)炎(rheumatoid arthritis,RA)、干燥綜合征(Sjogren's syndrome,SS)、炎性肌?。╥diopathic inflammatory myopathy,IIM)、混合性結(jié)締組織?。╩ixed connective tissue diseases,MCTD)、系統(tǒng)性紅斑狼瘡(systemic lupus erythematosus,SLE)等CTD的嚴(yán)重并發(fā)癥。不同結(jié)締組織病相關(guān)間質(zhì)性肺?。–TD-ILD)在發(fā)病機(jī)制、臨床表現(xiàn)、治療方法等存在較大異質(zhì)性[1-2]。研究顯示,不同CTD中合并ILD的比例差別很大,其中SSc為47%,IIM為41%,SS為17%,RA為11%,SLE為6%,MCTD為56%[3]。近年來,隨著對CTD-ILD發(fā)病機(jī)制研究的不斷深入,推進(jìn)了CTD-ILD“雙達(dá)標(biāo)”治療策略的建立[4]。早期控制CTD病情活動與肺部炎癥,阻止肺纖維化進(jìn)展,制定個性化的評估、治療方案,均有助于改善CTD-ILD患者的預(yù)后。
1 CTD-ILD發(fā)病機(jī)制
1.1 遺傳學(xué) 與CTD-ILD相關(guān)的基因變異包括黏蛋白5B基因(RA-ILD)和Toll作用蛋白基因(RA-ILD和SSc-ILD),RA-ILD和特發(fā)性肺纖維化患者具有重疊的遺傳特征[5]。41.4%的CTD-ILD患者存在白細(xì)胞端粒長度縮短[6]。端粒酶復(fù)合體的功能喪失可在ILD發(fā)病之初影響肺泡上皮細(xì)胞的更新和愈合,從而誘發(fā)纖維化加重。臨床前研究亦表明端粒酶激活劑對治療ILD有一定效果[7]。
1.2 病理生理與免疫學(xué)機(jī)制 ILD的基本病理特征為肺泡上皮不斷損傷和修復(fù),肺實(shí)質(zhì)由纖維化結(jié)締組織替代,肺功能進(jìn)行性喪失。纖維化結(jié)締組織中主要細(xì)胞成分是分泌膠原的肌成纖維細(xì)胞[7]。CTD-ILD中固有免疫和適應(yīng)性免疫異常是導(dǎo)致ILD發(fā)生發(fā)展的重要機(jī)制。目前已知CTD-ILD患者肺組織中巨噬細(xì)胞增多,減少巨噬細(xì)胞可顯著減少成纖維細(xì)胞和膠原沉積,改善肺纖維化。巨噬細(xì)胞分泌的蛋白和miRNA也可調(diào)節(jié)肺纖維化過程[8]。SSc-ILD患者血液中的單核細(xì)胞可被募集到肺內(nèi)并分化為肌成纖維細(xì)胞,而肌成纖維細(xì)胞是CTD-ILD發(fā)病中的關(guān)鍵細(xì)胞[7]。中性粒細(xì)胞的釋放可影響細(xì)胞外基質(zhì),導(dǎo)致肺纖維化和肺修復(fù)異常。此外,中性粒細(xì)胞被微生物激活后可釋放DNA、組蛋白和抗菌肽,形成中性粒細(xì)胞胞外誘捕網(wǎng)(neutrophil extracellular traps,NETs)。NETs可激活肺成纖維細(xì)胞并促進(jìn)其分化為肌成纖維細(xì)胞[6]。T細(xì)胞、B細(xì)胞均參與CTD-ILD的發(fā)生。肺T淋巴細(xì)胞可通過細(xì)胞表面的相互作用調(diào)節(jié)纖維化,從而導(dǎo)致成纖維細(xì)胞活化和增殖以及細(xì)胞外基質(zhì)中膠原沉積的增加。此外,SSc-ILD、RA-ILD和IIM患者的支氣管肺泡灌洗液中T細(xì)胞升高,以細(xì)胞毒性CD8+T細(xì)胞為主。SSc-ILD中存在廣泛的B細(xì)胞浸潤,通過細(xì)胞因子誘導(dǎo)巨噬細(xì)胞極化,驅(qū)動間質(zhì)纖維化[6-7]。
轉(zhuǎn)化生長因子-β(transforming growth factor-β,TGF-β)通路、Toll樣受體(toll-like receptor,TLR)通路、環(huán)狀GMP-AMP合酶-干擾素基因刺激因子(cGAS-STING)與Ⅰ型干擾素通路、Janus激酶/信號轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)子和轉(zhuǎn)錄激活子(JAK/STAT)通路、凋亡-焦亡-鐵死亡通路也與CTD-ILD發(fā)病相關(guān),這些途徑可相互協(xié)同或拮抗導(dǎo)致肺纖維化,已成為近年的研究熱點(diǎn)[5-6]。
