張良

摘 要：大學(xué)英語四、六級(jí)考試中最難得分的一項(xiàng)就是寫作，而中國(guó)學(xué)生由于文化背景、思維方式、表達(dá)習(xí)慣的不同，往往會(huì)在寫作中犯一些“低級(jí)”錯(cuò)誤。如最簡(jiǎn)單的主謂一致。為幫助學(xué)生糾正寫作中出現(xiàn)的此類錯(cuò)誤，本文擬從主謂一致的原則、句型、詞性等方面進(jìn)行探討。

關(guān)鍵詞：英語；寫作；主謂一致

英語寫作中的主謂一致，主要是講句子的謂語動(dòng)詞必須同主語的人稱和數(shù)一致。主謂一致要遵循語法、概念和相鄰一致的原則，因此，在實(shí)際運(yùn)用中，必須牢記以下幾項(xiàng)原則。

一、主謂一致三原則

1.語法一致原則

句子的謂語動(dòng)詞必須同主語的數(shù)一致，這一原則只表現(xiàn)在動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在時(shí)以及be動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在和過去時(shí)。例如：①The sky is blue；②Those books I saw yesterday were interesting.

2.概念一致原則

句子的謂語動(dòng)詞和主語的數(shù)的一致是根據(jù)實(shí)際概念，而不是根據(jù)語法形式。例如：Her family always comes first in her mind.他心里總是想著家。（“家”作為“整體”概念）

The family all live together 全家人住在一起。（“家”作為“全體成員”概念）

注意：某些主語的形式是復(fù)數(shù)，但在概念上是單數(shù)，因而謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。

二、某些句型中的主謂一致

1.“there be﹢主語”句型

（1）在“there be﹢簡(jiǎn)單主語”中，謂語動(dòng)詞的數(shù)取決于be后面的主語的數(shù)。例如：①There is a song in my heart；②There are 30 students in my class.

（2）在“there be﹢并列主語”中，謂語動(dòng)詞的數(shù)同它鄰近的主語一致。例如：①There is a boy and three old men under the tree；②There is some paper，a dictionary and two notebooks on the desk.

2.疑問句中的謂語動(dòng)詞通常與它鄰近的主語的人稱和數(shù)的一致。例如：①Where is she and her babies to go tomorrow？②Are you or she to stay here？

3.在“it is...that/which/who...”句型中，如果That/which/who用作從句的主語，從句中謂語動(dòng)詞的人稱和數(shù)必須同that/which/who的先行詞一致。例如：①It is the people who make history.②It is Mary who is sweeping the floor.

三、并列主語的主謂一致

1.由and連接的聯(lián)合結(jié)構(gòu)作主語

（1）如果and后面的那個(gè)名詞前加了冠詞，主語是復(fù)數(shù)，則謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)。例如：①M(fèi)y friend and the classmate Mark are in the classroom；②Jack and his wife are my close friends.

（2）如果and后面的那兩個(gè)名詞前沒有冠詞，and連接的兩個(gè)名詞是指相同一個(gè)人、同一件事或者同一概念，則謂語動(dòng)詞應(yīng)用單數(shù)。

The bread and butter is served for breakfast.

My best friend and adviser has changed his mind again.

類似的and具有with的含義，指同一個(gè)概念的還有：the needle and thread針線；a knife and fork一副刀叉；doctor and writer醫(yī)生兼作家；the ebb and flow盛衰：漲落。

2.由with，along with，like，accompanied by，besides，as well as，together with，in addition to，including，no less than，rather than，as much as引起的結(jié)構(gòu)跟在主語后面，該主語不受這些修飾詞和詞組的影響。例如：①Tom，as well as John，is away today；②His sister no less than you is wrong.

注意：有時(shí)在with結(jié)構(gòu)里，加上with之后，with就具有and的含義，謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)。例如：One man with his wife，both looking very anxious，were asking the guard to let them through；

3.both...and連接的并列主語，謂語動(dòng)詞要用復(fù)數(shù)。例如：Both industry and agriculture have been greatly developed since the nations reform.

四、集合名詞作主語的主謂一致

1.某些集合名詞作主語，謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)，這類集合名詞有：cattle，clergy，police，vermin等。例如：These cattle are on their way to market.

2.某些集合名詞作主語，如果當(dāng)作整體看，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)，如果當(dāng)作個(gè)體看，謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)。這類集合名詞有：band，audience，board，cavalry，choir，class，committee，crowd，crew，crowd，family，gentry，jury，nation，party，poultry，regiment，school，squad，team.例如：①The audience was enormous.（聽眾人數(shù)很多）；②The audience were enjoying every minute of it.（聽眾自始自終都很欣賞）；③The crew was large.（有很多乘務(wù)人員）；③The crew were all tired.（乘務(wù)員個(gè)個(gè)都很累了）endprint

五、數(shù)詞作主語的主謂一致

1.基數(shù)詞作主語，謂語動(dòng)詞通常用單數(shù)。但如果基數(shù)詞表示兩個(gè)或更多的人或事物時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞則用復(fù)數(shù)。例如：①In their system of numbers 60 was a very important number；②Twelve were absent.

2.算術(shù)式作主語，謂語動(dòng)詞通常用單數(shù)，但有時(shí)也用復(fù)數(shù)。例如：Five from nine is four.

2 and 2 is/are four.

3.分?jǐn)?shù)（百分?jǐn)?shù)）﹢of﹢名詞作主語，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)或復(fù)數(shù)主要取決于of后面的名詞的數(shù)。如果是可數(shù)名詞的復(fù)數(shù)，謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)。如果是可數(shù)名詞的單數(shù)或不可數(shù)名詞，謂語動(dòng)詞通常用單數(shù)。

六、書籍，雜志或報(bào)刊名稱作主語以及字母單詞作主語的主謂一致

1.書籍，雜志或報(bào)刊名稱是復(fù)數(shù)名詞或用and連接的單數(shù)名詞作主語，謂語動(dòng)詞通常用單數(shù)。例如：①The Times is a paper of long standing；②Crime and Punishment is perhaps the best-constructed of Dostopevskys novel.

2.字母單詞或符號(hào)作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。例如：①No is his usual reply to any request；②㎡：means m×m.

注意：以-s結(jié)尾的表示山脈，海峽瀑布群島等的專有名詞作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞往往應(yīng)復(fù)數(shù)。例如：①Niagara Falls are not as high as Victoria Falls；②The Philippines lie to the southeast of China.

總之，英語寫作中的主謂一致看似簡(jiǎn)單，實(shí)則相當(dāng)復(fù)雜，這就需要我們?cè)趯懽髦凶⒁庵髦^一致的一些特殊情況。這樣才能在行文中寫出符合英文表達(dá)習(xí)慣的英語作文。

參考文獻(xiàn)：

[1]章振邦.新編英語語法教程[M].上海：上海外語教育出版社，1999.

[2]袁懋梓.實(shí)用大學(xué)英語語法[M].北京：外語教學(xué)與研究出版社，2003.

[3]李玉林，王開玉，陸建非.當(dāng)代大學(xué)英語實(shí)用語法[M].南京：河海大學(xué)出版社，1999.endprint