·綜述·
新型口服抗凝藥在非瓣膜性房顫治療中的應(yīng)用
楊雅薇,劉宇,陳啟,馬麗萍*(第二軍醫(yī)大學(xué)長海醫(yī)院心血管內(nèi)科,上海 200433)
[摘要]抗凝治療是房顫病人卒中預(yù)防的關(guān)鍵。華法林是預(yù)防卒中的經(jīng)典抗凝藥,推薦用于有卒中或短暫性腦缺血史的高危房顫病人。由于其起效慢、治療劑量范圍窄、藥物食物相互作用多、需常規(guī)監(jiān)測凝血和調(diào)整劑量,限制了其在臨床的廣泛應(yīng)用。因此,新型口服抗凝藥(new oral anticoagulants,NOACs)達(dá)比加群、利伐沙班、阿哌沙班、依度沙班憑借其劑量固定、無需常規(guī)監(jiān)測凝血、藥物食物相互作用少、顱內(nèi)出血并發(fā)癥少等優(yōu)勢脫穎而出,引起廣泛重視。本文擬從藥理學(xué)、臨床研究及臨床應(yīng)用現(xiàn)狀等角度闡述上述NOACs對非瓣膜性房顫的價值及意義。
[關(guān)鍵詞]達(dá)比加群;利伐沙班;阿哌沙班;依度沙班;華法林;房顫;藥物療法;綜述
[中圖分類號]R973.2[文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼]A
DOI:10.5428/pcar20150515
作者簡介楊雅薇(女),碩士生.
[收稿日期]2014-10-15
Clinical application of novel oral anticoagulants in the patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation
YANG YaWei, LIU Yu, CHEN Qi, MA LiPing*(Department of Cardiovasology,Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China)
ABSTRACT[]Anticoagulant therapy is the key to the prevention of stroke in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF).Warfarin is a classical oral anticoagulant for the prevention of stroke and is recommended for AF patients with high stroke risks (prior stroke or transient ischemic attack).Due to slow onset, narrow therapeutic dosage range and frequent food and drug interactions,regular coagulation monitoring and dose adjustment are required.For this reason,its widespread use is limited clinically.With the advantages of fixed dose without routine coagulation monitoring,less food and drug interactions,and fewer intracranial bleeding complications,novel oral anticoagulants(NOACs),such as dabigatran,rivaroxaban,apixaban and edoxaban emerged prominently and received clinical attention to a great extent.This review intends to explain the value and significance of NOACs in the treatment of patients with nonvalvular AF from the perspectives of pharmacology,clinical research and application.