1.3 蛋白質(zhì)組學(xué)研究 近十年來蛋白質(zhì)組學(xué)的應(yīng)用揭示了多種蛋白質(zhì)通過不同途徑參與CTD-ILD各亞型的發(fā)病,為研究病理機(jī)制和臨床生物標(biāo)志物提供了新的思路。不同的CTD-ILD亞型具有不同的蛋白質(zhì)組學(xué)變化:RA-ILD中主要的差異表達(dá)蛋白包括配對免疫球蛋白樣2型受體相關(guān)神經(jīng)蛋白、分泌型白細(xì)胞肽酶抑制劑、C-凝溶膠蛋白、N-凝溶膠蛋白、表面活性蛋白(surfactant associated protein,SP)-D;SSc-ILD中包括谷胱甘肽S-轉(zhuǎn)移酶P、14-3-3、轉(zhuǎn)甲狀腺素蛋白、S100A8/鈣衛(wèi)蛋白、趨化因子CXC配體(chemokine C-X-C ligand,CXCL)4、線粒體編碼ATP合酶6、鈣粒蛋白、SP-D;IIM-ILD中包括FC-聚糖半乳糖化IgG、凝溶膠蛋白、鈣粒蛋白、SP-D。在此基礎(chǔ)上,已建立多維診斷或發(fā)病預(yù)測模型,敏感度、特異度可高達(dá)近85%[9]。
1.4 微生物組學(xué)研究 微生物群對免疫介導(dǎo)疾病的發(fā)生、發(fā)展具有重要作用,其與ILD的嚴(yán)重程度和預(yù)后相關(guān)。與健康對照相比,RA患者肺泡灌洗液中微生物群的多樣性和豐度顯著降低,且與疾病嚴(yán)重程度相關(guān)[10]。在SSc中,胃腸道微生物失調(diào)與ILD相關(guān)[11];動物模型中,丁酸通過恢復(fù)腸道菌群降低了肺纖維化程度[12]。但仍需更多CTD-ILD肺部微生物組學(xué)研究,以更好地了解CTD-ILD的發(fā)病機(jī)制[13]。
2 CTD-ILD的診斷與評估
2.1 高分辨率CT(HRCT) HRCT作為早期肺部炎癥和纖維化改變及后期監(jiān)測的金標(biāo)準(zhǔn),一直是CTD-ILD診斷與病情監(jiān)測的重要手段。HRCT可鑒別不同病理分型和分期的CTD-ILD[14]。尋常型間質(zhì)性肺炎(usual interstitial pneumonia,UIP)是RA中最常見的ILD(約占46%),35%~45%的患者會出現(xiàn)CT影像學(xué)上的進(jìn)展;而非特異性間質(zhì)性肺炎(nonspecific interstitial pneumonia,NSIP)是所有其他CTD亞型中最常見的ILD(27%~76%)。淋巴細(xì)胞性間質(zhì)性肺炎(lymphocytic interstitial pneumonia,LIP)在原發(fā)性SS中更常見,機(jī)化性肺炎(organizing pneumonia,OP)多見于IIM中,上述后2種ILD在其他CTD中較為少見[3]。纖維化性ILD是SSc-ILD的常見表現(xiàn),主要累及肺基底部[14]?;€HRCT顯示的纖維化程度(包括網(wǎng)狀影、牽拉性支氣管擴(kuò)張和蜂窩影)與CTD-ILD各亞型的預(yù)后不良有關(guān)[15]。建議CTD-ILD患者每3~6個月就診1次,檢查肺功能的同時采用HRCT監(jiān)測病情及對治療的反應(yīng)[14]。
以HRCT為基礎(chǔ)的影像組學(xué)在ILD亞型分型和預(yù)后預(yù)測中具有巨大潛力。SSc-ILD相關(guān)研究提示,機(jī)器評估相較于人工判讀在檢測纖維化方面準(zhǔn)確性更佳,機(jī)器學(xué)習(xí)可以預(yù)測患者疾病分期及預(yù)后[16]。定量肺纖維化評分也可預(yù)測RA-ILD患者的5年生存情況[17]。此外,機(jī)器學(xué)習(xí)有望輔助鑒別CTD-ILD和特發(fā)性肺纖維化。
