藍(lán)天 何俊玲 徐海濱
藏紅花素抗腫瘤的研究進(jìn)展
藍(lán)天 何俊玲 徐海濱
藏紅花(Crocus sativus)是一種鳶尾科番紅花屬的草本植物,廣泛分布于地中海沿岸、印度、西藏等,其花朵包含多種化學(xué)成分,作為中藥具有較高的藥用價(jià)值[1]。藏紅花素(Crocin)是藏紅花的主要成分,具有保護(hù)心肌、抗腫瘤、抗抑郁焦慮、提高性欲等作用[2]。已有幾項(xiàng)研究表明藏紅花素具有明確的抗腫瘤作用,有望成為有效的抗腫瘤藥物。本文旨在綜述藏紅花素抗腫瘤作用的研究進(jìn)展。
1.1 白血病 Rezaee R等[3]發(fā)現(xiàn)藏紅花素通過誘導(dǎo)凋亡、降低活性氧(Reactive oxygen species,ROS)產(chǎn)生抑制人T細(xì)胞白血病細(xì)胞MOLT-4生長。Sun等[4]也發(fā)現(xiàn)藏紅花素通過降低Bcl-2、上升Bax誘導(dǎo)凋亡,抑制G0/G1細(xì)胞周期,從而抑制白血病細(xì)胞HL-60,并在體內(nèi)實(shí)驗(yàn)中藏紅花素(6.25,25mg/kg)亦抑制裸鼠移植瘤的生長。
1.2 結(jié)直腸癌 有研究發(fā)現(xiàn)藏紅花素對人和動(dòng)物結(jié)腸腺癌細(xì)胞均具有細(xì)胞毒作用(LD50:0.4、1.0mM),并證實(shí)藏紅花素可延長雌性結(jié)腸癌裸鼠的生存,延緩移植瘤的生長,但其亦可導(dǎo)致裸鼠急性腎小管壞死[5]。Aung HH等[6]報(bào)道經(jīng)1mM藏紅花素處理后,結(jié)腸癌細(xì)胞HCT-116、SW-480和HT-29 cell增殖率分別下降至2.8%、52%和16.8%。Kawabata K等[7]證實(shí)經(jīng)藏紅花素喂養(yǎng)的雄性ICR小鼠通過NF- κB通路抑制偶氮甲烷(azoxymethane)或葡聚糖硫酸鈉(dextran sodium sulfate)的致結(jié)直腸癌作用,并可減少結(jié)直腸黏膜炎癥,降低黏膜中TNFα、IL-1β、IL-6、INF γ、NF-κB、COX-2和NOS等基因表達(dá)。
1.3 膀胱癌 Zhao P等[8]在體內(nèi)及體外實(shí)驗(yàn)中均發(fā)現(xiàn)藏紅花素通過誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞凋亡及細(xì)胞周期阻滯抑制膀胱移行細(xì)胞癌細(xì)胞生長,其還發(fā)現(xiàn)經(jīng)藏紅花素處理后,T24中p21(WAF1)和 cyclinD1在基因和蛋白水平發(fā)生移植的改變[9]。
1.4 前列腺癌 D'Alessandro AM等[10]發(fā)現(xiàn)藏紅花素通過Bcl-2下降,Bax上升,caspase-9上升誘導(dǎo)內(nèi)源性凋亡,抑制5種惡性前列腺癌增殖(IC50 0.26~0.95Mm/ml),且呈時(shí)間和濃度依賴性。Festuccia C等[11]進(jìn)行動(dòng)物體內(nèi)實(shí)驗(yàn)發(fā)現(xiàn)藏紅花素通過N-cadherin和beta-catenin下降,E-cadherin上升,使2種前列腺癌細(xì)胞PC3和22rv1逆轉(zhuǎn)上皮間質(zhì)變(epithelial-mesenchymal transdifferentiation,EMT),亦發(fā)現(xiàn)其通過MMP9、MMP2、uPA下降,從而抑制PC3和22rv1浸潤遷移。
1.5 其他胃腸道惡性腫瘤 Hoshyar R等[12]發(fā)現(xiàn)藏紅花素對胃腺癌細(xì)胞AGS生長具有抑制作用,且呈濃度和時(shí)間依賴性,并發(fā)現(xiàn)藏紅花增加胃腺癌細(xì)胞中Bax/Bcl-2比值,誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞凋亡和阻滯細(xì)胞周期于G0/G1。Noureini SK等[13]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),藏紅花素對肝細(xì)胞癌細(xì)胞HepG2有細(xì)胞毒作用(IC50 2mg/ml),且相對于空白對照,經(jīng)藏紅花素處理后的HepG2相對端粒酶活性下降60%。Bakshi等[14]學(xué)者證實(shí)藏紅花素通過凋亡和細(xì)胞周期阻滯抑制胰腺癌BxPC-3增殖。
1.6 其他腫瘤 Li X等[15]發(fā)現(xiàn)相對于順鉑、藏紅花素單藥,順鉑聯(lián)合藏紅花素可顯著抑制骨肉瘤細(xì)胞MG63和OS732侵襲,且增加cleaved caspase-3和caspase-8表達(dá),誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞凋亡。Mousavi SH等[16]證實(shí)納米脂質(zhì)體藏紅花素通過誘導(dǎo)G1細(xì)胞周期阻滯和凋亡抑制卵巢癌細(xì)胞Hela和乳腺癌細(xì)胞MCF7增殖(IC50 48h 0.61,0.64 mM)。Sun J等[17]發(fā)現(xiàn)藏紅花素抑制舌鱗狀細(xì)胞癌Tca8113內(nèi)DNA和RNA合成,誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞凋亡,抑制Tca8113增殖。