[KEY WORDS]dabigatran; rivaroxaban; apixaban; edoxaban; warfarin; atrial fibrillation; drug therapy; review
[Pharm Care Res,2015,15(5): 374-378]
E-mail: yywmimi@163.com
*通信作者(Corresponding author):馬麗萍,E-mail: lipingma@smmu.edu.cn
房顫作為一種最常見的快速性心律失常在老年人中發(fā)病率為10 %,缺血性卒中是房顫最為嚴(yán)重的并發(fā)癥,房顫病人的卒中和其他血栓栓塞性疾病的發(fā)病率比無房顫者增加 5 倍,抗凝療法大大降低了房顫病人發(fā)生卒中等栓塞性疾病的風(fēng)險[1]。華法林是臨床證據(jù)最充分應(yīng)用于卒中預(yù)防的口服抗凝藥物,但華法林存在治療劑量范圍窄、出血風(fēng)險較高、需頻繁監(jiān)測凝血功能等不足,在很大程度上限制了房顫病人的使用。新型口服抗凝藥(new oral anticoagulants, NOACs)憑借其劑量固定、無需常規(guī)監(jiān)測凝血、藥物相互作用少、顱內(nèi)出血并發(fā)癥少等優(yōu)點(diǎn)引起了廣泛關(guān)注。 RE-LY[2,3]、ROCKET-AF[4]、ARISTOTLE[5]以及ENGAGE-AF[6]分別將達(dá)比加群(dabigatran)、利伐沙班(rivaroxaban)、阿哌沙班(apixaban)和依度沙班(edoxaban)等NOACs與華法林的安全性和有效性進(jìn)行了比較研究,主要療效終點(diǎn)事件為腦卒中及全身血栓栓塞性疾?。恢饕踩K點(diǎn)事件為顱內(nèi)出血、危及生命出血事件、死亡,為NOACs在臨床的應(yīng)用提供了證據(jù)。然而,由于NOACs缺乏評估抗凝強(qiáng)度的方法、無拮抗劑及價格昂貴等,使這類藥物尚不能取代華法林,成為理想的口服抗凝藥。
1NOACs的藥理學(xué)特點(diǎn)及臨床研究
1.1達(dá)比加群酯
1.1.1藥效學(xué)及藥動學(xué)特點(diǎn)達(dá)比加群酯是第一個被FDA批準(zhǔn)用于非瓣膜性房顫(nonvalvular atrial fibrillation,NVAF)預(yù)防卒中的抗凝藥,為一種直接凝血酶Ⅱa抑制劑。達(dá)比加群酯是前體藥物,口服迅速吸收,在血漿和肝臟中水解,轉(zhuǎn)化成達(dá)比加群而起效。該藥競爭性、可逆性地與凝血酶Ⅱa結(jié)合,阻止纖維蛋白原轉(zhuǎn)化為纖維蛋白,同時抑制凝血酶誘導(dǎo)的血小板聚集??鼓Чc血漿濃度密切相關(guān),呈劑量依賴性[7,8]。口服后0.5~2 h血中達(dá)比加群濃度達(dá)到峰值(cmax),血漿蛋白結(jié)合率為34%~35%[9]。給藥量的80%以原形藥物通過腎臟排泄,其余在肝臟經(jīng)葡糖醛酸轉(zhuǎn)移酶代謝,代謝產(chǎn)物主要經(jīng)膽汁排泄[7,8],終末半衰期(t1/2β為12~14 h。因為其不通過細(xì)胞色素P450(CYP)同工酶代謝,因此與經(jīng)過P450酶系統(tǒng)代謝的藥物不會發(fā)生相互作用。達(dá)比加群酯(不是達(dá)比加群)是P糖蛋白(P-glycoprotein,P-gp)的底物,與P-gp抑制劑如胺碘酮合用時,達(dá)比加群的cmax和AUC分別增加50%和60%,合用時達(dá)比加群酯的劑量要減少。奎尼丁是P-gp的強(qiáng)抑制劑,禁止與達(dá)比加群酯聯(lián)合應(yīng)用[7]。由于其腎臟清除率較高,對于腎功能不全的病人要慎用。
