李艷玲

（昌吉學院 中語系，新疆 昌吉 831100）

一、引言

英國女作家羅琳創(chuàng)作的系列小說《哈利·波特》是以魔幻內(nèi)容為題材，共7部，主要描寫的是主人公哈利·波特在霍格沃茨魔法學校六年的學習生活及冒險故事。本文分析了其中一部《哈利·波特與鳳凰社》中話語標記語well的六大語用功能。

二、話語標記語well的語用功能分析

《哈利·波特與鳳凰社》中話語標記語well的語用功能概括如下：信息短缺標記語、面子威脅緩和語、話語分割標記語、信息修正標記語、情感標記語以及思考延遲標記語。

（一）well作為信息短缺標記語

在會話中，當說話人提供的信息與聽話人所期待的信息不能構(gòu)成最佳關聯(lián)時，話語標記語well常用來表示說話人不能或不愿提供給對方所需要的信息，因此故意留下一定的信息空缺，這種情況下話語標記語well是一種信息短缺標記語。

例 1：“But-why?” said Harry,astonished.He knew that Seamus’s mother was a witch and could not understand,therefore,why she should have come over so Dersleyish.

“Well,” he said in a measured voice，“I suppose…because of you.”

“What do you mean?” said Harry quickly.

His heart was beating rather fast.He felt vaguely as though something was closing in on him.

“Well,” said Seamus again,still avoiding Harry’s eye，“she…er…well,it is not just you,and it’s Dumbledore,too… ”（Rowling，2004：196）

西莫說他母親不想讓他回到霍格沃茨魔法學校，哈利問其原因，西莫不想提供真實信息，真正的原因是他母親認為哈利是個騙子。三個well在這里的功能是一樣的，會話人西莫想要提供一定的信息，但由于害怕真話傷人卻不能提供對方需要的信息，只能留下一定的信息空缺。

（二）well作為面子威脅緩和語

在言語交際中，為了維護和諧的人際關系，交際雙方需要做出種種努力以盡量遵守禮貌原則，話語標記語well就是其中一種言語手段，它可以緩和面子威脅，調(diào)節(jié)人際關系。

例 2：“…and it wants all the houses to be friends?”said Harry,looking over at the Slytherin table,where Draco Malfoy was holding court. “Fat chance.”

“Well,no,you shouldn’t take that attitude,” said Nick reprovingly.“Peaceful cooperation,that’s the key.We ghosts,though we belong to separate houses,maintain links of friendship.In spite of the competitiveness between Gryffindor and Slytherin,I would never dream of seeking an argument with the bloody Baron.”（Rowling，2004:189）

在開學的聚會上，哈利認為這是霍格沃茨魔法學校學生交朋友的好機會，但是尼克的觀點相反，尼克用well試圖緩解給對方面子造成的威脅。

（三）well作為話語分割標記語

1.well可以用來轉(zhuǎn)換話題

例 3：“…fine,fine,” said Mr Weasley,a little too heartily.“You-er-haven’t seen Healer Smethwyck,have you?”

“No,” said Mrs Weasley suspiciously,“Why?”

“Nothing,nothing，” said Mr Weasley airily，starting to unwrap his pile of gifts.“Well,everyone had a good day?What did you all get for Christmas? Oh，Harry-this is absolutely wonderful! ”（Rowling，2004：447）

韋斯萊先生不想讓妻子知道他換了繃帶，所以他用話語標記語well轉(zhuǎn)換話題向大家問好，以便引起聽話人的注意。

2.well表示開始會話或繼續(xù)會話

例 4：Harry sat down and so did Snape,his cold back eyes fixed unblindingly upon Harry,dislike etched in every line of his face.

“Well,Potter,you know why you are here,” he said.“The Headmaster has asked me to teach you Occlumency.I can only hope that you prove more adept at it than at Potions.”（Rowling，2004：468）

校長要斯內(nèi)普教授教哈利大腦封閉術，斯內(nèi)普教授使用well表示開始與哈利會話。

例 5：（Umbridge said) “I just wondered whether I could make the teensiest interruption,Minerva?”

“I dare say you’ll find you can.” said Professor McGo-nagall through tightly gritted teeth.

“I was just wondering whether Mr.Potter has quite the temperament for an Auror?”said Professor Umbridge sweetly.

“Were you?” said Professor McGonagall haughtily. “Well,Potter,” she continued，as though there had been no interruption，“if you are seriousin thissituation…”（Rowling,2004:468）

麥格教授使用well來繼續(xù)他的會話，同時希望聽話人為接下來的會話做好準備。

3.well表示話輪轉(zhuǎn)換

well作為話輪轉(zhuǎn)換標記可以分為保持話輪、問題提示語和結(jié)束話輪。

例 6：“But why should I know what’s going on?Why should anyone bother to tell me what’s been happening?”