2.1 藏紅花素誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞凋亡 細(xì)胞凋亡和細(xì)胞增殖均是生命的基本現(xiàn)象,是維持體內(nèi)細(xì)胞數(shù)量動(dòng)態(tài)平衡的根本,而腫瘤細(xì)胞過度增殖和凋亡抑制,造成其無限制增殖生長。因此利用各種治療手段促進(jìn)腫瘤細(xì)胞凋亡是抗腫瘤治療的重要策略之一。藏紅花素主要通過抑制Bcl-2表達(dá),增加Bax表達(dá),激活caspase瀑布(cleaved caspase-3、caspase-9和caspase-8上升),從而誘導(dǎo)內(nèi)源性細(xì)胞凋亡,抑制腫瘤細(xì)胞增殖[14-17]。
2.2 藏紅花素誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞周期阻滯 周期蛋白和細(xì)胞周期蛋白依賴性激酶(cyclin dependent kinase,CDK)組成的蛋白激酶復(fù)合體推動(dòng)細(xì)胞周期進(jìn)程。多項(xiàng)研究應(yīng)用流式細(xì)胞儀檢測證實(shí)藏紅花素可阻滯多種腫瘤細(xì)胞于G0/G1期[8,10],研究發(fā)現(xiàn)細(xì)胞阻滯可能與Cyclin D1和survivin 表達(dá)增加有關(guān)[8]。2.3 藏紅花素逆轉(zhuǎn)EMT 惡性腫瘤的進(jìn)展于上皮表型缺失和間質(zhì)表現(xiàn)獲得有關(guān),EMT有利于腫瘤侵襲轉(zhuǎn)移。實(shí)驗(yàn)研究發(fā)現(xiàn)藏紅花素治療后的裸鼠前列腺癌腫瘤內(nèi)E-cadherin、K18表達(dá)增加,N-cadherin、β-catenin表達(dá)減少,且MMP9、MMP2和uPA表達(dá)減少,逆轉(zhuǎn)EMT,抑制腫瘤轉(zhuǎn)移[11]。β-catenin與一些人類惡性腫瘤有關(guān),且在Wnt信號通路中發(fā)揮重要作用。因此藏紅花素抗腫瘤作用可能與Wnt信號通路有關(guān)。
2.4 藏紅花素對活性氧的影響 ROS在多種惡性腫瘤細(xì)胞中含量較高,其有利于腫瘤的增殖、侵襲和轉(zhuǎn)移,并與腫瘤耐藥性有關(guān)。多項(xiàng)研究發(fā)現(xiàn)藏紅花素具有抗氧化作用[2,18]。亦有研究證實(shí)藏紅花素可減少ROS產(chǎn)生,從而誘導(dǎo)白血病細(xì)胞凋亡[3]。但在卵巢癌細(xì)胞Hela中,藏紅花素并未顯著減少ROS[19]。這些研究表明,藏紅花素對ROS的影響因細(xì)胞而異,其內(nèi)在機(jī)制有待進(jìn)一步深入研究。
3.1 藏紅花素聯(lián)合其他化療藥物的協(xié)同作用 在臨床上,多種藥物聯(lián)合抗腫瘤應(yīng)用不僅增強(qiáng)療效且避免耐藥細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生和降低藥物毒性。有研究顯示藏紅花素聯(lián)合順鉑協(xié)同抑制骨肉瘤細(xì)胞增殖和侵襲[15]。藏紅花素聯(lián)合其他藥物是否具有協(xié)同抗腫瘤作用,其內(nèi)在機(jī)制,有待進(jìn)一步探索。
3.2 藏紅花素抑制的信號通路 多種從植物中提取的中藥單體以某細(xì)胞信號通路為靶點(diǎn)抑制腫瘤細(xì)胞生長,如葫蘆素B對STAT信號通路的抑制[20]、大黃素對Wnt信號通路的抑制[21]等。在現(xiàn)有藏紅花素研究中,僅少量研究表明其抑制腫瘤細(xì)胞生長與wnt和NF-kappaB信號通路中某些主要蛋白表達(dá)有關(guān)[7,11]。但這些信號通路的抑制與細(xì)胞凋亡和生長增殖抑制的關(guān)系仍有待研究。
目前以細(xì)胞毒藥物為主的抗腫瘤治療,其療效逐漸進(jìn)入平臺期。而靶向藥物治療由于人們對腫瘤形成和發(fā)展機(jī)制尚未完整認(rèn)識,且腫瘤的發(fā)生發(fā)展涉及多階段、多個(gè)基因及多條信號通路的異常,使其研發(fā)和應(yīng)用受到限制。因此人們把目光投向具有抗腫瘤作用的草藥。而藏紅花素是中藥藏紅花提取的單體組分。近年研究顯示,其對多種惡性腫瘤細(xì)胞具有抗腫瘤作用。藏紅花素不僅通過誘導(dǎo)腫瘤細(xì)胞凋亡、阻滯細(xì)胞周期、抑制ROS,顯著抑制腫瘤細(xì)胞的增殖生長,還作用于某些信號通路,從而改變腫瘤細(xì)胞的惡性生物學(xué)行為。
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