1.1.2臨床研究RE-LY[2]試驗是一項全球性、隨機(jī)、Ⅲ期臨床試驗,納入44個國家的18 113名至少具備一項卒中風(fēng)險的NVAF病人,隨機(jī)分為3組,達(dá)比加群酯110 mg(bid)、150 mg(bid)和華法林[劑量根據(jù)國際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化比值(INR)調(diào)整]組,隨訪2年。結(jié)果顯示[3]:主要療效終點(diǎn)事件每年發(fā)生率,達(dá)比加群酯150 mg組明顯低于華法林組(1.11%vs1.69%,P<0.001);而達(dá)比加群酯 110 mg組與華法林組相當(dāng)(1.53%vs1.69%)。在安全性上大出血事件每年發(fā)生率,達(dá)比加群酯 110 mg組明顯低于華法林組(2.71%vs3.36%,P=0.003),而達(dá)比加群酯150 mg組與華法林組相當(dāng)(3.11%vs3.36%)。出血性卒中每年發(fā)生率達(dá)比加群酯 110、150 mg組分別為0.12%和0.10%,均顯著低于華法林組的0.38%(P<0.001)。達(dá)比加群酯 110、150 mg組每年病死率分別為3.75%、3.64%,與華法林組相當(dāng)(4.13%)。因此,達(dá)比加群酯 110 mg卒中及全身血栓栓塞性疾病發(fā)生率與華法林類似,而顱內(nèi)出血和危及生命出血事件的發(fā)生率顯著降低;而達(dá)比加群酯150 mg卒中及全身血栓栓塞性疾病發(fā)生率比華法林組顯著降低,而顱內(nèi)出血和危及生命出血事件的發(fā)生率與華法林類似。RE-LY[3]試驗有力地證明了,在NVAF病人中應(yīng)用達(dá)比加群酯預(yù)防卒中及全身血栓栓塞性疾病的有效性和安全性,為達(dá)比加群酯的臨床應(yīng)用提供了依據(jù)。
1.2利伐沙班
1.2.1藥效學(xué)及藥動學(xué)特點(diǎn)利伐沙班是第一個獲得美國FDA批準(zhǔn)的Ⅹa因子抑制劑,作用于形成凝血酶的內(nèi)外源通路交匯點(diǎn)的Ⅹa因子,可逆地、高選擇性地阻斷了凝血酶形成的級聯(lián)放大效應(yīng),從而達(dá)到抗凝效果,不同于達(dá)比加群酯的是沙班類藥物無抗血小板聚集作用[10]。利伐沙班分子量小,起效快,幾乎不溶于水,血漿蛋白結(jié)合率為92%~95%??诜詹皇苁澄锏挠绊?,服后2~4 h可達(dá)cmax,絕對生物利用度可達(dá)80%~100%。服藥量的2/3經(jīng)肝臟CYP3A4代謝降解,其中一半代謝產(chǎn)物通過腎臟排出,另一半代謝產(chǎn)物通過肝膽系統(tǒng)排出;服藥量的33%以原形藥物直接經(jīng)腎臟(通過主動分泌)排泄,t1/2β為5~13 h。肝、腎功能損傷可影響該藥的血濃度,從而影響其抗凝效果[9]。由于利伐沙班經(jīng)CYP3A4代謝,故易與CYP3A4抑制劑或誘導(dǎo)劑發(fā)生藥物相互作用。利伐沙班與CYP3A4的強(qiáng)抑制劑酮康唑和利托那韋合用,使利伐沙班暴露量增加158%和153%;與CYP3A4的強(qiáng)誘導(dǎo)劑利福平合用,使利伐沙班暴露量減少50%[11]。
1.2.2臨床研究ROCKET-AF[4]試驗,入選16 264名至少同時具備兩個危險因素或CHADS2評分平均為3.5的高危NVAF病人,比較利伐沙班與華法林的療效。采用雙盲、隨機(jī)的方法,將病人分為利伐沙班20 mg,qd組和華法林組(劑量根據(jù)INR調(diào)整)。結(jié)果顯示,主要療效終點(diǎn)事件每年發(fā)生率利伐沙班組較華法林組降低(1.7%vs2.2%);主要安全終點(diǎn)事件、總體出血風(fēng)險上兩組未表現(xiàn)出顯著的差異,但利伐沙班組顱內(nèi)出血(0.5%vs0.7%,P=0.02)和致死性出血(0.2%vs0.5%,P=0.003)每年發(fā)生率比華法林組顯著降低。此試驗證實了利伐沙班的有效性和安全性,為其在高危病人中的優(yōu)勢提供更多證據(jù)。
1.3阿哌沙班
1.3.1藥效學(xué)及藥動學(xué)特點(diǎn)阿哌沙班是第二個Ⅹa因子抑制劑,與利伐沙班相似,與Ⅹa因子的親和力高,可抑制游離的Ⅹa因子、凝血酶復(fù)合物中的Ⅹa因子和與血小板結(jié)合的Ⅹa因子??诜?~4 h可達(dá)cmax,口服生物利用度為50%。87%藥物與血漿蛋白結(jié)合,t1/2為12 h,大部分(56%)經(jīng)糞便排泄,25%~29%經(jīng)尿液排泄。阿哌沙班5 mg,bid,穩(wěn)態(tài)谷濃度(ctrough)和穩(wěn)態(tài)峰濃度(cmax)為19~162 ng/ml[9,12]。