2.2 新型影像評估技術(shù) 肺超聲技術(shù)(lung ultrasound,LUS)在CTD-ILD中的應(yīng)用逐漸增多。既往研究表明,肺超聲中B線對SSc-、RA-、SS-、抗合成酶綜合征-ILD等CTD-ILD具有較高的診斷準(zhǔn)確性,且與HRCT表現(xiàn)具有良好的相關(guān)性,LUS可作為一種新型、無創(chuàng)影像學(xué)篩查方法[18-19]。另外,磁共振成像(MRI)也可鑒別肺部炎癥和纖維化改變;但患者配合度及檢查禁忌證等阻礙了MRI大規(guī)模應(yīng)用于CTD-ILD[14]。近年來,正電子發(fā)射斷層顯像(positron emission computed tomography,PET)和單光子發(fā)射計算機(jī)斷層顯像(single-photon emission computed tomography,SPECT)已成為指導(dǎo)ILD個性化治療的新興分子成像技術(shù)。已有研究開始探索細(xì)胞凋亡、炎癥、纖維化、細(xì)胞外基質(zhì)形成等相關(guān)分子成像在CTD-ILD診療中的應(yīng)用前景[20]。
2.3 CTD-ILD血清生物標(biāo)志物 高滴度抗CCP抗體和類風(fēng)濕因子陽性對RA-ILD有一定的預(yù)測價值。IIM患者抗組氨酰tRNA合成酶(Jo-1)、抗蘇氨酰tRNA合成酶(PL-7)和抗丙氨酰tRNA合成酶(PL-12)等抗tRNA合成酶抗體陽性提示有較高的ILD發(fā)生風(fēng)險;抗MDA-5抗體陽性IIM患者出現(xiàn)重癥ILD風(fēng)險增加,尤其在合并抗Ro-52陽性時[21]。另外,一些血清生物標(biāo)志物,如涎液化糖鏈抗原6(KL-6)、SP-A、SP-D、趨化因子C-C基元配體(chemokine C-C motif ligand,CCL)1、CXCL9-11等可輔助CTD-ILD的診斷、嚴(yán)重程度評估與預(yù)后預(yù)測[22]。但上述生物標(biāo)志物的臨床應(yīng)用尚不成熟,仍需更多臨床研究尋找高特異性與敏感性的生物標(biāo)志物,以預(yù)測ILD發(fā)生發(fā)展及病情分層。
2.4 支氣管肺泡灌洗液和肺活檢 明確肺泡灌洗液細(xì)胞增生程度和CTD-ILD的組織病理學(xué)特征有助于對疑難病例的診斷及對臨床表型的病理機(jī)制評價[23]。但臨床上仍不推薦支氣管肺泡灌洗和肺活檢作為CTD-ILD的常規(guī)診斷和評估手段,這些有創(chuàng)檢查主要適用于排除腫瘤或淋巴增殖性肺疾病,以及對合并感染患者的病原學(xué)篩查等。
2.5 對進(jìn)行性肺纖維化(progressive pulmonary fibrosis,PPF)亞型的鑒別 PPF作為CTD-ILD的危重亞型并不少見,而且由于其不可逆的纖維化進(jìn)程,常提示預(yù)后不良。INBUILD研究中將PPF定義為盡管接受標(biāo)準(zhǔn)治療(尼達(dá)尼布或吡非尼酮除外),24個月內(nèi)仍出現(xiàn)以下情況中至少1項:用力肺活量(forced vital capacity,F(xiàn)VC)預(yù)計值下降≥10%;FVC預(yù)計值下降5%~<10%,伴呼吸道癥狀加重或胸部HRCT纖維化程度增加;呼吸道癥狀惡化同時伴HRCT提示纖維化程度增加。SSc-ILD[24]、局限皮膚型SSc-ILD、RA-ILD[25]、IIM-ILD[26]、SS-ILD[27]中PPF的比例分別為33%、19.9%、14%~40%、15.9%和28%。如何能更好地對這些病例進(jìn)行早期預(yù)警和識別,對改善預(yù)后有重要意義。
3 CTD-ILD的治療策略
3.1 治療的啟動時機(jī) 鑒于CTD-ILD的復(fù)雜性和難治性,仍需強(qiáng)調(diào)多學(xué)科診療(MDT)的協(xié)作模式[4],并需充分遵循衛(wèi)生經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)原則,綜合考慮客觀醫(yī)療成本。隨著對CTD-ILD發(fā)病機(jī)制認(rèn)識的加深,“雙達(dá)標(biāo)”成為該病的最主要治療理念。一方面是針對CTD的免疫抑制治療,強(qiáng)調(diào)早期、規(guī)范化治療的意義是在CTD-ILD的病情早期(肺功能相對正常),肺間質(zhì)病變尚處于可逆階段時,針對CTD的免疫抑制治療,可以更有效地阻止乃至逆轉(zhuǎn)ILD,從而最大程度地保留肺功能。另一方面是針對ILD和可能的PPF的抗纖維化治療,臨床上抗纖維化治療的啟動時機(jī)仍有爭論,可參照呼吸科的標(biāo)準(zhǔn),即患者臨床表現(xiàn)加重,F(xiàn)VC較基線下降10%以上或FVC絕對值小于70%或FVC下降5%~<10%,同時肺一氧化碳彌散量(diffusing capacity of the lungs for carbon monoxide,DLCO)較基線下降15%以上,或CT提示病變面積超過肺總體積的20%[28-29]。