“Harry,we wanted to tell you,we really did-”

“Can’t’ve wanted to that much,can you,or you’d have sent me an owl,but Dumbledore made you swear-”

“Well,he did-”

“Four weeks I’ve been stuck in Priver Drive,nicking papers out of bins to try and find out what’s been going on-”

Harry blames Hermione for not having told him what is happening,while Hermione explained to him.（Rowling，2004：64）

哈利責備赫敏沒有告訴他所發(fā)生的事情，而赫敏使用well來保持話輪,一直在給他解釋。

例 7：“…Yes,” said Nearly Headless Nick quietly, “I walk and talk,yes.”

“So,you came back,didn’t you?” said Harry urgently.“People can come back,right?As ghosts.They don’t have to disappear completely.Well?”he added impatiently,when Nick continued to say nothing.（Rowling，2004:758）

哈利希望尼克能肯定人死后會回來，他使用well作為問題提示，暗示會話人在等待回答或需要更多的信息，希望對方給予答復。

例 8：He look up at Grawp,who was now pulling back the pine with an expression of detached pleasure on his face;The roots were creaking as he ripped them away from the ground.

“Well,I reckon that’s enough for one day.” said Hagrid.“We’ll-er-we’ll go back now,shall we?”（Rowling，2004:614）

海格說今天到此結(jié)束，我們回去吧，他使用well提示會話結(jié)束。

（四）well作為信息修正標記

在言語交際中，說話人的錯誤用詞、口誤、聽錯對方的話語，或?qū)δ骋恍畔a(chǎn)生了誤解，或說話人提供的信息本身存在問題等，說話人或聽話人可能隨時進行修正，會話修正可視為一種會話調(diào)節(jié)方式，作為一種語言手段，話語標記語well可以插入話語中起到修正的功能。

例 9： “You make me nervous,I was doing all right before then!”Cho told Harry ruefully.

“That was quite good,” Harry lied,but when she raised her eyebrows,he said, “well,no,it was lousy,but I know you can do it properly,I was watching from over there.”（Rowling，2004:350）

哈利教同學魔術，起初他在恭維張秋，但當他看到她的表現(xiàn)，他用話語標記語well來修正他之前的評價。

（五）well作為情感標記

交際中說話人需要表達自己的情感，或希望與對方在情感上的產(chǎn)生共鳴，通常使用話語標記語well來表達自己的心情，如：生氣、吃驚、感嘆、諷刺等。

例 10： “Potter,I’m going to give you one chance! ”shouted Bellatrix.“Give me the prophecy roll it out towards me now-and I may spare your life!”

“Well,you are going to have to kill me,because it’s gone!”Harry roared and,as he shouted it,pain seared across his forehead…（Rowling，2004:715）

well在該例中表達哈利憤怒的情緒。

（六）well作為思考延緩過程標記

在實際的語言交際中，說話人并非總是連續(xù)不斷地進行會話，在某些情形下，需要思考以尋找恰當?shù)恼Z言來表達自己，為避免過長的停頓，這時話語標記語well就可以被會話人使用，暗示提供的信息還未完成或由于某種原因在遲疑，正在尋找合適的話語使會話繼續(xù)進行。

例 11：“…Oh…h(huán)ello,Harry.” said a nervous voice. “Um…bad time?”

Harry wiped the lenses of his glasses with his Trevorfree hand.A very pretty girl with long,shiny black hair was standing in the doorway smiling at him:Cho Chang,the Seeker on the Raven claw Quid ditch team.

“Oh…h(huán)i,” said Harry blankly.

“Um…”said Cho. “Well…just thought I’d say hello…bye then.”（Rowling，2004:170）

上例中張秋似乎一時語塞找不到適當?shù)恼Z言來表達自己，因此她需要時間思考，用well來表明她正在思考，以便尋找合適的語言來繼續(xù)會話。

三、結(jié)語

在實際的會話交際中話語交際語的語用功能非常豐富,可以起到提高言語交際效果、調(diào)節(jié)人際關系、語篇連貫等作用。

[1]冉永平.話語標記語 well的語用學研究綜述[J].外國語，2000，（4）:8-14.

[2]冉永平.話語標記語 well的語用功能[J].外國語，2003，（3）:58-64.

[3]J K Rowling.Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix[M].Bloomsbury，2004.