1.3.2臨床研究ARISTOTLE[5]試驗采用雙盲、雙模擬設(shè)計,入選18 201例具備一個危險因素的NVAF病人,隨機(jī)分為阿哌沙班組(5 mg,bid)和華法林組,治療12個月或以上。其中有高出血風(fēng)險或具有兩個危險因素(年齡≥80歲,體質(zhì)量≤60 kg,肌酐≥1.33 μmol/L)的病人阿哌沙班劑量減半(2.5 mg,bid)。結(jié)果顯示,主要療效終點(diǎn)事件每年發(fā)生率阿哌沙班組較華法林組略降低(1.27%vs1.60%);每年出血事件發(fā)生率(2.13%vs3.19%)和全因病死率(3.52%vs3.94%)阿哌沙班組均較華法林組降低。
近期李慶勇等[13]進(jìn)行薈萃分析,得出與ARISTOTLE[5]相一致的結(jié)論:阿哌沙班可有效降低NVAF病人腦卒中、全因病死及顱內(nèi)出血的風(fēng)險,療效優(yōu)于傳統(tǒng)藥物華法林及阿司匹林。
1.4依度沙班
1.4.1藥效學(xué)及藥動學(xué)特點(diǎn)依度沙班作為最新一代Ⅹa因子抑制劑,口服后1~2 h可達(dá)cmax,口服生物利用度為62%,單次給藥后t1/2β為5.8~10.7 h,多次給藥的t1/2為8.75~10.4 h,主要以原形藥物經(jīng)多種途徑消除,全身吸收量的50%是原形通過腎臟排泄的,多數(shù)代謝產(chǎn)物是通過水解形成,其中CYP3A作用很小。與所有的沙班類藥物相似是一種針對性強(qiáng)、應(yīng)用更方便的抗凝藥物[12,14]。
1.4.2臨床研究ENGAGE-AF[6]試驗是一項針對依度沙班的有效性和安全性的臨床研究,采用隨機(jī)、雙盲、雙模擬設(shè)計。入選高危房顫病人21 105例,隨機(jī)分成3組,依度沙班 60 mg,qd、依度沙班 30 mg,qd和華法林組,其中治療期間肌酐清除率30~50 ml/min、體質(zhì)量≤60 kg、或與維拉帕米/奎尼丁合用,兩個依度沙班的劑量均減半。結(jié)果顯示,主要療效終點(diǎn)事件每年發(fā)生率高劑量依度沙班組較華法林組降低(1.18%vs1.50%,P=0.02),低劑量依度沙班組與華法林組相似(1.61%vs1.50%,P=0.44)。 兩個依度沙班組大出血事件每年發(fā)生率均顯著比華法林組低:華法林組為3.43%;高劑量組為2.75%(P<0.001),低劑量組為1.61%(P<0.001)。心血管相關(guān)死亡事件每年發(fā)生率低、高劑量依度沙班組為2.71%和2.74%,均低于華法林的3.17%(P=0.008,P=0.01)。兩個依度沙班組主要臨床結(jié)局(包括腦卒中、血管栓塞事件、全因死亡或大出血)每年發(fā)生率均顯著比華法林組低:華法林組為8.11%,高劑量組為7.26%(P=0.003),低劑量組為6.79%(P<0.001)。雖然,ENGAGE-AF[6]試驗證實了依度沙班的安全性和有效性,但是作為最新一代沙班類藥物,目前還處于審批階段。
最近的一項薈萃分析對79 808例NVAF病人深入比較了NOACs與華法林以及抗血小板藥(阿司匹林、氯吡格雷)的安全性和有效性,最終得出結(jié)論:NOACs有望成為降低NVAF病人腦卒中或全身血栓栓塞性疾病發(fā)生率以及全因病死率的最有價值的藥物[15]。再次肯定了NOACs的安全性和有效性,其中達(dá)比加群最早獲得FDA批準(zhǔn)而被指南推薦;阿哌沙班大部分經(jīng)糞便排泄,可能更適用于輕、中度腎功能不全病人[12];此類病人在使用中無需進(jìn)行劑量調(diào)整。ROCKET-AF入選約87%病人的CHADS2評分≥3分,則為利伐沙班用于高危病人提供更多證據(jù)[4](編者按:CHADS2中,C:心力衰竭1分;H:高血壓1分;A年齡≥75歲1分;D:糖尿病1分;S2:卒中/TIA 2分,最高分為6分)。NOACs各有優(yōu)勢,為個體化的房顫抗凝治療方案提供依據(jù)。
2當(dāng)前新型口服抗凝藥(NOACs)的臨床應(yīng)用現(xiàn)狀及挑戰(zhàn)