3.2 藥物治療原則
3.2.1 糖皮質(zhì)激素的使用原則 糖皮質(zhì)激素的使用取決于CTD原發(fā)病和肺外表現(xiàn)。多數(shù)SSc-ILD應(yīng)避免使用大劑量糖皮質(zhì)激素[30-31]。對于SSc-ILD以外的CTD-ILD患者,仍建議將糖皮質(zhì)激素作為ILD的一線治療,具體的初始用量需根據(jù)疾病嚴(yán)重程度和受累范圍進(jìn)行判定[32]。LIP和NSIP對糖皮質(zhì)激素的反應(yīng)優(yōu)于UIP[28,30]。
3.2.2 免疫抑制劑、生物制劑和小分子藥物的使用原則 由于疾病的異質(zhì)性和機(jī)制的復(fù)雜性,目前仍缺乏公認(rèn)的治療指南和建議。對于CTD-ILD患者,霉酚酸鹽、硫唑嘌呤、利妥昔單抗或環(huán)磷酰胺均可作為一線治療方案[32-37]。對于IIM-ILD患者,也可推薦鈣調(diào)磷酸酶抑制劑(calcinurin inhibitors,CNI)作為ILD的一線治療方案,目前JAK抑制劑作為ILD一線治療方案仍有爭議[30,32]。有學(xué)者提出,在一些患者中可考慮托珠單抗作為ILD的一線治療方案[30,38-39]。一般不將來氟米特、甲氨蝶呤、腫瘤壞死因子拮抗劑(tumor necrosis factor inhibitor,TNFi)和阿巴西普作為CTD-ILD的一線治療方案[40-41]。對于首次ILD治療后仍出現(xiàn)CTD-ILD進(jìn)展的患者,可考慮換用霉酚酸酯、利妥昔單抗、環(huán)磷酰胺[30,36,42]。對于首次ILD治療后仍發(fā)生IIM-ILD進(jìn)展的患者,可考慮將CNI作為聯(lián)合或替換治療, 除IIM-ILD之外的其他CTD-ILD患者則不建議遵循上述原則[30]。對于首次治療后仍出現(xiàn)CTD-ILD進(jìn)展的患者,也可考慮使用托珠單抗或JAK抑制劑,但具體治療策略仍有爭議[42]。
3.2.3 抗纖維化藥物的使用原則 對于SSc-ILD患者,尼達(dá)尼布可作為ILD的一線治療方案[43-45];其余CTD-ILD尚無確切支持證據(jù)。對于CTD-ILD患者,吡非尼酮作為ILD的一線治療方案的證據(jù)仍不足[30]。因此,臨床上需根據(jù)ILD的纖維化程度,結(jié)合衛(wèi)生經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)進(jìn)行綜合判斷。
3.2.4 細(xì)胞治療 對于進(jìn)展迅速且無肺動脈高壓的SSc-ILD患者,自體造血干細(xì)胞移植(autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation,AHSCT)有一定治療作用[28]。但對于所有CTD-ILD患者,AHSCT或肺移植均不建議作為ILD的一線治療方案[30]。靶向B細(xì)胞和漿母細(xì)胞的CD19的嵌合抗原受體T細(xì)胞免疫療法與霉酚酸酯聯(lián)合使用或可誘導(dǎo)難治性抗合成酶綜合征緩解[46]。
3.3 非藥物治療 CTD-ILD的非藥物治療需要多學(xué)科共同努力。非藥物療法包括疫苗接種、肺康復(fù)訓(xùn)練、合并癥管理、姑息治療和氧療、肺移植等[28]。對首次ILD治療后仍出現(xiàn)SSc-ILD進(jìn)展的患者,可考慮轉(zhuǎn)診接受肺移植[30,47]。
綜上,CTD-ILD是一組共性與特性并存的疾病,臨床表型復(fù)雜,診斷和治療困難。只有推動基礎(chǔ)和臨床研究進(jìn)展,深入剖析發(fā)病機(jī)制和病理生理過程,才能更好地完善CTD-ILD的診斷、評估與“雙達(dá)標(biāo)”治療策略。
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(2024-03-06收稿 2024-04-17修回)
(本文編輯 胡小寧)