NOACs憑借其安全性、有效性,固定劑量,口服生物利用度好,不需常規(guī)監(jiān)測凝血指標(biāo),與食物和藥物相互作用少等諸多優(yōu)勢,有望取代華法林成為預(yù)防NVAF病人卒中的首選藥。最新的國內(nèi)外指南對NOACs給出了明確的建議:(1)2014 AHA/ACC/HRS房顫指南指出,對于既往有腦卒中或短暫性腦缺血發(fā)作(transient ischemic attack,TIA)病史或CHA2DS2-VASc評分≥2 分的NVAF病人,推薦用口服抗凝藥(I類推薦),包括華法林(INR 2.0~3.0,證據(jù)等級A)和3種NOACs(達(dá)比加群酯、利伐沙班或阿哌沙班的證據(jù)等級均是B)。對于INR不穩(wěn)定病人也可考慮用NOACs,由于依度沙班尚未獲FDA批準(zhǔn),未列入指南推薦。指南沒有明確指出NOACs與華法林相比何者更優(yōu),但是提出針對不同病人選擇個體化的治療方案[16](編者按:CHA2DS2-VASc評分中,C:心力衰竭1分;H:高血壓1分;A2:年齡≥75歲2分;D:糖尿病1分;S2:卒中/TIA 2分;血管性疾病:1分;A:年齡65~74歲 1分;S:女性1分,最高分9分)。(2)2014美國神經(jīng)病學(xué)學(xué)會(AAN)房顫病人中風(fēng)預(yù)防的指南中提出:對需要抗凝藥物治療且可能發(fā)生顱內(nèi)出血的病人,推薦使用NOACs,如達(dá)比加群、阿哌沙班或利伐沙班,因為這些藥物造成顱內(nèi)出血的可能性相對較小[17]。盡管指南肯定了NOACs的應(yīng)用價值,但是臨床應(yīng)用的情況卻遠(yuǎn)不如預(yù)期,其原因如下。
2.1缺乏評估抗凝強(qiáng)度的常用方法雖然NOACs不需嚴(yán)密監(jiān)測凝血功能,但發(fā)生嚴(yán)重出血或栓塞時,分析評估血藥濃度對判斷其原因是有意義的。對于達(dá)比加群酯,監(jiān)測其血藥濃度是確定其抗凝作用的最直接的方式,但是此方法太耗時。檢測部分活化的凝血酶時間(aPTT)與凝血酶時間(TT) 都不能精確地反映NOACs抗凝水平。檢測蛇靜脈酶凝結(jié)時間(the ecarin clotting time,ECT)可能有效,但是還未廣泛應(yīng)用于臨床[18]。對于沙班類Ⅹa因子抑制劑抗凝藥,Ⅹa因子抗體熒光標(biāo)記檢測可能可以敏感特異性評估血藥濃度,但是目前尚不明確提示出血或血栓危險的具體數(shù)據(jù)[19]。由于血藥濃度過高或過低都可能產(chǎn)生嚴(yán)重后果,因此在抗凝治療過程中,需要有效、可行的監(jiān)測手段。
2.2缺少特異性逆轉(zhuǎn)劑缺少特異拮抗劑是臨床醫(yī)師應(yīng)用NOACs最擔(dān)心的問題,因此在處理藥物過量引發(fā)的出血事件上充滿不確定性,只能根據(jù)臨床經(jīng)驗處理。服藥2~3 h之內(nèi)的可用活性炭或洗胃的方式減少藥物吸收;而通過血液透析來清除藥物,只對達(dá)比加群適用,因沙班類NOACs與血漿蛋白結(jié)合率高,故不能通過此方法清除藥物;所以積極尋找有效的特異性的拮抗劑成為處理出血的有效途徑[8]。2014年5月勃林格殷格翰公司宣布idarucizumab已被FDA認(rèn)可為突破性治療藥物,idarucizumab可快速逆轉(zhuǎn)達(dá)比加群誘導(dǎo)的抗凝作用,在健康志愿者中顯示其有迅速、完全和持久的療效,但目前尚處于臨床前期試驗階段。此外,利用單克隆抗體方法逆轉(zhuǎn)達(dá)比加群酯的研究[20],以及重組可逆轉(zhuǎn)沙班類藥物抗凝作用的蛋白[21]等方法都處于探索階段。
2.3腎功能不全病人需要調(diào)整劑量達(dá)比加群酯、利伐沙班、阿哌沙班、依度沙班分別有80%[7]、33%[9]、25%[12]、50%[12]原形藥物通過腎臟排泄,腎功能不全會影響藥物的消除和血藥濃度,這就要求腎功能損傷病人在使用時適當(dāng)調(diào)整劑量。根據(jù)肌酐清除率(CrCl)給出明確的劑量建議,CrCl為30~49 ml/min的病人,利伐沙班的劑量減至15 mg,qd;CrCl<30 ml/min的病人,禁用達(dá)比加群酯;CrCl為15~29 ml/min病人,利伐沙班和阿哌沙班應(yīng)用要慎重; CrCl<15 ml/min的病人不推薦應(yīng)用利伐沙班和阿哌沙班[12]。
2.4依從性差和價格昂貴NOACs的t1/2平均為10 h,一日2次定時服藥對一些病人來說可能很難堅持,而病人依從性會直接影響到藥效及臨床治療結(jié)果。由于缺乏常用評估抗凝強(qiáng)度的方法,當(dāng)病人出現(xiàn)漏服或藥物過量時無法嚴(yán)密監(jiān)測,會帶來栓塞或出血的風(fēng)險。此外,NOACs價格昂貴也影響其在臨床廣泛應(yīng)用,嚴(yán)重限制了NOACs的大規(guī)模應(yīng)用。
3小結(jié)
雖然NOACs取代華法林成為理想抗凝藥還存在很多不足,尤其是無特異性拮抗劑、價格昂貴等影響其在臨床的大規(guī)模應(yīng)用,也不利于臨床經(jīng)驗的積累。此外,NOACs中哪個藥更好,尚缺乏大規(guī)?!邦^對頭”的研究比較。但是NOACs憑借其降低出血和栓塞風(fēng)險、無需特殊監(jiān)測等優(yōu)勢有望扭轉(zhuǎn)當(dāng)前房顫病人低抗凝率的局面。同時隨著對NOACs的進(jìn)一步研究,更多臨床數(shù)據(jù)和經(jīng)驗的積累,必將為更多病人帶來更多益處,抗凝治療將進(jìn)入后華法林新時代。
【參考文獻(xiàn)】
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[20]Glund S,Moschetti V,Norris S,etal. A randomized study in healthy volunteers to investigate the safety, tolerability and pharmacokinetics of idarucizumab, a specific antidote to dabigatran[J].Thromb Haemost,2015,113(5)[Epub ahead of print].
[21]Lu G,DeGuzman F R,Hollenbach S J,etal. A specific antidote for reversal of anticoagulation by direct and indirect inhibitors of coagulation factor Ⅹa[J]. Nat Med,2013,19(4):446-451. O N, Akasheva D U. Dabigatran in the prevention of stroke in nonvalvular atrial fibrillation:complex clinical situations and real clinical practice[J]. J Ter Arkh,2014,86(4):103-107.
[2]Ezekowitz M D, Connolly S, Parekh A,etal. Rationale and design of RE-LY:randomized evaluation of long-term anticoagulant therapy, warfarin, compared with dabigatran[J].Am Heart J,2009,157(5):805-810.
[3]Connolly S J, Ezekowitz M D, Yusuf S,etal. Dabigatranversuswarfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation[J]. N Engl J Med,2009,361(12):1139-1151.
[4]Patel M R, Mahaffey K W, Garg J,etal. Rivaroxabanversuswarfarin in nonvalvular atrial fibrillation[J]. N Engl J Med,2011,365(10):883-891.
[5]Wallentin L, Lopes R D, Hanna M,etal. Efficacy and safety of apixaban compared with warfarin at different levels of predicted international normalized ratio control for stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation[J].Circulation,2013,127(22):2166-2176.
[6]Giugliano R P, Ruff C T, Braunwald E,etal. Edoxabanversuswarfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation[J]. N Engl J Med,2013,369(22):2093-2104.
[7]Stangier J, Clemens A. Pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of dabigatran etexilate, an oral direct thrombin inhibitor[J]. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost,2009,15(1S):9S-16S.
[8]Clemens A, Haertter S, Friedman J,etal. Twice daily dosing of dabigatran for stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation:a pharmacokinetic justification[J]. Curr Med Res Opin,2012,28(2):195-201.
[9]Mueck W, Schwers S, Stampfuss J. Rivaroxaban and other novel oral anticoagulants:pharmacokinetics in healthy subjects, specific patient populations and relevance of coagulation monitoring[J]. Thromb J,2013,11(1):10-26.
[10]Romualdi E, Ageno W. Investigational factor Ⅹa inhibitors for thrombosis and acute coronary syndromes[J]. Expert Opin Investig Drugs,2011,20(4):495-505.
[11]Kubitza D,Perzhorn E,Berkowitz S D.The discovery of rivaroxaban:translating preclinical assessments into clinical practice[J].Front Pharmacol,2013,4:145.
[12]Mani H, Lindhoff-Last E. New oral anticoagulants in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation:a review of pharmacokinetics, safety, efficacy, quality of life, and cost effectiveness[J]. Drug Des Devel Ther,2014,8:789-798.
[13]李慶勇,牛鎖成,何貴生,等. 阿哌沙班治療非瓣膜性房顫有效性和安全性的Meta分析[J].重慶醫(yī)學(xué),2014,43(4):437-439.
Li QingYong,Niu SuoCheng,He GuiSheng,etal. Meta analysis of efficacy and safety of apixaban in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation[J]. Chongqing Med J,2014,43(4):437-439. In Chinese with English abstract.牛鎖成,何貴生,等. 阿哌沙班治療非瓣膜性房顫有效性和安全性的Meta分析[J].重慶醫(yī)學(xué),2014,43(4):437-439.
Li QingYong,Niu SuoCheng,He GuiSheng,etal. Meta analysis of efficacy and safety of apixaban in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation[J]. Chongqing Med J,2014,43(4):437-439. In Chinese with English abstract.
[14]Ogata K,Mendell-Harary J,Tachibana M,etal. Clinical safety,tolerability,pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of the novel factor Ⅹa inhibitor edoxaban in healthy volunteers[J]. J Clin Pharmacol,2010,50(7):743-753.
[15]Dogliotti A,Paolasso E,Giugliano R P. Current and new oral antithrombotics in nonvalvular atrial fibrillation: a network meta-analysis of 79 808 patients[J]. Heart,2014,100(5):396-405.
[16]January C T,Wann L S,Anderson J L,etal. 2014 AHA/ACC/HRS guideline for the management of patients with atrial fibrillation:a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and the Heart Rhythm Society[J]. J Am Coll Cardiol,2014,64(21):e1-e76.
[17]Hart R G,Eikelboom J W. Stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation: Commentary regarding the AAN’s evidence-based guideline update[J]. Neurol Clin Pract,2014,4(2):96-98.
[18]Bauer K A. Pros and cons of new oral anticoagulants[J]. Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program,2013,2013: 464-470.
[19]Samama M M,Amiral J,Guinet C,etal. Monitoring plasma levels of factor Ⅹa inhibitors:how, why and when?[J]. Expert Rev Hematol,2013,6(2):155-164.
[20]Glund S,Moschetti V,Norris S,etal. A randomized study in healthy volunteers to investigate the safety, tolerability and pharmacokinetics of idarucizumab, a specific antidote to dabigatran[J].Thromb Haemost,2015,113(5)[Epub ahead of print].
[21]Lu G,DeGuzman F R,Hollenbach S J,etal. A specific antidote for reversal of anticoagulation by direct and indirect inhibitors of coagulation factor Ⅹa[J]. Nat Med,2013,19(4):446-451.
[修回日期]2015-04-02
[本文編輯]貢沁燕